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WILLLOl  WINSTON  SEATON 


OF  THE  "NATIONAL  INTELLIGENCER." 


WITH    PASSINa    NOTICES    OF  HIS    ASSOCIATES 

A^D    FRIENDS. 


BOSTON: 
JAMES    R.    OSGOOD    AND    COMPANY, 

Late  Ticknor  &  Fields,  and  Fields,  Osgood,  &:  Co. 

I  87  I. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1871, 

UY    JAMES    R .    OSGOOD    &    CO., 

in  the  Office  of  the  Lihrarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington, 


University  Press:  Welch,  Bigelow,  &  Co,, 
Cambridge. 


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4 


PREFACE. 


ry^HE  follo-^ng  pages  are  simply  extracts  from  a 
-^  memoir  of  IVIr.  Seaton,  ^vritten  for  liis  family,  to 
be  preserved  for  liis  descendants,  tliajb  they  may  know 
liim  as  he  lived,  —  his  domestic  and  social  surround- 
ings, —  and  understand  in  a  degree  the  love  and  honor 
that  hedged  about  his  living  steps.  His  name  is  still 
a  household  word  by  many  a  hearthstone,  and  it  has 
been  thought  that  these  recollections  of  him,  his  home 
and  virtues,  may  be  acceptable  to  those  of  his  country- 
men who  yet  cherish  his  memory.  This  sketch  does 
not  venture  within  the  domain  of  politics ;  still  less, 
assume  to  be  a  history  of  Gales  and  Seaton,  ample 
materials  for  which  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
late  Edward  William  Johnston,  the  brilliant  journalist, 
who  was  for  a  series  of  years  literary  editor  of  the 
National  Intelligencer,  and  whose  knowledge  of  public 
men  and  events,  the  rise  and  decline  of  political  parties, 
and  his  personal  friendship  for  Mr.  Seaton  and  Mr. 
Gales,  pre-eminently  fitted  him  for  the  task.      His 

No 


iv  PREFACE. 

death  frustrated  this  design,  which,  however,  it  is 
hoped  will  yet  be  accomplished  by  a  competent  pen, 
and  an  essential  chapter  of  our  political  history  pre- 
served for  posterity. 

Washington,  July  15,  1870. 


WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 


MR.  SEATON  was  lineally  descended  from  that 
historic  family  whose  name  during  many  cen- 
turies has  been  inwoven  with  the  annals  of  Scotland. 
There  were  few  surnames  in  Scotland  previous  to  the 
reign  of  IMalcolm  Canmore,  who  bestowed  on  the  gal- 
lant gentlemen  of  his  time  especial  surnames  after  that 
of  their  land.     Among  those  so  distinguished  was  one 
Dougall,  the  founder  of  the  Seaton  family,  whose  pat- 
ronymic was  thus  derived  from  the  possession  of  lands 
and  a  town  hard  upon  the  sea.     The  silvery  Firth  of 
Forth  nearly  encircles  this  beautiful  and  widespreading 
domain,  where  yet  stand  the  stately  home,  the  ancient 
toun,  and  the  venerable  collegiate  church  of  Seaton. 

Devoted  adherents  of  the  exiled  Stuarts,  for  whose 
throne  and  restoration  they  had  stanchly  fought  and 
unceasingly  striven,  the  Seatons  opposed  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  making  themselves  peculiarly  obnoxious 
to  the  government  by  their  complicity  in  the  Jaco- 
bite schemes  for  its  overthrow.  Finally,  convinced 
of  the  futility  of  any  further  resistance  to  the  meas- 
ures and  authority  of  William  III.,  Henry,  the  eldest 
son  of  John  Seaton,  of  Gair-miltoun  in  East  Lothian 
or  Haddington,  with  a  number  of  other  gallant  Scotch 


6  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

loyalists,  or  rebels,  as  they  were  dubbed  by  the  Orange 
party,  sought  refuge,  in  1690,  in  the  colony  of  Vu^ginia. 
Henry  Seaton  settled  first  in  Gloucester  County,  on 
the  Pyanketank,  where  for  some  years  he  continued 
to  reside,  during  which  period  he  married  Elizabeth 
Todd,  daughter  of  a  gentleman  of  standing  in  the  same 
county. 

Mr.  George  Fitzhugh,  of  Eappahannock,  —  a  gentle- 
man remarkable  for  his  wit  and  abstruse  learning,  —  in 
his  valuable  papers  on  the  "  Valleys  of  Virginia,"  quotes 
Bishop  Meade's  list  of  the  early  justices  and  vestry- 
men, —  at  that  time  of&ces  of  mark,  —  among  whom 
in  Petworth  parish  is  named  Henry  Seaton,  and  says  : 
*'  ]N'one  but  men  of  substance  and  consideration  were 
made  vestrymen,  and  the  reader  will  find  that  the  de- 
scendants of  these  gentlemen  have  retained  their  high 
social  position.  Mr.  Seaton,  of  the  Intelligencer,  is  a 
great-grandson  of  the  Seaton  mentioned  above,  having 
been  born  in  the  adjoining  County  of  King  William, 
at  an  old  ancestral  seat.  His  family  is  of  the  Scotch 
Seatons."  Henry  Seaton  subsequently  removed  to  an 
estate  on  the  Mattapony,  which  for  several  gener- 
ations continued  to  be  the  home  of  his  descendants, 
and  where  in  1811  was  born  his  only  child,  George 
Seaton. 

By  a  deed  a  century  and  a  half  old,  in  possession  of 
the  family,  "  An  Indenture  Tripartite,  made  in  the  first 
year  of  the  reign  of  our  most  gracious  Sovereign  Lord 
and  King,  George  the  Second,  between  Colonel  Tayloe, 
George  Seaton,  only  son  and  heir  of  Henry  Seaton, 
and  Elizabeth  his  wife,  now  wife  of  Augustine 
Moore,  gentleman,"  we    learn    that    Henry   Seaton's 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  7 

widow  had  re-married.  Among  the  children  of  this 
second  alliance  was  Annie  Moore,  afterwards  the  wife 
of  Charles  Carter,  who  purchased  the  estate  of  Shirley, 
by  which  designation  himself  and  numerous  descend- 
ants of  his  prominent  family  have  been  since  well 
known  in  Virginia,  and  whose  ancestress  was  thus 
Mrs.  Henry  Seaton. 

In  1734  George  Seaton  married  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  "  Leonard  Hill,  of  King  William,  gentleman,"  and 
seems  to  have  maintained  the  family  dignity,  holding 
large  properties  in  Spottsylvania,  besides  the  paternal 
estate,  which,  at  his  death  in  1750,  he  bequeathed  to 
his  son  Augustine.  By  the  "  inventory  of  the  estate," 
still  in  possession  of  the  family,  we  get  an  interesting 
glimpse  of  the  belongings  and  "habit  as  he  lived," 
of  a  gentleman  of  fortune  in  colonial  times.  There, 
"  three  dozen  gilt  coat  buttons  "  of  the  courtly  flowing 
suit,  do  not  disdain  contact  with  "  three  pounds  of  shoe- 
thread,"  with  which  doubtless  to  repair  the  "high 
heeled  pumps  " ;  while  homely  "  stone  porringers  and 
earthen  pipkins  "  are  neighbors  to  the  aristocratic  "  sil- 
ver table  service  and  caudle  cup."  "Two  spinning 
wheels  "  speak  pleasantly  of  stately  dames  in  pinner 
and  kerchief,  notably  engaged,  seated  the  while  in  the 
"  large  high-backed  leathern  chairs  " ;  and  the  impos- 
ing culinary  array,  and  stiU  more  significantly  the 
"  stone,  china,  glass,  and  silver  pimch-hovjls,"  conjure  up 
a  vivid  picture  of  the  generous  hospitality  of  that  old 
Virginia  household.  The  folio  family  Bible,  Burkett's 
commentaries  on  the  Testament,  and  "ye  morning 
exercise  for  communicants,"  are  in  startling  propin- 
quity with  Ovid's  Epistles,  Coesar's  Commentaries,  Cor- 


8  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

nelius  Nepos  and  Ovid's  Metamorphoses.  But  more 
vividly  suggestive  still  are  the  items,  "  one  hanger,  one 
swivel,  one  hauberk  and  breastplate  ! " 

What  visions  of  plumed  cavaliers  and  grisly  round- 
heads cluster  about  the  words  of  this  old  deed !  Not 
very  many  years  agone,  and  the  father  of  this  quiet 
country  gentleman  in  the  New  World  had  defied  "  silent 
William,"  had  kissed  the  hand  of  his  exiled  Stuart 
king,  perhaps  bent  his  knee  in  the  presence  of  the 
Grand  Monarque.  That  hauberk  may  have  shown 
brightly  in  the  morning  rays  on  Marston's  fatal  moor, 
—  the  breastplate,  dull  and  dented,  have  covered  a  sad 
heart  as  the  sun  set  on  Worcester's  bloody  field. 

In  1741  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  George  Seaton,  mar- 
ried "  John  West  of  York  River,  gentleman,"  a  scion 
of  a  noble  British  house,  being  a  direct  descendant 
from  father  to  son  of  Lord  De  la  Warre,  the  gor- 
geous colonial  governor  of  Virginia.  The  Wests  are  a 
family  of  great  historical  distinction.  They  have  been 
Barons  from  the  male  line  since  the  year  1342 ;  their 
ancestor,  Sir  Thomas  West,  having  for  great  valor  in 
the  wars  been  summoned  to  Parliament  as  Lord  West, 
early  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  His  son,  the  sec- 
ond Baron,  shared  in  the  glories  of  Crecy.  The  ninth 
Baron,  having  no  issue,  adopted  his  nephew  William, 
who,  impatient  to  inherit,  prepared  poison  for  his 
uncle,  wdiich  so  enraged  his  Lordship  that  he  com- 
plained to  Parliament,  and  the  over-hasty  William 
was  disabled  from  succeeding  to  the  estates.  The  too 
fiery  youth,  however,  served  so  gallantly  in  Picardy 
as  to  efface  the  stain  of  his  ill-timed  exploit ;  and  by 
act  of  Parliament  he  was  restored  to  the  full  honors 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  9 

of  his  House.  It  was  his  grandson,  the  Earl  De  la 
AVarre,  who  in  16 10  was  appointed  "governor  for  life" 
of  Virginia,  being  accompanied  by  a  number  of  stately 
nobles,  his  appointments  far  better  fitted  for  a  luxu- 
rious court  than  the  wilds  of  the  "  plantations." 

Upon  the  Earl's  departure  from  America,  his  mission 
being  relinquished  by  reason  of  ill-health,  his  second 
son,  the  Honorable  John  West,  remained  in  the  colony, 
having  acquired  possession  of  an  immense  tract  of 
land,  wliich  was  inherited  by  his  eldest  son  and  heir, 
John.  This  princely  estate,  situated  in  King  Wil- 
liam County,  at  the  head  of  York  Eiver,  received  the 
name  of  West  Point,  in  honor  of  the  family;  and 
is  now  well  known  in  connection  with  General  Mc- 
Clellan's  peninsular  campaign  during  our  late  civil  war. 
Here  also  Mr.  John  West  established  a  village  called 
De  la  Warre,  —  no  longer  in  existence.  Two  descend- 
ants of  this  gentleman,  Sir  Thomas  and  Sir  Erancis 
West,  renewed  their  ancestral  dignity,  becoming  in 
turn  governors  of  Virginia ;  and  thus  intermarrying 
with  the  Dandridges,  Claibornes,  Byrds,  Pegrams,  and 
other  great  folk  of  that  day,  the  family  continued 
in  high  esteem.  West  Point,  being  strictly  entailed, 
descended  always  to  the  eldest  son,  according  to 
British  law,  until  the  revolt  of  the  American  colonies, 
at  which  period  it  was  in  the  possession  of  Colonel 
John  West  of  York,  who  manned  IMiss  Elizabeth 
Seaton,  respecting  which  distinguished  lady  a  descend- 
ant writes :  "  My  grandmother,  ]\Irs.  West,  the  aunt  of 
the  late  beloved  Colonel  Seaton,  was  born  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  West  Point,  on  her  paternal  estate.  I  re- 
member her  quite  well,  as  very  handsome,  exceedingly 

1* 


10  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

dignified  aud  imposing  in  appearance,  with  a  courteons 
demeanor  like  tlie  stately  Virginia  ladies  of  the  olden 
time."  A  magnificent  silver  urn  and  a  rare  India 
china  bowl,  the  latter  during  many  generations  the 
christening  chalice  of  the  heirs  apparent  of  the  De  la 
Warres,  are  now  among  the  family  relics  in  possession 
of  Mrs.  Walter  Brooke  of  Wasliington,  having  been 
brought  to  tliis  country  by  her  great-great-grandfather, 
Sir  Thomas  West ;  and,  so  precious  was  the  porcelain 
heirloom,  that  when  broken,  a  hundred  years  ago,  it 
was  sent  to  England  to  be  repaired  with  bands  of 
silver.  After  the  Eevolution,  the  law  of  entail  being 
set  aside,  the  estate  of  West  Point  was  divided  among 
the  several  children  of  Mr.  John  West  and  Elizabeth 
Seaton,  his  wife.  Their  elder  son,  Thomas,  married 
Miss  Boiling,  a  direct  descendant  from  the  Princess 
Pocahontas,  but  left  no  issue.  The  younger  son,  Mr. 
John  West  of  Is'orfolk,  left  two  sons,  one  of  whom, 
De  la  Warre  Seaton  West,  died  in  the  Confederate 
service  in  1863  ;  the  other,  Mr.  Thomas  Boiling  West, 
being  now  the  lineal  male  representative  in  this  coun- 
try of  the  great  English  Viceroy  of  Virginia. 

In  1776  Mr.  Augustine  Seaton,  son  of  George 
Seaton,  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Samuel  Winston, 
Esquire,  of  Louisa  County,  Virginia.  Two  hundred 
years  ago,  five  brothers  Winston,  of  Winston  Hall, 
Yorkshire,  England,  gentlemen  of  fortune  and  family, 
emigrated  to  the  colony  in  the  spirit  of  adventure 
which  led  so  many  scions  of  good  houses  to  accom- 
pany the  early  governors  to  the  'New  World.  These 
brothers,  all  men  of  great  stature  and  uncommonly 
handsome,  —  so  tradition  and  family  portraits  assert,  — 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  11 

and  well  endowed  morally  and  intellectually,  settled  in 
Hanover  County,  stocking  Virginia  with  a  stalwart 
and  prolific  race,  the  offshoots  founding  fresh  branches 
in  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  and  North  Carolina,  in 
which  States  at  this  day  their  representatives  arc 
noted  for  their  fine  personal  presence.  One  fair 
"Winston  matron  presented  to  the  nation  three  sons 
at  a  birth,  who  each  one  attained  to  over  six  feet  of 
superb  manhood.  But  the  name  which  most  brilliantly 
illuminates  the  Winston  family  record  is  tliat  of  the 
immortal  Patrick  Henry. 

Colonel  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 
and  nephew  of  the  historian  Kobertson,  came  to  this 
country  in  quest  of  fortune,  enjoying  the  patronage 
and  friendship  of  Governor  Dinwiddle  of  Virginia,  by 
whom  he  was  introduced  to  Colonel  Syme  of  Hanover, 
whose  wife  was  Miss  Sarah  Winston,  in  whose  family 
he  became  domesticated,  and  whose  widow  he  sub- 
sequently married,  continuing  to  reside  on  the  family 
estate  of  Studleisfh,  where  their  son  Patrick  Henrv 
was  born. 

The  great  orator  seems  to  have  been  another  ex- 
emplification of  the  theory  that  genius  is  usually 
derived  from  the  mother.  "  The  family  of  Winston," 
says  Mr.  Sparks,  "  was  among  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  colony ;  and,  so  far  as  the  eloquence  of  Patrick 
Henry  may  be  supposed  hereditary,  it  seems  to  have 
been  transmitted  through  the  female  line."  AVirt 
says :  "  She  possessed  in  an  eminent  degree  the  mikl, 
benevolent  disposition,  the  undeviating  probity,  the 
correct  understanding  and  easy  elocution,  by  which 
that  ancient  family  has  so  long  been  distinguished. 


12  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

Her  brother  William,  popularly  called  Langaloo,  the 
father  of  the  present  Judge  Winston,  is  said  to  have 
been  highly  endowed  with  that  peculiar  cast  of 
eloquence  for  which  his  great  nephew  was  celebrated." 
"  I  have  often  heard  my  father/'  says  Mr.  Natlianiel 
Pope,  "  who  was  intimately  acquainted  with  William 
Winston,  say  that  he  was  the  greatest  orator  whom  he 
had  ever  heard,  Patrick  Henry  excepted :  that  during 
the  French  and  Indian  war,  after  Braddock's  defeat, 
when  the  militia  were  marched  to  the  frontier  against 
the  enemy,  William  Winston  was  lieutenant ;  that  the 
men,  indifferently  clothed,  without  tents,  and  exposed 
to  the  rigor  and  inclemency  of  the  weather,  discov- 
ered great  aversion  to  the  service,  and,  clamoring  to 
return  to  their  families,  were  on  the  point  of 
mutiny,  when  Winston,  mounting  a  stump,  —  the 
rostrum  of  the  field  orator  in  Virginia,  —  addressed 
them  with  such  keen  invective,  and  declaimed  vnth. 
such  eloquence  on  liberty  and  patriotism,  that  the 
troops  cried  out :  "  Lead  us  on !  lead  us  against  the 
enemy ! "  Judge  Winston,  the  son  of  this  military 
Demosthenes  who  had  thus  opportunely  proved  his 
descent  from  a  rhetorical  race,  at  the  death  of  his 
cousin  Patrick  Henry,  intermarried  with  his  widow, 
a  daughter  of  Xathaniel  Dandridge,  Esq. 

The  fiery  spirit,  which,  breathing  through  the  burn- 
ing words  of  Henry,  lighted  the  flame  of  rebellion 
throughout  the  colonies,  the  love  of  liberty  which 
glowed  in  his  soul,  were  shared  by  others  of  his  Idndred, 
who  also  devoted  "  fortune  and  sacred  honor  "  to  their 
country's  cause ;  his  seven  cousins,  sons  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Winston,  being  ardent  patriots  and  actively  prominent 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  13 

in  the  contest  against  Farmer  George;  one  of  tliem 
especially,  Colonel  Joseph  Winston,  winning  great  re- 
nown for  his  gallant  services  throughout  the  Eevolu- 
tion.  Colonel  John  Campbell  of  Abingdon,  in  prepar- 
ing his  "  Memoir  of  the  Military  Transactions  of  West 
Virginia,"  says  :  "  In  the  unique  affair  of  King's 
IVIountain  Colonel  Winston  played  a  very  conspicuous 
part.  He  led  the  right  wing  of  the  American  forces, 
and  bore  a  distinguished  part  in  this  Bunker  Hill  of 
the  South,  contributing  greatly  to  that  momentous 
victory,  of  which  the  battles  of  Cowpens  and  Guilford 
were  among  the  consequences.  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  a 
letter  now  before  me,  says  that  he  remembered  well 
the  deep  and  grateful  impression  made  by  that  mem- 
orable victory.  It  was  the  joyful  enunciation  of  the 
first  turn  in  the  tide  of  success  that  terminated  the 
war  with  the  seal  of  our  independence." 

Mary,  the  youngest  sister  of  these  gallant  Winston 
brothers,  became  the  wife  of  Mr.  Augustine  Seaton,  and 
the  mother  of  William  Winston  Seaton,  who  was 
born  January  11,  1785,  and  in  whom  were  fitly  con- 
centred the  mingled  high  qualities  of  the  brave  stock 
from  which  he  sprang. 

Chelsea,  the  ancestral  home,  —  since  passed  into  the 
sixth  generation  on  the  mother's  side,  —  is  one  of  the 
most  ancient  houses  in  Virginia,  its  brick  having 
been  imported  from  England;  and  it  is  still,  despite 
the  dilapidations  of  two  revolutions,  an  imposing  and 
stately  residence.  Here  were  the  graves  of  young 
Seaton's  forefathers  ;  and  within  the  venerable  mansion 
were  gathered  cherished  Old-World  family  relics,  with 
worm-eaten  wills  and  musty  parchments,  while  on  the 


14  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

walls  were  the  portraits  of  his  progenitors  of  a  century 
and  a  half.  One  of  these,  representing  a  superb 
cavalier  in  the  elaborate  scarlet  hunting-garb  of  his 
day,  gun  in  hand,  leaning  on  his  horse,  his  dogs 
crouched  at  his  feet,  his  bugle  raised  as  if  to  wind  a 
*'  mote,"  had  suffered  damage  during  some  Eevolution- 
ary  skirmish,  an  unfortunate  bullet  having  whistled 
through, the  canvas,  destroying  one  of  the  blue  eyes 
of  the  handsome  Nimrod ;  and  this  pictured  hunter, 
captivating  the  boyish  fancy  of  young  Seaton,  gave 
doubtless  the  first  impulse  to  his  well-known  passion 
for  field  sports,  which  he  continued  to  pursue  with 
zest  when  nearly  fourscore  years  of  age. 

Under  the  paternal  roof  passed  young  Seaton's 
childhood,  in  the  happy  companionship  of  brothers 
and  sisters,  his  tastes  refined  by  gentle  maternal  in- 
fluences, his  intelligence  quickened  by  the  noted 
society  frequenting  his  father's  hospitable  home, 
which  numbered  among  its  cherished  guests  the 
illustrious  Patrick  Henry.  Mr.  Seaton  ever  retained 
a  vivid  remembrance  of  the  fascinating  speech, 
wonderful  play  of  countenance,  and  commanding 
presence  of  his  great  kinsman,  who,  himself  a  devoted 
follower  of  the  hounds,  guided  the  first  shot  of  his 
young  relative,  whose  proverbial  skill,  thus  acquired 
in  chasing  the  deer  through  the  wild  woods  on  the 
Mattapony,  received  sixty  years  afterwards  enthusiastic 
recognition  among  the  "  preserves  "  of  England. 

A  domestic  tutor  directed  the  youth  in  the  earlier 
paths  of  learning,  until  he  reached  in  Eichmond  what 
was  then  the  culminating  academic  polishing  of  Ogilvie 
the  Scotchman,  "  whose  Earldom  of  Finlater  slept  while 


A   BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  15 

its  heir  was  plapng  pedagogue  in  America A  great 

enthusiast  by  nature,  and  a  master  of  the  whole  art 
of  discoursing  finely  of  even  those  things  wliicli  he 
knew  not^well,  he  dazzled  much,  pleased  greatly,  and 
obtained  a  high  reputation  ;  .  .  .  .  infusing  into  his 
pupils  by  tlie  glitter  of  his  accomplishments  •  a  high 
admiration  for  learning  and  for  letters."  *  "With  youu'*- 
Seaton  this  was  no  difficult  task ;  for  an  absorbing  de- 
light in  reading  had  been  one  of  his  earliest,  developed 
tastes ;  and  in  his  father's  solid  library  his  opening 
mind  was  nourished  on  wdiolesome  pabulum,  forming 
the  foundation  of  the  liberal,  wide-embracing  culture 
for  which  he  was  in  after  life  distinguished.  His 
father,  a  gentleman  noted  for  his  hidi-toned  bearincr, 
winning  manners,  and  strong  good  sense,  died  suddenly 
at  West  Point,  the  residence  of  his  sister,  Mrs.  John 
West  of  York. 

At  the  early  age  of  eighteen  Mr.  Seaton's  mind  was 
matured,  his  ambition  aroused,  his  vocation  decided, 
and  he  passed  into  the  arena  of  public  life,  entering 
wdth  manly  earnestness  upon  the  career  of  political 
journalism,  of  which  he  w^as  one  of  the  country's  pio- 
neers, and  which  his  w^ell-won  fame  and  social  distinc- 
tion crowned  with  honor.  Mr.  Seaton  made  his  first 
essay  in  the  field  of  politics  as  assistant  editor  of  a 
Eichmond  journal,  having  already  acquired  a  practical 
knowledge  of  "  the  art  preservative  of  all  arts  "  in  the 
same  office  with  that  master  of  Virginia  journalism, 
Thomas  Eitchie,  the  early  personal  friendship  thus 
formed  surviving  forty  years  of  wide  divergence  in  polit- 
ical sentiment  and  action.     Our  youthful  editor,  by  his 

*  Atlantic  ]\Iontlily,  1860. 


16  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

talent  for  ready  expression,  his  force  of  character  and 
fairness  of  discussion  amid  party  heat,  soon  made  his 
mark,  and  won  an  invitation  to  take  charge  of  a  more 
prominent  journal  in  Petersburg,  then  edited  by  Colo- 
nel Yancey,  who,  "  one  of  the  most  discerning  men  of 
the  day,  predicted  a  glorious  future  for  young  Seaton, 
advising  him  to  strike  for  that  fame  he  so  nobly  won 
and  carried  with  him  to  an  honored  grave." 

In  the  jnidst  of  unqualified  success  and  personal 
popularity  Mr.  Seaton  was  called  on  a  friendly  errand 
to  Ealeigh,  which  chance  visit  proved  to  be  the  event 
by  which  his  whole  future  life  was  influenced. 

Little  more  than  liaK  a  score  of  years  had  passed 
since  Colonel  Jack  Lane  of  Halifax,  on  the  Eoanoke, 
had  presented  the  site  of  the  "  City  of  Oaks  "  to  the 
State.  This  gentleman  had  been  a  member  of  the 
Provisional  Convention,  which  met  at  Hillsborough 
in  1775,  in  defiance  of  the  proclamation  of  Governor 
Martin  forbidding  the  assemblage  "  in  the  heart  of  the 
Province  of  a  body  of  men  with  the  purpose  of  ex- 
tending more  widely  the  traitorous  and  rebellious  de- 
signs of  the  enemies  of  His  Majesty  "  ;  and  denouncing 
the  address  of  the  Mecklenburg  Committee  as  "  a  pub- 
lication the  preposterous  enormity  of  which  cannot  be 
adequately  described  and  abhorred."  To  which  the 
convention  responded  by  a  resolution,  that  the  Gov- 
ernor's Proclamation  should  be  burned  by  the  common 
hangman,  as  "  a  false,  scandalous,  scurrilous,  mischiev- 
ous, and  seditious  libel."  It  was  at  the  house  of  Colo- 
nel Lane  that  the  General  Assembly  of  this  most  re- 
bellious of  Provinces  met,  amidst  the  darkest  hours  of 
the  Revolution.     The  corner-stone  of  the  State  House 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  17 

at  Ealeigli  had  been  laid  by  this  patriot  in  1792  ;  and 
now,  in  the  spring  of  180G,  Mr.  Seaton  found  in  the 
young  capital  a  society  refined,  intelligent,  simple  in 
manners,  unaffected  in  worth,  a  few  of  its  members 
with  the  halo  of  the  achievements  of  "  seventy-six " 
surrounding  them,  others,  whose  names,  after  a  lapse 
of  sixty  years,  would  be  among  those  whom  their  coun- 
try will  not  let  die. 

The  household  of  Joseph  Gales,  the  editor  of  the 
"  Ealeigh  Eegister,"  the  most  influential  journal  in  the 
State,  was  presided  over  by  a  wife  whose  intellect  and 
womanly  charm,  united  to  the  inexhaustible  benevo- 
lence of  her  husband,  with  the  loveliness  and  talent  of 
their  children,  made  their  home  the  centre  of  culture, 
hospitality,  and  refined  gayety.  To  this  circle  Mr. 
Seaton  brought  the  prestige  of  recent  political  success 
and  distinguished  family  connection ;  he  had  famil- 
iarly conversed  with  Jefferson,  Marshall,  Aaron  Burr, 
and  Patrick  Henry ;  possessing,  moreover,  an  uncom- 
mon charm  of  manner  and  person,  for  which  he  had 
abeady  been  noted  in  Eichmond,  especially  among  the 
gentler  portion  of  creation,  by  w^hom  he  was  pronounced 
"  the  most  elegant  young  man  in  Virginia." 

It  was,  then,  in  this  pleasant  home  circle  of  Mr. 
Gales  that  Mr.  Seaton's  public  career  w^as  to  be  shaped, 
and  his  domestic  happiness  to  receive  its  crowning 
grace,  —  the  first  result  springing  from  the  friendship 
with  his  colleague  that  was  to  be,  Joseph  Gales  the 
younger,  —  the  second  auspicious  realization  being 
secured  by  his  successful  wooing  of  IVliss  Sarah  Gales, 
the  sister  of  his  future  associate. 

In  the  spring  of  1807  Mr.  Seaton  yielded  to  the 


18  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

advantageous  offers  and  persuasions  of  the  retiring 
editor  to  assume  the  proprietary  editorship  of  the 
"  North  Carolina  Journal,"  in  the  interesting  old  town 
of  Halifax,  late  the  State  capital.  Dif&dent  of  his 
ability,  and  singularly  modest  in  self-appreciation,  he 
accepted  with  hesitation  the  post,  —  a  responsible  one 
at  this  party  crisis  ;  for  in  the  solid  "  Old  North  State," 
as  in  Virginia,  politics  at  tliis  period  moved  all  men  to 
unwonted  passion,  and  the  position  of  editor  was  one 
of  personal  danger,  to  maintain  which  required  alike 
a  stout  arm  and  cool  head.  Especially  was  this  the 
case  at  Halifax,  at  that  time  noted  for  the  violence 
with  wliich  its  political  waves  ran,  as  also  for  the 
desperate  character  of  its  partisan  leaders.  But  Mr. 
Seaton  soon  showed  himself  master  of  the  situation. 
To  curb  this  fiery  opposition,  to  obtain  from  his  oppo- 
nents a  candid  discussion  of  the  political  questions 
at  issue,  to  charge  valorously  against  the  pure  Fed- 
eralism of  which  that  region  had  been  heretofore  the 
stronghold,  and  to  transfer  its  allegiance  to  Republi- 
canism, were  the  fruits  of  the  young  editor's  success- 
ful contest. 

"  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  who  made  a  change 
so  radical  conducted  his  paper  with  spirit.  Yet  he 
must  have  done  so  with  that  wise  and  winning  mod- 
eration and  fairness  which  have  since  distinguished 
him  and  his  associate.  William  Seaton  could  never 
have  fallen  into  anything  of  the  temper  or  the  taste, 
the  morals  or  the  manners,  which  are  now  so  widely 
the  shame  of  the  American  press  ;  he  could  never  have 
written  in  the  ill  spirit  of  mere  party,  so  as  to  wound 
or  even  offend  the  good  men  of  an  opposite  way  of 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  19 

tliiiikins:.     The  inference  is  a  sure  one  from  his  whole 
character."  * 

Halifax,  noted  for  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1776,  is  an  ancient  town,  and  was,  many  years  ago, 
the  seat  of  elegance,  wealth,  and  refinement.  Among 
its  more  distinguished  citizens  were  Willie  and  Gov- 
ernor Allen  Jones,  sons  of  the  Attorney-General  under 
the  Colonial  Government,  who  had  been  educated  at 
Eton  and  Oxford,  England,  and  were  men  of  uncom- 
mon social  talent.  Willie  Jones,  wdiose  daughter  mar- 
ried John  Eppes,  the  first  wife  of  whom  was  a  daughter 
of  Thomas  Jefferson,  was  the  leader  of  the  great  ma- 
\  jority  that  declined  to  accept  the  Federal  Constitution 
in  1780  at  Hillsborough,  and  was  regarded  at  the  time 
as  the  exponent  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  whose  disciple  he 
■^vas  in  religion  as  well  as  politics.  He  was  buried  on  ^  . 
his  estate  near  Ealeigh,  his  coffin  being  by  his  direc-  / . 
tion  placed  with  the  head  to  the  north.  He  was  one 
of  the  earliest  and  most  influential  friends  of  Joseph 
Gales,  and  at  his  house  in  Halifax  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gales 
paid  a  visit  on  their  arrival  in  North  Carolina.  His 
style  of  living  was  English,  his  hospitality  genuine, 
genial,  and  overflowing  ;  but  "  our  army  swore  terribly 
in  Elanders,"  and  profanity  at  the  close  of  the  Ameri- 
can and  during  the  French  Eevolution  was  general  and 
fearful,  of  which  Willie  Jones  was  a  conspicuous  ex- 
ample. Mrs.  Gales  had  the  moral  courage,  while 
thanking  him  for  the  kindness  of  their  reception,  to 
intimate  that  there  w^as  but  one  abatement  in  their 
gratification,  —  "  that  profanity  w^as  not  usual  or  pleas- 
ant to  the  ears  of  an  English  lady."     He  received  the 

*  Atlantic  Moutlily,  1860. 


20  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

gentle  reprimand  in  a  proper  spirit,  and  became  ever 
after  more  guarded  in  expression. 

In  Stokes  County  Mr.  Seaton's  uncle,  Colonel  Jo- 
seph Winston,  of  Eevolutionary  celebrity,  resided  on 
his  beautiful  estate,  hedged  about  with  reverential 
pride  by  the  old  North  State,  whose  adopted  son  he 
was,  and  which  he  was  at  that  period  representing  in 
Congress.  He  was  especially  attached  to  his  young 
nephew,  who,  in  a  letter  to  Miss  Gales,  thus  speaks  of 
a  visit  to  his  distinguished  relative  :  — 

"My  uncle  lives  at  the  most  magnificent  place  I 
have  seen  in  this  State ;  and  is  so  obliging  and  atten- 
tive in  his  endeavors  to  make  my  visit  agreeable  that 
he  almost  distresses  me.  His  mansion  is  near  the 
mountains,  and  I  am  sitting  enjoying  a  full  view  of 
them,  —  a  sight  so  grand,  so  sublime,  I  never  wit- 
nessed. It  seems  as  if  their  '  cloud-capt '  summits 
were  within  a  squirrel's  jump  of  Heaven."  Mr.  Sea- 
ton  remembered  his  uncle  as  of  stately,  old-school 
manners,  and  commanding  presence ;  and  the  portrait 
of  him  in  possession  of  the  family  proves  him  to  have 
inherited  the  proverbial  Winston  gift  of  good  looks. 

A  contemporary  of  Mr.  Seaton  during  his  residence 
at  Halifax,  still  living  at  a  very  advanced  age,  thus 
speaks  of  him  as  he  appeared  in  the  bright  flush  of 
manhood. 

"  I  remember  perfectly  Mr.  Seaton's  personal  ap- 
pearance at  this  period,"  writes  the  venerable  lady : 
"  he  was  noble-looking,  singularly  handsome,  with 
most  prepossessing  manners,  of  great  dignity,  his 
every  act  proving  him  worthy  the  regard  of  our  best 
citizens.     In  his  too  brief  editorial  career  among  us 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  21 

he  commanded  the  respect  of  his  adversaries  by  his 
ability  and  high  tone,  while  his  urbanity  and  courtesy 
no  less  won  their  regard.  But  the  sphere  was  too 
narrow  for  one  of  his  talents,  and  he  sought  a  wider 
field  of  action,  to  the  regret  of  our  community." 

Combining  such  varied  and  attractive  qualities,  it 
may  readily  be  supposed  that  he  speedily  eclipsed  all 
rivals  in  the  generous  esteem  of  his  own  sex,  and  in 
the  appreciation  of  the  fair  daughters  of  Halifax.  ISTo 
gathering,  w^hether  the  object  would  be  to  lead  a  part- 
ner in  "  Sir  Eoger  de  Coverley,"  to  follow  the  hounds, 
or  to  engage  in  whist  and  punch,  was  deemed  complete 
unless  brightened  by  his  genial  presence ;  but  the 
social  habits  of  that  day  —  still  such  as  prevailed 
in  colonial  times  among  good  King  George's  lieges, 
when  conviviality  not  infrequently  degenerated  into 
excess  —  were  ever  repugnant  to  Mr.  Seaton's  tastes. 
Not  that  he  ascetically  held  aloof  from  the  amusements 
natural  to  his  age  and  position,  as  may  be  inferred  from 
the  memorandum  in  his  day-book,  "A  rubber  and 
punch  last  evening,"  —  the  significant  entry  on  the 
morrow  being,  "  For  medicine,  twenty-five  cents."  The 
sequel  of  some  similar  occasion  of  good-fellowship  is 
narrated  in  the  following  penitential  extract  from  a 
letter  to  Miss  Gales :  "  I  am  astonished  when  I  re- 
flect on  my  temerity  in  having  \ATitten  to  you.  Suf- 
fering under  a  headache,  hypochondria,  ennui,  home  or 
rather  heart-sickness,  I  must  have  sent  you  a  refreshing 
account  of  my  recent  perambulations  and  adventures. 
However,  1  might  as  well  candidly  attribute  all  my  afflic- 
tions to  the  two  primary  causes,  —  wine  and  tobacco,  — 
whose  stupefying  qualities  had  so  entirely  enervated 


22  AVILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

the  powers  of  my  Pegasus,  that  I  could  not,  for  my 
life,  have  spurred  him  out  of  a  jog-trot,  although  I 
was  writing  in  college,  the  seat  of  science  and  erudi- 
tion, where  I  expected  my  pen  would  instinctively 
trace  the  characters  of  the  most  refined  and  accom- 
plished language." 

Eeplying  to  Miss  Gales,  who  gently  rallies  him  on 
his  enjoyment  of  society  while  absent  from  her,  he 
says  :  "  So  you  are  really  apprehensive  of  a  developed 
and  determined  taste  for  dissipation  ?  Although  I 
sincerely  deprecate  such  a  contingency,  I  tliink  there 
is  some  danger  of  it  becoming  inveterate.  INIoving 
in  the  region  where  every  propensity  for  pleasure  may 
be  indulged,  it  would  require  all  the  philosophy  of 
Lady  Magdaline  jMontmorell  to  resist  the  fascinating 
amusements  of  the  gay  world.  Still,  I  feel  no  dread 
so  long  as  your  heart  remains  in  the  right  place." 
He  further  adds :  "  I  am  studying  the  parts  of  '  Cap- 
tain Absolute'  and  'Duremil,'  and  hope  to  acquit 
myself  with  credit " ;  by  which  it  will  be  seen  that 
among  the  profane  amusements  of  the  taste  prevailing 
with  the  youth  of  Halifax  was  the  love  of  stage-plays, 
in  the  enacting  of  which,  we  gather  from  contemporary 
record,  Mr.  Seaton  gained  no  slight  reputation,  having 
indeed  acliieved  histrionic  triumphs  previously  in  Ea- 
leigh,  in  conjunction  with  his  future  brother-in-law, 
Joseph  Gales  the  younger,  their  talent  embracing 
rather  an  ambitious  range  of  character;  for  at  that 
primitive  era  ladies  did  not  deign  to  tread  the  boards, 
and  Mr.  Seaton  was  alternately  "  My  Lord  Duberly," 
"  Young  Mirabel,"  or  "  Donna  Violante  " ;  while  ]\Ir. 
Gales  personated   "  Lydia  Languish,"   or  "  Miss   Lu- 


A  BIOGRAPHIC-\J[i  SKETCH.  23 

cretia  McTab."  Small  was  the  stage,  simple  tlie 
accessories,  yet  among  the  auditors  were  those  whose 
critical  appreciation  a  Siddons  or  a  Garrick  might  not 
have  disdained  to  deserve. 

There  sat  the  learned,  genial  Judge  Gaston,  who  was 
equally  happy  in  sentimental  song  and  convivial  cho- 
rus, or  in  racy  anecdote,  foUomng,  perchance,  on  a 
profound  and  elaborate  "  summing  up "  from  the 
Bench.  Unbending  from  his  usual  staid  reserve  was 
Xathaniel  Macon,  "  whose  name  has  stood  as  a  sort  of 
proverb  for  honesty."  By  his  side,  polished,  insinuat- 
ing, bewitching  the  hearts  of  gentle  and  simple,  was 
that  wily  genius,  Aaron  Burr;  while,  greater  still  in 
his  charming  guilelessness,  the  wise  and  benevolent 
Chief  Justice  Marshall  —  whom,  in  Eichmond,  ^Ir. 
Seaton  had  often  seen  carrvincr  in  his  liand  from 
market  the  diurnal  leg  of  mutton  —  undisguisedly 
wept  over  the  woes  of  Jane  Shore,  or  laughed  with 
boyish  glee  until  the  tears  fairly  rolled  down  his 
cheeks,  when,  seated  near  the  stage,  he  -overheard 
the  "  asides  "  of  Mr.  Seaton,  who,  as  "  Frederick  "  in 
Colman's  "  Poor  Gentleman,"  thus  interpolated  his 
apostrophe  to  the  miniature  of  his  absent  love,  with 
iterated  threats  to  an  obstreperous  urchin  perched  near 
the  footliohts  :  — 

"  Give  me  those  dear  bewitching  features  "  —  ( Bob, 
stop  cracking  those  walnuts)  —  "where  sweet  expres- 
sion always  speaks  and  sometimes  sparkles,"  —  (Bob, 
do  you  hear  me  ? )  —  "  Give  me  that  dimpled  beauty  I " 
—  (Bob,  if  you  don't  stop  cracking  those  walnuts  I  '11 
crack  your  d — d  head  ! ) 

Although  thus  engaging  in  the  pleasures  natural  to 


24  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

liis  genial  nature,  and  to  which  his  presence  lent  such 
added  spirit,  Mr.  Seaton's  character  and  habit  of 
thought  were  marked,  even  at  that  impulsive  age, 
hy  a  high  sense  of  moral  responsibility,  a  serious 
estimate  of  the  duties  of  life,  and  a  deeply-rooted 
reverence  for  all  religious  influences,  which  formed  the 
sure  foundation  for  the  finished  and  gracious  super- 
structure of  his  beneficent  and  rounded  life.  He  thus 
writes  of  his  first  sorrow  since  manhood  :  — 

"Halifax,  1808. 
"  ....  I  am  confident  that  you  participate  in  all 
my  joys,  and  no  less  in  my  sorrows.  You  are  acquainted 
with  my  heart,  and  know  it  to  be  susceptible  of  the  keenest 
distress.  Judge,  then,  what  must  be  my  feehngs  in  learn- 
ing the  loss  of  a  much-loved  brother When  death 

deprives  us  of  a  relative,  however  near,  whose  advanced 
years  impress  us  with  the  daily  expectation  of  the  most 
certain  of  all  events,  we  can  bear  the  loss  at  least  with 
proper  resignation,  if  not  with  calmness ;  but  to  see  a 
beloved  brother  snatched  from  us  who  had  just  started 
in  the  career  of  life,  and  whose  amiable  qualities  had 
strengthened  our  natural  love,  adding  respect  to  affec- 
tion, is  more  than  our  firmness  can  at  first  sustain 

Yet  I  will  not  repine,  but  endeavor  to  think  that  Heaven 
wills  the  death  of  every  being  that  falls,  and  submit  to  its 
dispensation.  'T  is  fruitless,  I  know,  to  mourn  a  loss  which 
cannot  be  remedied  ;  but  what  breast  can  smother  its  sor- 
row or  repress  the  tear  of  affection  at  the  departure  of  one 
so  dearly  and  so  deservedly  beloved  1  He  had  just  arrived 
at  the  age  of  manhood.  Deprived  of  his  father  before  he 
could  profit  by  his  virtuous  counsel,  and  unassisted  by  that 
advice  which  could  best  instil  into  our  minds  correct  prin- 
ciples, I  feel  proud  that  he  advanced  so  far  on  his  journey 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  25 

with  honor  to  himself  and  credit  to  his  connections. 
Thrown  upon  the  ocean  of  hfe  with  no  experienced 
friend  to  point  out  to  him  its  rocks  and  quicksands,  his 
reputation  might   have  been    wrecked  ere  he   was  aware 

of  danger ]\Jy    venerated    mother    is  inconsolable. 

I  have  done  all  in  my  power  to  afford  alleviation  to  her 
affliction,  and   I  pray  Heaven  it  may  answer  my  wishes. 
....  God  bless  you." 

"Halifax,  Jul}^  1808. 
"  .  .  .  .  You  have  heard  of  the  death  of  Mr.  John 
Gilmour,  a  man  whom  I  respected  very  highly,  my  first 
friend  here,  and  who  always  showed  me  the  greatest  atten- 
tion. His  funeral  was  attended  by  all  the  most  respectable 
inhabitants  of  the  town  and  neighboring  country.  At  the 
request  of  Mr.  Burt  and  others,  I  had  consented  to  read 
the  Service.  After  the  body  w^as  deposited  I  approached  the 
grave.  Never  did  I  feel  so  great  a  degi^ee  of  agitation ; 
I  was  scarcely  able  to  support  myself,  the  power  of  utter- 
ance seemed  suspended,  and  it  was  some  time  before  I 
could  command  mj  voice  sufficiently  to  proceed.  The 
scene  before  me,  and  the  solemn  office  I  had  undertaken  to 
perform,  impressed  my  mind  with  sensations  of  awe  and 
reverence  which  I  never  before  experienced.  Never  did  I 
pray  more  fervently ;   every  word  that  fell  from  my  lips 

was  breathed  in  a  spirit  of  the  truest  devotion 

Why  do  you  say  that  T  consider  the  claims  of  religion  in 
too  light  a  manner  1  Are  you  acquainted  wath  any  acts  of 
moral  depravity  which  manifest  in  me  the  want  of  a  proper 
sense  of  religion  1  or  is  it  because  I  have  ever  condemned, 
as  I  shall  ever  reject,  the  precepts  of  bigotry  and  fanati- 
cism 1  Every  man  is  endowed  with  reason  by  w^hich  to 
enable  him  to  judge  of  right  fi'om  wrong.  Mine  has  always 
taught  me  to  reject  that  with  which  I  could  not  reconcile 
it ;  and  if  it  is  too  weak  to  point  out  a  better  course,  the 

2 


26  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

fault  lies  not  with  me,  I  am  sure.  Nature  has  implanted 
in  mj  bosom,  as  in  every  other,  a  monitor,  the  dictates  of 
T\'hich,  guided  by  reason  and  reflection,  I  am  content  to 
follow;  and,  in  so  doing,  am  confident  that  I  shall  never 
err  past  forgiveness. 

"If,  however,  the  conclusion  you  draw,  that  'the  man 
with  httle  religion  must  have  as  little  affection,'  were  not 
inconsistent  with  the  supposition,  I  should  imagine  you 
were  led  to  the  remark  by  the  knowledge  that  at  present 
the  object  of  my  idolatry  is  one  who  (though  I  offend 
against  the  rules  of  gallantry),  I  must  confess,  is  not  a 
deity  of  the  celestial  order,  but  one  that  I  shall  ever  wor- 
ship, and  whose  kindness  and  affection  have  confirmed  my 
infidelity. 

"My  dearest  life,  let  no  doubts  of  my  being  fully 
impressed  with  a  reverent  sense  of  duty  to  my  Maker 
disturb  your  peace.  The  man  whose  heart  is  capable  of 
entertaining  the  pure  and  exalted  sentiment  of  love  cannot, 
in  my  opinion,  be  destitute  of  religion ;  although,  I  will 
admit,  his  judgment  may  lead  him  into  an  improper  con- 
ception of  it." 

"Halifax,  1808. 

"  .  .  .  .  I  rejoice  to  learn  that  you  are  once  more 
lodged  in  the  peaceful  bosom  of  your  enviable  family.  Sur- 
rounded as  you  were  by  a  crowd  of  adorers  vying  with 
each  other  in  their  devotion,  and,  I  suppose,  with  their 
hearts  in  their  hands,  ready,  at  a  smile,  to  cast  them  at 
your  feet,  I  am  surprised  that  yours  is  not  reduced  to  a 

cinder,  or  perforated  as  a  honey-comb Add  to 

all  this,  the  stentorian  eloquence  of  G.  C,  endeavoring  to 
impress  on  your  mind  the  charms  of  Georgia.  I  dare  say, 
he  wished  to  convince  you  that  the  croaking  of  frogs  and 
the  roaring  of  alligators,  pouring  forth  their  divine  strains 
in  heavenly  concert,  produce  *  a  concord  of  sweet  sounds,' 


A   BIOGKAPIIICAL   SKETCH.  27 

compared  with  which  the  music  of  the  spheres  is  as  far 
inferior  as  the  light  of  a  taper  is  to  the  blaze  of  a  merid- 
ian sun.  Had  I  known  that  you  were  driving  with  the 
Governor,  I  should  have  been  doubly  uneasy,  as  his  con- 
founded horses  have  before  shown  a  disposition  to  thwart 
any  gracious  intentions  towards  his  Excellency.  I  wisli 
they  were  in  Guinea,  and  that  I  were  with  Mrs.  G.,  that 

we  might  unite  in  abusing  their  ovvuer  a  Uttle I 

am  much  pleased  with  your  intention  of  learning  to  paint, 
for  several  reasons  :  one,  that  I  think  it  an  elegant  accom- 
plishment, and  in  which  I  denght  ;  another,  that  I  wish 
my  wife  to  excel  still  more  than  she  already  gi'eatly  does, 
every  other  woman  I  ever  saw.  I  wish  you  would  add 
geography  to  it I  am  glad  that  you  are  improv- 
ing your  French ;  and  so  confident  am  I  of  your  paying  a 
visit  to  this  place,  at  some  time,  that  I  am  preserving  a 
file  of  French  papers  for  your  amusement.  Am  I  not  very 
considerate  to  begin  already  to  provide  for  your  pleasures  ] " 

That  Mr.  Seaton's  services  in  behalf  of  his  party 
were  most  acceptably  performed,  we  may  judge  from 
the  evidence  of  Mr.  Atlas  Jones,  a  prominent  politi- 
cian of  the  day,  who  thus  ^\Tites  to  the  spirited  young 
editor :  —  - 

"Your  journal  is  very  much  approved  in  Deep 
River ;  my  copy  is  borrowed  by  many  gentlemen  who 
take  other  papers,  and  their  sentiment  agrees  with  my 
own,  that  it  is  the  best  edited  gazette  in  the  State ; 
more  candid,  more  impartial,  and  less  fermented  by  the 
spirit  of  party.  The  dignity  and  fairness  of  your  edi- 
torials have  a  powerful  influence  over  even  preju- 
diced minds,  and  give  a  steadily  increasing  value  to 
your  journal." 


28  AVILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

Notwithstanding  that  this  emphatic  testimony  to 
his  ability  and  success  inclined  him  to  remain  at  his 
post,  the  specific  object  for  which  Mr.  Seaton  had 
assumed  the  editorial  chair  at  Halifax  having  been 
satisfactorily  achieved,  he  resolved  to  seek  a  wider 
sphere  for  his  energies ;  and,  returning  to  Ealeigh, 
became  associated  with  Joseph  Gales  in  the  "  Regis- 
ter," being  doubtless  mainly  impelled  to  this  decision 
by  the  sweet  influences  moulding  his  career,  and  which 
were  destined  to  crown  with  tender  joy  all  the  future 
days  of  Ms  life. 

A  sketch  of  the  history  of  Joseph  Gales  will  best 
illustrate  the  source  whence  such  abounding  virtues 
drew  their  life,  as  were  manifested  in  the  lives  of  his 
children,  whose  ability  and  worth  are  an  enduring 
monument  to  the  excellence  of  their  honored,  stout- 
hearted father. 

The  familv  of  Gales,  until  illustrated  by  the  virtues 
and  well- won  eminence  of  Joseph  Gales,  was  unknown 
out  of  the  simple  annals  of  the  rural  home  of  him  who 
may  be  callfed  its  founder ;  owing  the  respect  and  con- 
sideration now  investing  the  name  to  no  fortuitous 
gifts  of  inheritance  or  remote  ancestrv.  The  name  of 
GaU  is  a  familiar  one  both  in  England  and  this  coun- 
try, notably  in  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  in  which 
"  the  county  of  Wake,  erected  in  1772,  perpetuates  the 
maiden  name  of  the  accomplished  wife  of  Governor 
Tryon,"  whose  mother,  Lady  Wake,  was  Penelope  Gale. 
"  The  name  of  Tryon,"  says  Governor  Swain,  "  has  been 
expunged  from  the  map  of  the  State,  but  not  from  the 
memory  of  men  ;  and  the  unenviable  fame  of  the  royal 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  29 

Governor,  and  the  good  name  of  Penelope  Gale  AVake, 
are  alike  immortal." 

But  the  patronymic  Avith  the  final  s  can  be  retraced 
no  further  than  to  Eichard  Gales,  who  guided  the 
youth  of  the  ancient  village  of  Eckington,  Derbyshire, 
Eno-land,  in  the  path  of  learning,  and  who  was  deemed 
a  good  classical  scholar. 

His  son  Timothy  —  who  continued  in  his  native 
village  to  vary  his  routine  of  labor  with  the  lighter 
duties  of  Parish  Clerk  —  married  into  the  family  of 
Clay,  well  known  in  the  West  of  England  as  Iron- 
founders,  and  as  possessing  unusual  mechanical  skill ; 
the  ingenious  Henry  Clay,  a  nephew  of  Mrs.  Timothy 
Gales,  being  noted  as  the  first  manufacturer  of  decora- 
tive articles  in  papier  maclie ;  his  warerooms  being 
at  that  time  among  the  great  attractions  of  Birming- 
ham, the  "  toy-shop  of  Europe."  Joseph  Gales  always 
thought  that  Henry  Clay  of  Kentucky  strikingly  re- 
sembled his  own  relatives,  the  English  Clays,  some 
of  whom  had  emigrated  to  this  country ;  and  it  is  not 
improbable  that  they  and  the  peerless  Son  of  the  West 
sprang  originally  from  the  same  stock.  Timothy  Gales 
'v\-as  drowned  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-three,  while 
attempting  to  cross  a  stream  by  means  of  a  fallen  tree. 

The  excellent  old  man  transmitted  his  virtues,  ac- 
companied with  but  little  worldly  store,  to  his  son 
Thomas.  Mrs.  AYinifred  Gales,  in  her  autobiography, 
addressing  her  children,  says :  "  If  Pope's  axiom  be 
true,  that  '  an  honest  man 's  the  noblest  work  of  God,' 
then  were  your  paternal  ancestors  nobles  of  God's  own 
making.  In  every  relation  of  life  they  conducted  them- 
selves with  an  admirable  propriety,  and  were  governed 


30  -WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

l3y  an  integrity  that  elicited  the  good-will  and  respect 
of  their  compeers.  Your  grandfather,  Thomas  Gales, 
was  indeed  an  Israelite  without  guile  ;  and  his  that 
true  nobility  of  soul  to  which  wealth  could  add  no 
distinction,  rank  no  lustre.  Your  grandmother  Gales 
was  from  Newport-Pagnell,  Buckinghamshire  ;  and  of 
this  truly  excellent  woman  I  cannot  deny  myself  the 
pleasure,  and  her  the  justice,  to  say  that  she  was  wor- 
thy the  ardent  affection  of  her  family,  —  and  was,  of 
all  persons  I  ever  knew,  the  most  disinterested  and 
candid  ;  seK  was  omitted  from  her  vocabulary." 

The  oldest  child  of  this  estimable  pair,  Joseph,  was 
born  at  Eckington,  in  1761.  In  1809  his  venerable 
father  went  to  rest,  which  event  was  communicated 
to  Joseph  Gales,  then  residing  in  North  Carolina,  by 
James  Montgomery,  in  the  following  letter,  which  is 
interesting  as  an  expression  of  the  undiminished  affec- 
tion cherished  by  the  amiable  poet,  after  a  separation 
of  fifteen  years,  for  his  former  patron  and  master. 

''Sheffield,  October  20,  1809. 

"  Dear  Sir,  —  A  letter  from  me  is  now  such  a  rarity, 
that  the  very  appearance  of  my  writing  will  be  an  omen  of 
mournful  tidings.  Such  tidings  indeed  I  have  to  commu- 
nicate, but  'they  are  mingled  and  softened  and  sweetened 
with  so  many  consolations,  not  vain  and  imaginary,  but 
deep  and  unfailing,  that  you  will  think,  with  me,  that  there 
is  at  least  as  much  cause  for  gratitude  as  for  gi'ief,  when  I 
inform  you  that  your  dear  and  venerable  father  departed 
this  hfe,  most  peacefully  and  piously,  on  Saturday  last.  .  . 
You  w^ill  therefore  be  less  shocked,  though  not  less  sorry  to 
learn,  that  he  has  had  the  privilege  of  going  first  to  his  eter- 
nal home.      For  many  months  past  I  have  with  secret  con- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  31 

cern  perceived  his  decline  from  that  florid  and  hearty  com- 
plexion of  health  and  vigor  which  marked  his  green  old  age. 
....  On  my  return  from  Scarboro'  and  Harrowgate  in 
September  I  saw  him  at  Eckington,  and  then  indeed  I  read 
on  his  meek  emaciated  face  the  sentence  which  is  passed 
upon  all  the  living.  .  .  On  the  14th  he  expired  as  quietly 
as  an  infant  falling  asleep.  .  .  His  mind  seemed  deeply 
engaged  in  meditation  on  those  most  awful  concerns  that 
ought  to  occupy  more  of  our  thoughts  in  health  than  they 
usually  do.  He  was  always  sweetly  and  solemnly  affected 
when  his  daughters  prayed  with  him,  or  spoke  gentle  words 
of  hope  and  faith  in  God.  The  expressions  that  fell  from 
his  dear  dying  lips  were  divinely  consoling  to  us  whom  he 
has  left  behind.  We  have  a  confidence,  which  we  would  not 
relinquish  for  all  the  hopes  that  this  life  can  offer,  that  he 
is  at  rest  at  the  footstool  of  the  Eternal  Throne,  and  that 
we  shall  all  meet  him  in  everlasting  felicity,  and  inseparable 
communion.  Thus  far  of  the  honored  and  loved  and  la- 
mented dead  who  is  gone  before  us.  Of  the  living,  your 
mother  is  humbly  and  simply  resigning  herself  to  the  will 
of  the  Lord.  .  .  .  No  words  that  I  could  command  would 
do  justice  to  the  filial  piety  of  your  sisters,  and  their  un- 
wearied attention  to  every  word  and  look  of  their  suffer- 
ing but  now  sainted  father.  .  .  Your  name  was  frequently 
in  their  hearts  and  on  their  lips.  ...  I  send  most  cordial 
and  affectionate  remembrances  to  dear  Mrs.  Gales  and  to  all 
your  beloved  family.  I  shall  write  next  week  by  the  Packet, 
hoping  that  you  will  certainly  receive  one  or  both  of  these 

letters,  from 

"  Your  sincere  friend, 

**J.  Montgomery. 
"Mr.  Joseph  Gales." 

It  was  then,  with  no  patrimony  save  the  indiscerp- 
tible  one  of  probity,  industry,  and  a  good  capacity,  that 


32  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

Joseph  Gales  entered  upon  the  arena  of  life,  achieving, 
by  the  unassisted  force  of  these  qualities,  a  just  dis- 
tinction in  his  native  land,  which  was  recognized  and 
deex3ened  into  reverential  love  in  that  of  his  adoption. 
Alternating  his  hours  of  work  —  for  in  that  frugal 
household  toil  was  a  necessity  —  with  persistent  and 
conscientious  study,  the  stout-hearted  boy  had  soon  ex- 
hausted the  educational  resources  of  Ecldngton.  Mr. 
Gales,  in  writing  of  this  period  of  his  life,  says  :  "  The 
inhabitants  of  our  village  were  in  moderate  circum- 
stances, and  of  good  morals,  and  I  have  thought  the 
latter  merit  in  a  great  degree  owing  to  the  attention 
paid  to  the  cultivation  of  music.  Fortunately,  there 
was  a  resident  of  Eckington  of  better  fortune,  and  who 
had  received  greater  advantages  than  the  rest  of  the 
villagers,  and  who  to  a  knov»dedge  of  music  superadded 
the  gift  of  a  fine  bass  voice,  singing  well  and  playmg 
on  more  than  one  instrument.  This  gentleman  gladly 
instructed  all  who  wished  to  join  the  village  choir, 
where  my  father  had  cliarge  of  the  violoncello  and 
sang  bass,  while  my  brother  and  I  sang  treble."  This 
love  of  the  gentle  art  continued  through  life  to  be  the 
favorite  recreation  of  the  hours  of  leisure  snatched  by 
Mr.  Gales  from  his  industrious  career. 

And  now  at  the  ao'e  of  thirteen  the  stalwart  lad 
began  to  heed  the  stirring  of  a  moderately  ambitious 
nature,  prompting  him  to  seek  a  more  advanced  post 
in  the  bivouac  of  life  than  the  humble  one  occupied  by 
his  worthy  forbears. 

An  advantageous  opening  soon  offered  in  the  city  of 
Manchester,  where  the  young  Joseph  was  bound  for  a 
term  of  seven  years  to  the  bookbinding  and  printing 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  33 

business ;  and  where,  during  three  years,  he  applied 
himself  with  characteristic  diligence  to  his  specific 
duties,  and  the  acquisition  of  all  the  extraneous  knowl- 
edge within  his  circumscribed  means. 

The  system  of  apprenticeship,  as  conducted  and  le- 
gally countenanced  at  that  period,  in  England,  was  dis- 
graced by  a  severity,  a  cruelty,  little  removed  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  feudal  ages.  No  Exeter-Hall  fabled 
sufferings  of  slavery  could  surpass  those  to  which  re- 
spectable youths  were  subjected  by  their  irresponsible 
master,  w^ho  held  almost  unchecked  power  over  the  very 
life  of  the  apprentice.  The  experience  of  young  Gales 
did  not  differ  from  that  of  many  of  his  fellow-bonds- 
men ;  but  rather  than  afflict  his  parents  with  a  knowl- 
edge of  his  situation,  he  bore  in  silence  the  humiliations, 
starvation,  and  personal  inhumanity  of  his  employer, 
continuing  bravely  to  fulfil  his  duties  and  practice  his 
craft,  until  a  series  of  outrages  culminated  in  an  at- 
tempt on  his  life  by  his  master's  wife,  "  a  notorious 
vixen,"  wlio  in  a  fit  of  passion  seized  a  knife  and 
swore  to  run  it  through  the  heart  of  the  mild,  obedient 
boy.  Escaping  from  the  infuriated  woman,  his  relatives 
appealed  to  a  court  of  justice,  and  pending  the  decision, 
young  Gales  determined  to  place  himself  beyond  the 
power  of  his  evil  taskmasters.  "  I  therefore  set  out," 
he  says,  in  recounting  the  occurrence,  "  wdth  not  more 
than  half  a  crown  in  my  pocket,  to  walk  over  fifty 
miles  to  my  native  village  ;  and  to  show  the  state  of 
my  religious  impressions  at  that  time,  I  w411  mention, 
that,  in  a  solitary  spot  on  the  mountainous  moors  over 
which  T  wended  my  way,  I  bent  my  knees  in  prayer 
to  my  God,  tlianking  him  for  my  release  from  a  heavy 

2*  C 


o 


4  WILLIAM   WIXSTON    SEATON. 


bondage  and  praying  for  liis  future  guidance  and  pro- 
tection." 

This  incident  is  illustrative  of  the  simple,  firm  trust 
in  an  overruling  Providence  which  ever  characterized 
Joseph  Gales  ;  who,  indeed,  in  guileless  purity,  single- 
ness of  purpose,  and  stern  uprightness,  seemed  framed 
in  patriarchal  mould,  —  "A  just  man,  and  walked  with 
God." 

Fortune  smiled  compensatingiy  on  the  next  venture 
of  the  earnest  young  typographer,  who,  in  the  fine 
old  town  of  Newark,  entered  into  an  apprenticeship 
with  a  generous,  worthy  gentleman,  under  whose  guid- 
ance he  became  a  master  in  his  craft,  and  in  whose  A 
home  he  found  culture,  refinement,  and  affection.  He 
was  now  approaching  man's  estate,  intelligent,  robust, 
and  bright-eyed,  which  passports  to  feminine  favor 
were  appreciated  by  a  fair  young  creature,  ^diom,  after 
a  wooing  of  five  years,  Mr.  Gales  won  to  be  the  partner 
of  his  checkered  life ;  his  joy  in  prosperity,  his  com- 
fort and  helpmeet  in  adversity.  This  young  lady  was 
Miss  Winifred  Marshall,  daughter  of  John  Marshall,  of 
IN"ewark-upon-Trent. 

The  family  of  Marshall  had  for  many  generations 
occupied  a  position  of  high  respectability  in  ;N'otting- 
liamshire,  whence  they  sprang  from  an  ancestry  of 
gentle  birth,  possessing  competent  means,  and  noted 
f  )r  a  love  of  letters.  Mrs.  Gales,  in  her  autobiography, 
sp.ys  :  "  Your  grandfather  Marshall's  family,  my  dear 
ciiildren,  were  proud  of  their  lineage,  and  though  their 
claim  to  distinction  on  the  score  of  wealth  had  passed 
away  before  my  time,  yet  they  were  tenacious  of  their 
pretensions  and  loved  to  dwell  upon  the  family  descent. 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  35 

Genealogical  tree,  seals,  parchments  setting  forth  hered- 
itary family  claims,  were  jealously  cherished  posses- 
sions, exciting  my  youthful  interest ;  noiv,  in  this  land 
where  honorable  conduct  is  the  only  patent  of  true  no- 
bilit}^,  such  distinctions  seem  puerile  ;  yet  a  degree  of 
tenderness  pervades  my  feelings  at  this  retrospective 
view,  and  I  am  pleased  to  remember  that  my  ances- 
tors were  persons  of  integrity,  well-educated,  and  of  no 
mean  intellect." 

It  will  suffice  for  this  sketch  to  retrace  the  family 
history  only  to  Gervase  Marshall,  a  clergyman  of  the 
English  Church,  and  Eector  of  Wliatton  in  Notting- 
hamshire, whose  wife  brought  liim  the  livings  also  of 
Balderton  and  Farndon. 

His  eldest  son,  Gervase  Marshall  of  Southwell,  mar- 
ried Mary,  daughter  of  WiUiam  Burnett,  —  a  great- 
nephew  of  the   celebrated   Bishop  Burnett,  —  whose 
wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Mark  Lamb.     Through 
this  lady  the  Marshalls  were  nearly  allied  to  the  ^lel- 
bourne  family,  having  a  common  ancestor  in  Matthew 
Peniston  Lamb,  of  Brocket  HaU,  Hertfordshire.      Sir 
Matthew  Lamb  —  an  inmate  of  his  cousin  Elizabeth's 
house  while  pursuing  his  legal  studies  —  was  the  fa- 
ther of  the  first  Lord  Melbourne,  whose  family  honors 
and  estates  it  was  at  one  time  supposed  would  devolve 
on  the  son  of  Gervase  IMarshall ;  but  subsequently  an 
heir  was  born  to  the  title,  the  late  Viscount  Melbourne, 
the  Premier  and  friend  of  Queen  Victoria.     The  sister 
of  this  second  Lord  IMelbourne,  the  Countess  Cowper, 
afterwards  Lady  Palmerston,  died  in  1869,  surviving 
her   husband,  the  great  Premier,  several  years ;  and 
while  he  during  half  a  century  shaped  the  policy  of 


36  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

Europe,  the  beauty  and  fascination  of  Lady  Palmerston 
lield  equal  sway  over  English  society  during  four 
reims. 

Gervase,  the  eldest  son  of  Gervase  and  Mary  Mar- 
shall, occupied  in  early  life  an  honorable  position  in 
the  royal  honsehold  of  King  George  II.,  but  finding  the 
duties  of  a  court  life  incompatible  with  the  prosecution 
of  his  favorite  pursuits,  he  retired  to  the  country,  there 
to  remain  absorbed  through  a  long  life  in  the  "  Follies 
of  Science,"  casting  horoscopes  and  seeking  the  Phi- 
losopher's Stone. 

His  sister  Mary  married  George  Hodgkinson,  Esq., 
a  lawyer  of  eminence  of  Southwell,  who  was,  says  Mrs. 
Gales,  "  an  elegant  gentleman  in  appearance,  manners, 
and  acquirements,  and  related  to  the  family  of  Pierre^ 
pont,  Dukes  of  Kingston.  I  met  frequently  at  my 
aunt's  house  Charles  Pierrepont,  who  at  the  death  of 
the  Duke  of  Kingston,  and  the  extinction  of  that  title, 
succeeded  his  relative  in  the  minor  title  of  Earl  Man- 
vers." 

John  Marshall,  of  Newark,  the  youngest  son,  mar- 
ried, in  the  memorable  year  1745,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Simeon  AVeston,  of  Carleton-upon-Trent.  "My 
mother,"  writes  Mrs.  Gales,  "was  an  only  child,  and 
her  patrimonial  inheritance  was  considered  at  that 
time  quite  large.  According  to  the  testimony  of  old 
friends,  she  was  a  very  lovely  girl,  and  at  a  later  period 
was  the  handsomest  woman  of  her  aoje  I  ever  saw. 
Her  tastes  were  superior  and  her  manners  polished  ; 
but,  better  still,  she  possessed  the  strength  of  a  sensible 
mind  and  the  piety  of  a  Christian,  living  in  the  exer- 
cise of  faith,  and  dying  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty- 
three  years." 


A   BlOGKArniCAL    SKETCH.  37 

John  Marshall  was  a  man  of  strong  intellect,  well 
improved  by  a  liberal  education,  possessing  a  cultivated 
taste  for  science  and  letters,  a  too  absorbed  devotion 
to  which,  combined  with  an  inert  habit,  lessened  the 
practical  usefulness  of  his  life,  and  cut  short  his  career 
at  the  age  of  fifty  years.  His  children  inherited  his 
fine  natural  gifts,  but  the  endowment  of  intellect,  vi- 
vacity, sensibility  and  beauty,  was  conferred  in  especial 
measure  upon  the  youngest  daughter,  Winifred,  born  in 
1761. 

"  AVell  do  I  remember  my  honored  father's  counte- 
nance," writes  Mrs.  Gales  sixty  years  after  his  death. 
"  He  was  very  handsome,  had  a  dark,  fine  eye,  with  a 
very  dignified  manner.  The  best  likeness  of  him  I 
ever  saw,  strange  to  say,  was  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Markham, 
Archbishop  of  York,  which  hung  in  my  uncle  Hodg- 
kinson's  parlor,  he  being  related  to  that  Prelate,  whom 
I  also  remember  well,  having  when  a  little  girl  seen 
him  during  a  visit  he  made  to  my  uncle,  Avith  his  wife 
and  seven  daughters.  I  was  my  father's  favorite,  on 
whom  was  showered  every  indulgence ;  and  although 
he  carefully  superintended  the  education  of  all  his  chil- 
dren, my  love  of  reading,  which  I  have  from  youth  pur- 
sued with  never-ceasing  avidity,  drew  me  more  nearly 
to  his  side.  Very  often  after  the  family  had  retired,  in 
reading  or  conversation  we  wasted  the  midnight  oil. 
I  read  to  him  all  the  political  ephemeral  works  on  the 
right  (the  Ministerial)  side  of  the  questions  of  the  day. 
"  Ah,"  said  a  gentleman  to  me  subsequently,  while 
]\lr.  Gales  pul)lished  the  Sheffield  Eegister,  "  what 
would  your  father  say,  could  he  now  witness  your 
political  heresy 


I   5J 


38  WILLIAM  -SVINSTON   SEATON. 

"  Among  my  more  solid  literary  food,  I  remember 
'  Longinus  on  the  Sublime/  Adam  Smith's  '  Essays ' 
and  'Wealth  of  ISTations/  Burnett's  and  Clarendon's 
Histories,  various  Topographical  works,  Shakespeare, 
Milton,  and  the  best  poets.  A  favorite  volume,  gener- 
ally carried  by  my  father  in  his  pocket,  and  which  he 
pronounced  the  best  extant  on  the  subject,  was  Scou- 
gaU's  '  Life  of  God  in  the  Soul  of  Man.'  " 

Here  indeed  was  substantial  mental  pabulum  for  a 
girl   of   seventeen,  but  not  calculated  to   satisfy  the 
ardent  poetical  mind  and  sprightly  imagination  of  the 
young  Winifred,  who,  already  a  devotee  at  the  shrine 
of  the  muses,  writing  graceful  verse,  sought  still  further 
relaxation  and  achieved  no  slight  fame,  in  portraying  f    / 
the   history  of  "  Lady   Emma   Melcombe,"  "  Matilda       ^ 
Berkeley,"  and  other  heroines  of  the  sentimental  or  , 
"  Minerva  Press  "  school.     A  not  uninteresting  coinci-  j 
dence,  as  quite  in  keeping  with  the  romantic  turn  of 
Mrs.  Gales's  own  taste,  may  be  cited. 

The  heroine  of  one  of  her  novels,  ^vTitten  while  still 
Miss  Marshall,  was  styled  the  Lady  Julia  Seaton. 
Thirty  years  afterwards,  having  as  Mrs.  Gales  sought 
a  home  in  America's  western  wilds,  her  daughter 
married  Mr.  Seaton ;  and  she  saw  perpetuated  in  their 
daughter  the  name  of  her  own  eldest  English  child  of 
fiction. 

"  This  day  forty-eight  years  ago,"  writes  Mrs.  Gales, 
May  4,  1832,  "I  pledged  my  faith  and  best  affections 
to  the  dear  and  honored  companion  of  my  joys  and 
sorrows.  It  was  a  lovely  spring  morning,  and  the 
drive  from  Collingham  to  Newark,  my  native  place, 
was  delightful.     We  were  married  by  my  brother,  an 

n  ^^ 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  39 

Episcopal  clergyman,  in  the  venerable  cinircli  which 
for  more  than  six  centuries  has  resisted  the  dilapida- 
tions of  time  and  warfare,  whence  we  drove  thirty 
miles  to  Eckington,  the  residence  of  my  newly  acquired 
parents,  who  greeted  us  with  the  most  affectionate 
salutations  of  welcome." 

Mr.  Gales  had  already  established  himself  at  Shef- 
field, Yorkshire,  as  Printer  and  Publisher;  possessed 
of  small  ibrtune  indeed,  but,  as  he  records  with  com- 
mendable pride,  Avith  what  he  "  found  to  be  more  valu- 
able than  money,  — the  character  of  an  upright,  indus- 
trious business  man."  Characteristically,  the  first  work 
undertaken  by  Mr.  Gales  was  the  publishing  of  a  folio 
Bible,  illustrated  by  plates,  with  annotations  from  the 
versatile  pen  of  his  clever  wife. 

In  1787  Mr.  Gales  issued  the  first  number  of  the 
Sheffield  Eegister,  a  weekly  journal,  which  soon  won 
its  way  to  unprecedented  esteem  and  circulation  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  treating  as  it  did  of  science 
and  literature,  foreign  and  domestic  politics ;  the  ex- 
pression of  its  views  being  marked  by  good  sense,  high 
tone,  and  probity  of  purpose,  —  life-long  characteristics 
of  its  founder.  Mr.  Gales  continued  to  prosper,  the 
happiness  of  his  domestic  circle  being  enhanced  by  the 
birth  of  several  children,  among  whom  were  Joseph, 
born  at  Eckington,  April  10,  1786,  and  Sarah,  born  at 
Sheffield,  May  12,  1789. 

In  1792  the  subject  of  Parliamentary  Eeform  awoke, 
after  a  number  of  years.  Eke  a  giant  refreshed  with 
wine,  and  shook  England  to  its  centre.  AMien  in  1782 
this  question  of  Equal  Eepresentation  of  the  people  in 
the  House  of  Commons  had  been  agitated,  meetins^s 


40  AVILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

were  held  throughout  the  kingdom  to  discuss  the  rights 
of  the  unfranchised  classes,  and  the  best  means  of  for- 
cing from  their  legislators  the  recognition  of  their  legiti- 
mate demands  as  freemen.  Delegates  from  the  associ- 
ations first  assembled  at  the  Thatched-House  Tavern 
in  London,  some  of  the  most  prominent  members  being 
the  Dukes  of  Norfolk  and  Eichmond,  William  Pitt — 
then  an  opposition  member,  afterwards  Premier  of 
England  —  and  Major  John  Cartwright,  who,  thirty- 
five  years  after  the  failure  of  these  initiatory  measures 
of  Eeform,  was  again  active  in  arousing  the  people  of 
England  to  a  candid  and  peaceable  mode  of  redressing 
their  grievances. 

The  Eesolutions  were  offered  by  William  Pitt,  and 
unanimously  adopted,  and,  in  the  form  of  a  Petition, 
were  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  for  a  Eeform 
in  Parliament,  "without  which,"  said  the  ]Dreamble, 
"  neither  the  liberty  of  the  nation  can  be  preserved,  nor 
the  permanency  of  a  wise  and  virtuous  administration 
be  secure."  Mr.  Pitt's  motion  in  Parliament  was  sup- 
ported by  Charles  James  Fox,  and  lost.  Sir  George 
Saville  said  in  debate,  that  "  the  House  might  as  well 
call  itself  a  representation  of  France  as  England." 

The  following  incident,  as  related  by  Mrs.  Gales,  is 
of  interest,  as  illustrative  of  the  mode  of  carrying  Eng- 
lish elections,  and  of  the  influence  exercised  by  the 
gentler  sex  over  the  ballot-box  at  that  period,  —  an  in- 
fluence as  poAverful,  if  not  so  openly  exerted,  as  that 
claimed  by  the  friends  of  female  suffrage  to-day. 

"  I  well  remember  hearing  the  bells  ring  a  muflled 
peal  for  the  death  of  the  famous  IMarquis  of  Granby, 
the  celebrated  military  commander,  whose  portrait  still 


A    BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  41 

forms  the  weather-beaten  sign  of  old  English  inns; 
a  man  of  great  worth,  and  whose  general  popularity 
among  the  English  had  not  been  equalled  since  the  dtiys 
of  Marlborough.  I  was  a  young  girl  when  the  ]\Iar- 
quis  was  a  candidate  for  the  borough  of  Newark,  where 
my  father  lived,  who  held  the  office  of  '  Headborough' 
of  the  county,  and  who  was  anxious  for  the  success  of 
the  ministerial  candidates.  The  election  was  strongly 
contested,  and  the  friends  of  the  government,  fearing 
defeat,  were  assembled  for  consultation,  when  Shelley 
and  the  ^larquis  joined  them.  *  How  goes  the  poU  ? ' 
*Ah,  we  fear  against  you.'  The  Marquis  thought  a 
moment,  then  ordered  his  servants  to  go  out  and  pur- 
chase several  large  baskets  of  oranges  and  take  them 
to  Appleton  Close.  '  I  saw  a  number  of  females  play- 
m^  at  ball  in  a  beautiful  green  enclosure,'  said  he, 
'  and  we  will  distribute  the  fruit  among  the  fair.'  The 
party  accompanied  him,  and  with  a  gay,  captivating 
manner  he  said  to  a  pretty  girl,  'Play  with  me 
sweetheart,  for  oranges.'  The  game  began,  and  in 
every  orange  he  stitch  a  guinea;  and  every  damsel 
had  a  game  with  the  gallant  Marquis,  her  orange  and 

guinea. 

"  '  Shelley  and  Manners  '  —  the  family  name  of  the 
great  ducal  house  of  Rutland  —  was  now  the  burden  of 
the  song.  '  I  am  wearied  and  will  go  now  to  bed,'  said 
the  Marquis,  'but  let  me  know  when  Ave  are  elected. 
Every  one  of  these  women  will  oblige  father,  brother, 
husband,  and  lover  to  vote  for  us.' 

"  The  orange  device  succeeded,  and  at  midnight  it 
was  announced  that  the  ]\Iarquis  and  Shelley  had  tri- 
umphantly carried  the  day." 


42  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  Now  again,  ten  years  later/'  writes  Mrs.  Gales, 
"  the  people  were  once  more  awakened  to  tlie  assertion 
of  their  political  rights,  and  distnr])ed,  alarmed,  could 
see  only  tyranny  and  oppression  on  the  one  hand,  re- 
form on  the  other,  while  the  rulers  recognized  in  the 
movement  only  rebellion  and  revolution.  To  men 
capable  of  thought,  neutrality  of  opinion  in  this  crisis 
was  impossible ;  and  if  their  views  passed  into  speech, 
or  became  visible  on  paper,  they  were  ranked,  accord- 
ing to  the  side  embraced,  as  Disorganizers  or  as 
Eoyalists ;  the  latter  class  comprising  those  whom 
hereditary  possessions  or  official  position  rendered 
strictly  conservative,  their  slogan  being  Aris  et  focis, 
which  in  their  translation  signified,  Our  places,  our 
l^ensions. 

"  Honorable  exceptions,  however,  to  this  spirit  of 
caste  were  to  be  found  in  the  phalanx  of  reformers, 
comprising  men  of  talent,  rank,  and  wealth ;  among 
whom  were  Earl  Stanhope,  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  Sir 
Charles  Grey,  Home  Tooke,  Sheridan,  and,  in  our  own 
vicinity,  the  Duke  of  I^orfolk,  Lord  of  the  Manor  of 
Sheffield,  the  Shears  —  eminent  bankers  —  and  others 
of  learning  and  integrity  among  our  j)ersonal  friends. 

"  Constitutional  Societies  were  established  in  the 
country,  breathing  a  spirit  of  peace.  Mr.  Erskine's 
speech  at  a  meeting  of  the  '  Eriends  of  the  Liberty  of 
the  Press,'  expressed  the  true  feeling  of  this  momentous 
period.  '  If,'  said  the  eloquent  jurist, '  in  the  legal  and 
peaceable  assertion  of  freedom  we  shall  be  calumniated 
and  persecuted,  we  must  be  content  to  suffer  in  its 
cause,  as  our  fathers  before  us ;  but  we  will,  like  our 
fathers,  persevere  until  we  prevail. 


A   BIOGKAPIIICAL   SKETCH.  43 

"  Such  was  the  original  spirit  actuating  the  public 
mind  at  the  meetings  inaugurating  this  movement." 

Sprung  from  the  yeomanry,  j\Ir.  Gales  was  naturally 
in  sympathy  with  his  order ;  and  the  '  Eegister '  firmly, 
but  moderately,  espoused  the  liberal  cause,  being  the 
only  journal  in  the  West  Eiding  which,  open  to  dis- 
cussion, candidly  avowed  its  sentiments  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  dav.  Mr.  Gales  had  obtained  oreat  ascen- 
dency  over  tlie  industrial  classes  of  the  community,  to 
whom  he  became  endeared  by  his  unaffected  goodness, 
ui'banity  of  manner,  and  proverbial  integrity ;  yet, 
while  boldly  upholding  the  popular  demands,  striking 
heavy  and  well-aimed  blows  Avith  manly  freedom  at 
the  ministerial  paltering  policy,  he  was  temperate  in 
language,  and  invariably  prudent  in  counsel. 

In  the  midst  of  this  feverish  perturbation  of  the 
•public  pulse,  Mr.  Gales  received  into  his  employment 
a  prepossessing  youth,  "  who  quickly  and  progressively 
matured  into  his  assistant  editor,  dearest  friend,  and 
finally  successor  in  his  journal."  This  youth  was 
James  ^lontgomery,  the  poet. 

The  first  waves  of  the  French  Eevolution,  dashing 
against  the  shores  of  England,  gave  a  fresh  impetus 
to  the  hopes  of  reform ;  the  destruction  of  the  Bastile 
exciting  general  enthusiasm,  "filling  the  heart  with 
liope  that,  the  day-star  of  liberty  had  dawned  over 
earth ;  for  no  one  could  foresee  that  this  glorious  up- 
heaval of  peoples  would  degenerate  into  a  licentious- 
ness which  prostrated  all  order  and  violated  every 
right."  Montgomery,  who  threw  himself  with  youthful 
ardor  into  the  popular  cause,  says  of  this  period :  "  The 
excitement  of  the  most  violent  j^assions  caused  such  a 


4-4  WILLIAM   WIN'STON    SEATON. 

conflict  of  minds,  such  activity  of  tlie  highest  powers 
of  the  human  soul,  as  had  never  been  exhibited  since 
Britain  was  an  island.  E\'ery  man,  woman,  and  child 
in  the  kingdom  was  a  politician." 

'No  district  was  more  agitated  than  Sheffield,  one  of 
the  most  important  English  centres  of  manufacturing 
interest,  whose  mechanics  were  a  w^ell-paid,  intelligent, 
reading,  and  consequently  liberal  body  of  men.  The 
"  Test  Law,"  bv  which  Catholics  and  Dissenters  from 
the  Established  Church  of  England  were  cut  oft'  from 
all  governmental  office,  was  also  an  irritating  source 
of  discontent  to  a  large  body  of  the  most  respectable 
and  influential  English  subjects ;  and  not  the  least  of 
the  Duke  of  AVellington's  claims  to  the  gratitude  of 
posterity,  is  in  the  abrogation  of  those  puerile  and 
odious  laws  during  his  Premiership.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Lord  of  the  Manor,  the* 
cliief  of  whose  great  house  has  always  been  the  lead- 
ing Catholic  of  the  realm,  the  residents  of  Sheffield 
were  generally  Dissenters,  the  majority  being  favor- 
able to  Iieform ;  the  Unitarians,  to  which  enlightened 
branch  of  the  Christian  Church  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gales 
l)elonged,  being  earnestly  so,  although  they  did  not 
manifest  their  opinions  by  constant  attendance  at  the 
political  meetings  ;  partly  by  reason  of  their  domestic 
habits,  and  still  more  from  prudential  motives  induced 
by  the  recent  scenes  of  violence  at  Birmingham,  and 
the  disgraceful  persecution  of  Dr.  Priestley,  the  emi- 
nent convert  to  liberal  Christianity. 

Tlie  riots  of  Birmingham  were  occasioned  by  a  hand- 
bill, attributed  to  Dr.  Priestley,  calling  on  the  frieiids 
of  liberty  to  celebrate  the  anniversary  of  the  destruc- 


A    r.IOGKAPIIICAL    SKETCH.  45 

tion  of  the  Bastile  ;  and  from  this  little  spark  the 
party  of  Church  and  State  kindled  tlie  flame  which 
consumed  the  houses  of  the  wealthy  Unitarians.  Dr. 
Priestley's  loss  was  irreparable  in  a  valuable  philosoph- 
ical apparatus,  his  unpublished  manuscripts,  and  a 
library  which  it  had  cost  him  forty  years  to  collect. 
Dr.  Priestley's  claims  to  distinction  in  the  annals  of 
Christian  piety  and  intellectual  progress  are  too  uni- 
versally known  to  need  any  detailed  history  in  this 
sketch.  Goaded  by  party  enmity,  he  was  finally  forced 
to  seek  an  asylum  in  the  United  States,  where  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Gales  renewed  with  him  the  intiniacy  so  valued 
in  Sheffield.  "  A  man  of  more  genuine  piety,  simpli- 
city of  manners,  and  frank  charm  than  Dr.  Priestley 
never  lived,"  writes  ^Irs.  Gales.  "  Ardent  in  opinion, 
even  his  opponents  honored  him  for  his  gentle  urban- 
ity ;  and  the  celebrated  Dr.  Parr,  one  of  the  most 
strenuous  supporters  of  Church  and  State,  avowed 
reverence  for  him  in  a  letter  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Birmingham,  which  generous  eulogium  concludes 
thus : — 

" '  Let  Dr.  Priestley  be  confuted  where  he  is  mis- 
taken, exposed  where  he  is  superficial,  repressed  where 
dogmatical ;  but  let  not  his  attainments  be  depreci- 
ated, because  they  are  numerous,  almost  beyond  paral- 
lel ;  let  not  his  talents  be  disparaged,  for  they  are 
superlatiA^ely  great ;  let  not  his  morals  be  vilified,  for 
they  present  even  to  common  observers  the  iimocence 
of  a  hermit  and  the  simplicity  of  a  patriarch,  and 
because  a  candid  eye  will  discover  in  them  the  deep- 
fixed  root  of  religious  principle  and  the  solid  trunk 
of  virtuous  habits.'  " 


46  WILLIAM   WIXSTOX   SEATON. 

In  theological  science  Dr.  Priestley  had  conscien- 
tiously progressed  from  Calvinism  to  Unitarianism, 
and  was,  to  his  latest  moment,  one  of  the  ablest  foes 
to  infidelity. 

In  the  spring  of  1793  the  political  cloud  grew  darker, 
every  one  looking  with  fear  to  the  impending  storm. 
The  main  object  of  the  Eeformers  at  this  period  was 
the  abrogation  of  Septennial  and  the  introduction  of 
Annual  Parliaments,  granting  free  suffrage  to  all 
males.  "  AYilliam  Pitt,"  writes  ]\Irs.  Gales,  "  as  if  to 
show  how  great,  how  mean,  how  versatile  is  man,  now 
voted  against  Eeform,  alleging  that  he  did  not  believe 
the  people  to  be  suffering  any  evil  on  that  ground  " ; 
and  in  thus  opposing  the  rights  of  the  people  Pitt  made 
his  professed  patriotism  a  stepping-stone  to  the  high- 
est round  of  the  political  ladder.  "  Petitions  addressed 
to  the  King  and  Commons  poured  in  from  all  quarters  ; 
the  press  teemed  with  pamphlets  from  both  sides,  one 
of  which,  by  Count  Zenobia,  a  German  patriot  of  dis- 
tinction, and  purporting  to  be  written  by  an  indepen- 
dent English  country  member,  was  a  spirited,  sensible 
rebuke  of  Pitt's  tergiversation,  procuring  for  its  author 
the  honor  of  being  sent  out  of  the  country  under  the 
Alien  and  Sedition  Law." 

At  this  juncture  Thomas  Paine,  abeady  a  celebrity 
in  the  American  colonies,  reappeared  on  the  English 
political  stage,  aiding  by  powerful,  if  misdirected  ap- 
peals, to  widen  the  breach  between  the  people  and  the 
government.  The  son  of  an  English  Quaker,  he  had 
been  introduced  in  London  to  Benjamin  Franklin,  who, 
discerning  his  talent,  advised  him  to  seek  America  as  a 
more  promising  field  in  which  to  work  off  superfluous 


A   BIOGr.APIIICAL   SKETCH.  47 

energy.  Paine,  disembarking  at  Pliiladelphia  in  1774, 
soon  became  noted  for  bis  outspoken  beresies,  editing 
with  ability  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine ;  and  upon 
the  declaration  of  hostilities  between  the  rebellious 
colonies  and  the  mother  country,  wrote  his  famous 
pamplilet,  "  Common  Sense,"  the  importance  of  which 
production  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature  recognized  by 
voting  its  author  the  enormous  sum  of  £  500.  His  rest- 
less spirit  carried  him  back  to  Europe  at  the  moment 
when  the  English  nation  was  seething  in  the  turbu- 
lent waves  of  faction,  and  France  convulsed  by  the  dis- 
astrous outbreak  of  ferocious  radicalism.  iSTaturally, 
Paine  with  hot  ardor  threw  himself  into  the  contest, 
issuing  his  fiery  "  Plights  of  Man,"  in  answer  to  Ed- 
mund Burke's  "  Eefiections  on  the  Eevolution  in 
Prance  " ;  tlie  latter  one  of  the  most  celebrated  pam- 
phlets of  modern  times.  Burke's  Toryism  on  this 
stupendous  question  severed  him  from  Fox,  Sheridan, 
and  other  erewhile  friends,  renderincj  him  the  target 
for  every  species  of  invective  from  his  quondam  Whig 
associates.  Yet  Burke  was  no  apologist  for  tyranny, 
—  no  man  loved  true  freedom  more ;  but  his  pres- 
cience descried,  and  his  warning  eloquence  vividly  de- 
picted, the  dangers  of  the  quicksand  into  which  French 
liberty  was  destined  to  be  so  fatally  engulfed. 

Paine  proved  to  be  tke  firebrand  which,  igniting  the 
combustible  elements  of  the  opposing  parties,  caused  an 
explosion  involving  the  ruin  of  many  eminent  men,  and 
tending  directly  also  to  a  crisis  in  the  fortunes  of  Mr. 
Gales. 

Many  respectable  booksellers  had  been  arrested  and 
punished  under  an  eoi^  'post  facto  law  for  selling  Paine's 


48  WILLIAM    WINSTON    S EATON. 

"  Eights  of  Man,"  and  other  appeals  obnoxious  to  the 
Ministry.  Among  the  delinquents  was  Holt,  a  printer  \ 
of  talent,  who  had  learned  his  craft  in  Mr.  Gales's  office, 
and  who,  for  reprinting  a  letter  from  the  Duke  of  Eich- 
mond  in  favor  of  Eeform,  was  convicted  of  treason  and 
sentenced  to  four  years'  imprisonment,  with  a  fine  of 
£  UOO.  Eichard  Phillips,  of  Leicester,  received  nearly 
as  severe  a  sentence,  prosperously  ending  his  subse- 
quent career,  however,  by  being  knighted,  when  carry- 
ing up  an  address  to  the  throne  as  Sheriff"  of  London. 
To  an  American  was  Mr.  Gales  indebted  for  exemp- 
tion from  a  similar  fate.  "  This  gentleman,"  writes  Mrs. 
Gales,  "  was  Mr.  Thomas  Digges,  who  had  come  to 
Sheffield  on  a  visit  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  We  were 
delighted  with  his  manners  and  conversation,  frank, 
manly,  and  polished,  and  he  opened  to  us  a  new  view 
of  America,  giving  the  first  impetus  to  our  feelings  re- 
specting the  present  home  of  our  adoption.  The  casual 
acquaintance  ripened  into  intimate  friendship,  which 
was  proved  in  this  way.  During  an  absence  of  Mr. 
Gales  in  London,  Mr.  Digges  one  morning  requested 
to  see  me  alone,  asking  me  anxiously  if  we  had  any  of 
Paine's  works.  '  Yes,  a  great  many.'  He  replied, '  Let 
me  then  as  a  friend  entreat  you  to  put  them  carefully 
aside,  and  if  inquired  for,  to  deny  the  possession  of  a 
single  copy.  I  have  indisputable  authority  for  saying, 
that  to  disregard  my  advice  would  be  productive  of 
positive  danger.' 

''  We  had  sold  hundreds  and  printed  thousands  of 
Paine's  works,  but  now  acted  gratefully  on  the  friendly 
warning  of  Mr.  Digges,  whom  we  next  met,  twenty  years 
afterwards,  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac." 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  49 

The  King  now  issued  a  Proclamation,  forbidding  liis 
subjects  to  read  "  those  dangerous  Books,"  characteriz- 
ing them  as  "  wicked,  seditious  works,"  which  prohibi- 
tion naturally  increased  the  general  eagerness  to  obtain 
them,  their  sale,  in  Scotland  especially,  rising  from  three 
to  seven  hundred  copies  a  week. 

On  the  day  of  the  Proclamation  the  Attorney-General 
entered  upon  the  prosecution  of  Paine,  Avho,  while  the 
trial  was  pending,  escaped  to  France,  where  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  atrocious  Jacobin  Convention.  He 
voted,  to  his  credit  be  it  recorded,  against  the  death  of 
Louis  Sixteenth,  proposing,  in  lieu  of  the  guillotine,  that 
the  King  be  imprisoned  or  banished ;  which  humane 
alternative  offending  the  Bonnets  Eoiiges,  Paine  was 
sent  to  expiate  his  treasonable  lenity  in  the  Luxem- 
bourg. On  the  fall  of  Kobespierre  he  was  released, 
and  once  more  sought  America,  where  his  subsequent 
career  is  a  matter  of  history.  Even  in  death  he  caused 
contention,  the  Quakers  refusing,  because  of  his  aggres- 
sive atheism,  to  allow  him  burial  in  their  cemetery.  It 
is  almost  impossible  at  this  distance  of  time  to  form  an 
impartial  estimate  of  a  man  execrated  by  one  half  of 
his  contemporaries  as  a  mischievous  Infidel,  and  lauded 
by  the  opposing  party  as  an  apostle  of  liberty ;  but 
Mrs.  Gales  bore  testimony,  from  friendly  personal  in- 
tercourse, to  Paine's  sincerity,  the  simplicity  and  sweet- 
ness of  his  nature,  and  the  sprightly  wit  that  charmed 
the  social  circle. 

The  following  impromptu,  thrown  off  in  sportive 
vein  at  some  suggestion  by  Mrs.  Gales,  is  an  inter- 
esting specimen  of  the  famous  agitator's  versatility. 

3  D 


50  WILLIAIVI  WINSTON  SEATON. 

ME  AND  MY  MUSE. 

A  TALE. 

From  the  Castle  in  the  Air  to  the  Little  Corner  of  the  World. 

'T  WAS  in  the  dog-star's  raging  days, 
"When  all  the  heavens  were  in  a  blaze, 

And  thought  itself  was  tired  ; 
'T  was  then  a  lady  laid  on  me, 
The  cruel  task  of  Poesy, 

As  if  I  was  inspired. 

I  sought  my  muse  ;  I  found  the  maid 
Reclining  in  a  myii;le  shade, 

With  slumber  in  her  eye  ; 
She  looked  as  dull  as  dull  could  be, 
She  scarcely  cast  a  glance  at  me. 

And  this  is  her  reply  :  — 

"  The  lady  that  you  love  to  praise, 
'T  is  she  that  must  inspire  your  lays. 

And  touch  the  spring  of  thought ; 
She 's  handsomer,  you  know,  than  me, 
You  like  her  better  too,  I  see. 

Though  I  'm  without  a  fault. 

*'  I  've  been  your  muse  for  many  years. 
Sometimes  in  joy,  sometimes  in  tears. 

But  always  with  applause  : 
'T  was  I  that  passed  the  Stygian  Gulf, 
And  brought  to  life  your  General  Wolf, 

Against  all  Nature's  laws. 

"  'T  was  I  that  taught  you  how  to  plan 
Your  Covimon  Seiisc,  your  Eights  of  Man, 

Your  Age  of  Reason  too  : 
I  led  you  to  the  source  of  thought. 
From  whence  the  heavenly  flame  was  caught, 

That  burns  forever  new. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  51 

**  I  taiiglit  you  castles  in  the  air, 
And  how  to  wTite  to  ladies  fair, 

With  whom  you  might  be  smitten  ; 
To  hint  a  love  you  dare  not  tell, 
And  yet  to  hide  that  hint  so  well, 

In  sonnets  you  have  written. 

**  I  've  been  more  constant  than  a  wife  ; 
I  never  vexed  you  in  my  life, 

Nor  thought  a  thought  untrue  ; 
But  since  your  tickle  fancy  chuse 
To  have  a  lady  for  a  muse, 

I  can  be  hard  on  you." 

*'  Then,  charmer  of  my  life,"  said  I, 
The  tear  just  standing  in  my  eye, 

As  when  the  heart  is  gi'ieved  ; 
"  Pray  look  again  and  you  will  see, 
'T  is  you  she  courts,  it  is  not  me, 

So  pray  be  undeceived. 

* '  Besides,  I  'm  growing  out  of  date, 

At  least,  I  've  fancied  so  of  late, 

But  she  is  still  divine." 

*'  Oh  !  be  it  so,"  replied  my  muse, 

"  I  '11  send  her  whatsoe'er  she  chuse, 

But  be  you  ever  mine." 

T.  P. 

The  royal  proclamation  was  at  once  made  a  test  of 
political  principles.  A  public  meeting  was  convened 
at  Sheffield,  at  which  Dr.  Browne,  a  gentleman  of 
standing  in  the  "  Church  and  State  "  party,  offered  res- 
olutions of  "  Thanks  to  his  Gracious  Majesty  for  his  in- 
terest in  the  welfare  of  his  subjects,  in  prohibiting  the 
circulation  of  Paine's  writings  "  ;  which  resolutions, 
after  various  spirited  addresses,  were  negatived.  Anoth- 
er meeting  was  called  for  the  following  evening,  of  per- 
sons favorable  to  addressing  the  King,  which  was  not 


52  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

attended  by  the   friends  of  liberty,  among  whom,  of 
course,  was  Mr.  Gales. 

"  While  we  were  at  tea,"  records  Mrs,  Gales,  "  alarm- 
ing shouts  were  heard,  and  the  appalling  rumor  spread 
that  a  furious  mob  was  threatening  Cutlers'  HaU.  !Mr. 
Gales  ran  immediately,  without  his  hat,  to  the  scene  of 
riot,  and  found  the  Vicar  of  Trinity  Church  haranguing^ 
the  swaying  crowd.  He  talked  to  the  winds.  In  a 
moment  the  new-comer  was  discovered,  and  the  cry 
arose,  '  Mr,  Gales  in  the  chair ! '  It  was  repeated  by 
a  thousand  voices,  and  without  any  personal  volition 
he  was  carried  to  the  chair  rapidly  vacated  by  the 
Vicar.  There  was  no  time  to  hesitate,  and  eloquence, 
had  your  father  possessed  the  power  of  TuUy,  would 
have  availed  little  at  this  crisis.  A  few  plain  words 
best  suited  the  emergency,  and  in  his  usual  quiet,  com- 
posed way,  he  asked, '  Is  this  large  assemblage  of  cit- 
izens before  me,  here  in  consequence  of  the  handbills 
issued  to-day  ? ' 

" '  Yes.' 

" '  Did  you  intend  to  sign  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
King  ? ' 

"'No!    N'o!' 

" '  Then,  my  friends,  you  certainly  have  no  business 
here.  You  expressed  your  sentiments  yesterday,  and 
surely  would  not  deprive  your  neighbors  of  the  same 
privilege.  Sheffield  has  hitherto  been  celebrated  for 
the  orderly  conduct  of  the  manufacturing  part  of  the 
community ;  do  not  forfeit  your  claim  to  this  honor- 
able distinction.' 

" '  Speak  on,  Mr.  Gales  ;  you  are  a  good  man,  we  wiU 
hear  what  you  say.' 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  53 

" '  If  you  rely  on  my  ad^dce  because  you  believe 
me  to  be  your  friend,  I  will  prove  it  by  recommend- 
ing that  every  one  depart  peaceably  home.  Oblige 
even  your  enemies  to  respect  you  by  respecting  your- 
selves.' 

" '  Home,  home !'  was  the  general  cry.  And  in  twen- 
ty minutes  not  one  of  the  angry  thousands  assembled 
was  to  be  seen. 

" '  See,'  said  an  Anti-Eeformer,  '  what  influence 
Gales  has  over  the  populace.  By  what  art  has  he 
attained  this  power  ? ' 

"  '  By  pleading  the  poor  man's  cause,  by  advocating 
equal  representation,  by  treating  them  as  brethren. 
Gales  is  a  friend  to  the  oppressed,  an  admirable  man 
in  every  relation  of  life.' 

"  '  Yes,  yes  ;  we  know  all  that,  and  there  's  the  rub ; 
be  could  lead  ten  thousand  men  by  the  crook  of  his 
finger  ;  and  if  French  principles  should  take  root,  what 
might  not  be  the  result  of  his  popularity  ! ' 

"  This  occurrence  called  forth  praise  from  all  sides, 
raising  your  father  still  higher  in  the  esteem  of  the 
popular  party,  and  increasing  the  respect  even  of  our 
opponents. 

"About  the  close  of  1792  a  new  meteor,  blazed  in 
the  political  horizon  in  the  person  of  Henry  Bedhead 
Yorke.  He  w^as  the  son  of  a  Governor  of  one  of  the 
West  India  Islands,  by  whom  he  had  been  sent  to 
England  for  education  and  placed  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Edmund  Burke,  whose  favorite  protege,  he 
soon  became.  At  the  beginning  of  the  French  Eevolu- 
tion  he  was  an  ardent  aristocrat,  having  imbibed  the 
sentiments  of  his  high-minded  friend  and  patron ;  but 


54  WILLIAM   AVINSTON   SEATON. 

chancing  to  be  at  Paris  during  the  sittings  of  the  Jaco- 
bin Club,  and  carried  away  by  the  specious  programme 
of  that  infamous  body,  he  flung  aside  his  conservative 
principles,  becoming  a  sudden  proselyte  and  flaming 
stickler  for  the  rights  of  man.  This  defection  naturally 
severed  all  friendship  or  intercourse  with  Burke. 

*'  The  first  notice  Mr.  Gales  had  of  this  extraordinary 
man  was  through  two  pamphlets  :  '  Eeasons  against 
the  Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade,  by  Henry  Eedhead 
Yorke.'  'Answered  and  Eefuted  by  Himself  The 
first  one  he  had  written  before  he  left  England ;  the  lat- 
ter, after  his  return.  He  came  to  Sheffield  as  a  dele- 
gate from  the  Derby  Society,  fascinating  by  his  charm- 
ing manners,  wit,  and  unusual  attainments  all  who 
came  within  the  sphere  of  his  influence,  while  his  dis- 
cussion of  the  all-absorbing  national  question,  in  throw- 
ing new  light  on  the  subject,  rendered  him  a  powerful 
auxiliary  in  the  Eeform  movement.  Few  men  could 
withstand  his  eloquent  boldness  of  assertion  and  flat- 
tering prognostication  ;  and  several  powerful  appeals, 
'  The  Times  that  try  Men's  Souls,'  quoting  from  Locke 
and  Milton,  largely  increased  his  popularity." 

A  deep-seated  alarm  now  pervaded  all  classes,  public 
indignation  being  still  further  excited  by  the  employ- 
ment of  Hessian  and  Hanoverian  troops,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  volunteer  companies  by  the  Court  party,  for  the 
purpose  of  overawing  the  "  seditious  populace."  A  pub- 
lic meeting  held  at  Chalk  Farm  near  London,  for  the 
purpose  of  denouncing  this  aggression  upon  the  rights 
of  Englishmen,  and  one  convened  in  a  similar  spirit  at 
Castle  Hill,  in  Sheffield,  precipitated  events  to  a  crisis. 
The  resolutions  offered  and  advocated  by  Yorke  on  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  55 

latter  occasion  created  sucli  wild  enthusiasm  that  the 
multitude  drew  him  in  a  carriage  through  the  streets. 
"  I  had  tlie  honor  to  be  drawn  along  with  Yorke  amidst 
excited  thousands,"  writes  Mr.  Gales. 

This  protest  was,  however,  disastrous  in  its  results, 
as  forming  a  pretext  for  the  arrest  by  Government  of 
many  of  the  obnoxious  participants.  At  the  first  note 
of  alarm  Yorke  left  Sheffield,  being,  however,  after 
many  ineffectual  attempts  for  his  apprehension,  arrest- 
ed in  a  singular  and  characteristic  manner.  Secreting 
himself  on  the  banks  of  the  Humber,  he  used  to  amuse 
himself  by  sailing  about  the  coast  in  a  skiff.  On  one 
of  his  excursions  he  saw  a  boat  approach  which  he 
could  not  avoid,  and  the  oarsmen  bearing  down,  hailed 
him  :  "  What  is  your  name  ? " 

"  Melville.     "Why  do  you  ask  ? " 

"No.  You  are  Eedhead  Yorke.  I  know  you  by 
your  eyes,  which  a  lady  so  well  described  that  they 
cannot  be  mistaken." 

Instead  of  being  alarmed  at  his  discovery  and  its 
sure  consequences,  he  coolly  replied,  "AYho  was  the 
dear  creature  who  so  sweetly  observed  me  ?  I  hope 
she  was  young  and  beautiful." 

The  fascinating  "  conspirator "  was  committed  to 
Doncaster  jail,  and  finally  sentenced  to  four  years  in 
York  Castle,  for  misprision  of  treason. 

"There  he  was  incarcerated,"  writes  Mrs.  Gales, 
"  when  we  left  England,  his  efforts  in  the  cause  of  Re- 
form terminating  in  a  manner  befitting  his  romantic 
career.  The  beautiful  daughter  of  Mr.  Clayton,  the 
Governor  of  the  Castle,  became  attached  to  this  extraor- 
dinary young  man,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 


56  AVILLIAM  WIXSTOX    SEATON. 

imprisonment  they  were  married.  He  published  a 
Yohime  called  '  Mural  Hours/  composed  in  prison,  tak- 
ing its  idea  perhaps  from  the  '  Attic  Xights  '  of  Aulius 
Gellius.  He  subsequently  edited  a  ministerial  paper, 
and  became  one  of  the  most  strenuous  opponents  of 
Eeform." 

The  thunder  that  had  so  long  rolled  at  a  distance 
at  length  burst,  and  the  bolt  that  struck  many  distin- 
fmished  victims,  also  shattered  the  more  humble  for- 
tunes  of  Mr.  Gales. 

"Gerald,  and  other  eminent  patriots,"  writes  Mrs. 
Gales,  "  were  arrested,  and  sentenced  to  Botany  Bay ; 
two  more  were  executed  for  treason  whose  crime  lay  in 
attending  patriotic  meetings;  two  dissenting  clergy- 
men were  transported  to  IsTew  South  Wales ;  while 
Mr.  Muir,  a  Scotchman  of  high  standing,  underwent 
the  same  severe  sentence,  being  convicted,  on  the  evi- 
dence of  his  servant,  of  lending  seditious  books  to  his 
neighbors.  Hamilton  Eowan,  a  distinguished  man  and 
good  friend  of  ours,  who  had  a  beautiful  seat  near  New- 
ark, was  implicated,  but  escaped  to  America,  where, 
with  other  refugees  from  the  injustice  of  our  native 
land,  we  met  him  in  later  years.  The  dreadful  fate 
of  the  brothers  Sheares,  and  of  the  young  and  gifted 
Eobert  Emmett,  has  been  wept  over  wherever  freedom 
is  loved." 

Home  Tooke,  Thelwell,  and  Hardy  were  appre- 
hended in  London,  the  last-named  being  Secretary 
of  the  London  Society,  and  among  whose  papers  was 
found  an  account  of  an  enthusiastic  Eeform  meeting  at 
Sheffield,  at  which  a  hymn  written  for  the  occasion  by 
Montgomery  was  sung  in  full  chorus ;  "  and  thus,"  as 


/: 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  57 

the  poet  said,  "  one  of  my  first  hymns  ever  sung,  found 
its  way  into  Billy  Pitt's  green  bag." 

But  material  more  inflammatory,  and  more  moment- 
ous in  its  effect  on  the  fortunes  of  Mr.  Gales  had  also 
found  its  way  into  the  Premier's  hands.  A  capable, 
clever  printer  in  the  Eegister  office  had  rashly  indited 
an  insurrectionary  letter  to  the  London  Club,  detailing 
very  formidable  revolutionary  plans  as  to  arms  and 
troops,  which  sage  epistle,  seized  with  Hardy's  papers, 
was  dated  "  Gales's  printing-office." 

Mrs.  Gales  w^as  now  seriously  alarmed,  and  tried  to 
dissuade  her  husband  from  printing  for  these  societies, 
or  having  any  connection  with  them ;  but  he  replied, 
that  "so  long  as  their  object  continued  to  be  none 
other  than  the  one  avowed,  —  Parliamentary  Ptcform,  — 
it  was  his  duty  to  stand  by  them."  But  the  blow  now 
fell,  from  which  Mr.  Gales  was  only  saved  by  his 
timely  absence  in  Derbyshire. 

The  alarming  rumor  one  morning  flew  through 
Sheffield  that  King's  Messengers  —  names  of  terror  in 
those  days  — armed  with  a  Secretary  of  State's  warrant, 
were  on  their  way  to  arrest  Eedhead  Yorke,  Mr.  Gales, 
and  ■  his  spirited  but  indiscreet  printer.  The  extreme 
measure  of  the  suspension  of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  K 
cutting  off  victims  of  suspicion  from  legal  redress,  the 
severity  of  sentence  in  the  cases  of  mere  sympathy 
with  Eeform,  and  the  knowledge  that  certain  impris- 
onment and  probable  conviction  awaited  his  return, 
combined  to  induce  Mr.  Gales  to  yield  to  the  represen- 
tations of  influential  friends — conveyed  to  him  by 
Montgomery — and  to  place  the  German  Ocean  between 
himself  and  prosecution. 

3* 


58  WILLIA^I   WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  A  few  days  passed  in  extreme  inquietude,"  writes 
Mrs.  Gales,  "  when  early  one  morning  I  was  awakened 
by  a  message  from  the  men  in  the  office  informing  me 
that  the  '  King's  Messengers '  were  in  town.  Calling 
up  my  sister-in-law  and  Montgomery,  we  were  listen- 
ing with  trembling  anxiety  to  the  account  of  the 
atrocious  conduct  of  Eoss  and  Diggs,  whose  ^ery  names 
carried  terror,  when  Justice  Althorpe  and  some  stran- 
gers entered. 

''  *  You  are  Mrs.  Gales  I  presume,'  said  a  well-look- 
ing man. 

"  I  bowed  mth  a  swelling  heart,  but  could  not  speak. 

" '  It  is  with  great  concern,  madam,'  said  Colonel 
Althorpe,  '  that  by  duty  I  am  included  in  so  painful  a 
business ;  but  the  exigency  of  the  times  calls  for  ex- 
treme vigilance,  and  I  am  sorry  to  add  that  Mr.  Gales 
is  implicated  as  printer  of  seditious  works,  and  we  are 
authorized  to  search  for  the  authors.' 

"  I  cheerfully  accompanied  them  through  the  house, 
opening  each  door,  but  they  only  bowed  and  passed 
on ;  but  they  were  answered  very  cavalierly  by  the 
indignant  printers  at  work  in  the  office. 

" '  You  have  a  very  extensive  establishment,  madam, 
and  I  am  informed  that  you  are  fully  competent  to 
carry  it  on  in  all  its  branches.' 

'' '  I  endeavor  to  do  my  duty,  sir.  But  when  is  this 
persecuting  spirit  to  cease  ?  Where  will  it  end,  if  an 
Englishman  cannot  discuss  public  measures,  and  in- 
form the  people  through  the  press,  of  what  so  nearly 
concerns  their  interest  ? ' 

" '  I  hope  at  least,  madam,  that  Mr.  Gales  may  no 
longer  be  involved  in  the  dangers  of  this  period  ;  and 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  69 

knowing  the  opinion  entertained  of  him  by  his  politi- 
cal opponents,  1  shall  rejoice  to  learn  that  he  remain 
absent  until  the  present  state  of  feeling  shall  subside.' 

"  They  courteously  took  leave,  and  I  mention  their 
civility  as  being  in  such  contrast  with  their  usual 
cruelty  in  these  domiciliary  visits.  A  lady  eighty 
years  of  age  was  rudely  taken  from  bed,  while  her 
room  was  searched.  And  in  London,  when  Thomas 
Hardy  was  arrested,  tliey  brutally  insulted  his  wife,  by 
telling  her  that  she  might  see  her  husband  hanged  if 
she  wished.  She  sank  under  her  fears,  her  infant  and 
herself  dying  during  her  husband's  imprisonment." 

The  good  sense,  cleverness,  and  energy  of  Mrs.  Gales 
were  severely  tested  at  this  trying  moment ;  but  her 
latent  force  of  character  was  called  forth,  and  her 
resolution,  strengthened  as  the  difficulties  increased. 
"  My  husband  gone,  a  large  printing  establishment  in 
full  business,  a  paper  to  edit,  and  a  young  family  claim- 
ing my  care."  From  every  rank  of  the  community 
now  flowed  in  evidences  of  the  respect  and  personal 
love  entertained  for  Mrs.  Gales  and  her  absent  hus- 
band, in  generous  and  delicate  proffers  of  service  from 
the  lowly  as  well  as  affluent  citizens.  Mrs.  Gales  was 
especially  touched  by  the  expression  of  feeling  on  the 
part  of  the  workingmen,  who  regarded  Mr.  Gales  as 
their  exemplar  and  protector.  During  one  of  the  riots, 
frequent  at  this  disturbed  period,  a  volunteer  guard 
kept  watch  around  her  sleeping  family,  shielded  for  the 
remainder  of  their  stay  in  Sheffield  by  these  unknown 
friends. 

A  deputation  of  mechanics  waited  on  Mrs.  Gales  to 
present  a  paper  signed  by  the  head  workman  of  every 


60  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATOX. 

craft  in  Sheffield,  stating  that  they  "  had  sworn  to  pro- 
tect her  and  her  children,  and  if  it  was  her  husband's 
wish  to  return,  thousands  stood  pledged  to  guard  him." 
"  My  feelings,"  says  Mrs.  Gales,  "  overcame  me  at  this 
demonstration  of  devotion ;  but  when  composed,  I 
pointed  out  that  this  proof  of  attachment  would  bring 
ruin  on  them  from  civil  authority,  and  I  would  give 
them  the  advice  which  my  husband  would  approve : 
that  they  return  home,  and  continue  to  be  orderly,  in- 
dustrious, temperate  citizens.  After  asking  to  shake 
my  liand  in  farewell,  they  gravely  went  their  way. 
Worthy  men  of  Sheffield  !  never  shall  this  kindness  be 
effaced  from  my  rfiemory." 

Mr.  Gales  had  safely  reached  Amsterdam,  thence 
making  his  way  to  Hamburg.  To  return  to  England  \ 
would  be  to  risk  the  tender  mercies  of  a  packed  jury 
and  prejudiced  judges  ;  and  the  turn  of  events  hastened 
to  a  decision  the  project  long  entertained  by  Mr. 
Gales,  to  try  his  fortunes  in  the  more  congenial  polit- 
ical clime  of  the  new  Western  Kepublic.  A  sentence 
or  two  from  the  letter  instructing  his  wife  and  children 
to  join  him  in  Germany  prove  that  no  storm  of  adver- 
sity, as  no  temptation  of  poverty,  could  swerve  the 
rigid  integrity  of  this  upright  man. 

"Bring  nothing  with  you,  my  dear  Winifred,  but 
what  the  strictest  justice  warrants.  Let  us  meet  in 
peace,  with  a  clear  conscience,  and*  my  trust  is  in  God, 
that  he  will  help  us.  We  are  young,  healthy,  and  able 
to  struggle  for  a  support  for  our  dear  children ;  and 
leaving  no  one  behind  us  who  can  with  truth  say  that 
we  have  wronged  him,  fear  not  but  that  He  who  feeds 
the  young  ravens  will  feed  us." 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  61 

Mrs.  Gales  noAv  made  all  arrangements,  and  offered 
the  establishment  for  sale.  Very  liberal  proposals 
were  made  for  the  '  Eegister '  by  an  agent  for  Govern- 
ment, which  would  gladly  have  suppressed  so  obnox- 
ious a  medium  of  free  discussion ;  but  Mrs.  Gales 
rejected  the  offer  with  spirit,  and  had  the  satisfaction 
of  placing  the  paper  in  the  hands  of  one  who  would 
manfully  uphold  the  principles  so  vigorously  advocated 
by  its  conscientious  founder. 

The  moment  of  parting  came ;  and  amidst  the  tears 
of  friends,  and  the  ardent  blessings  of  the  humbler 
crowd  that  filled  the  street,  Mrs.  Gales  bade  farewell 
to  the  endeared  scenes  and  loved  relatives  whom  she 
was  to  behold  no  more  on  earth ;  and  sailing  from 
Hull,  her  native  land  set  upon  her  sight  forever. 

"The  torchlike  blaze  of  the  'Eegister'  being  thus 
quenched,  it  soon  afterwards,  in  the  hands  of  Mont- 
gomery, revived  under  the  milder  light  of  the  '  Iris.' 
The  young  poet-editor  inherited  the  political  odium 
attaching  to  his  predecessor  in  the  eyes  of  the  govern- 
ment ;  and,  watched  with  vigilance,  w^as  marked  out  as 
the  victim  of  that  bolt  of  vengeance  which  had  missed 
his  patriotic  master."  Under  the  most  paltry  pretext 
of  writing  and  printing  seditious  songs,  he  suffered  a 
state  prosecution  at  the  hands  of  Sir  John  Scott,  sub- 
sequently Lord  Eldon,  and  was  twice  imprisoned  in 
York  Castle. 

The  incidents  and  labors  of  ]\Iontgomery's  career,  as 
journalist,  politician,  and  philanthropist,  are  too  famil- 
iar to  the  pubhc  to  be  here  recited.  As  a  poet,  his 
name  is  indelibly  inscribed  in  the  ranks  of  England's 
most  cherished  sons ;  while  his  memory  is  endeared  to 


62  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

thousands  of  Christians,  who  find  in  the  fervor  and 
poetic  fire  of  the  unsurpassed  hymns  of  this  "  sweet 
singer  in  Israel"  the  truest  expression  of  their  soul'^ 
worship. 

In  1825,  on  the  occasion  of  Montgomery's  retirement 
from  public  life,  he  was  complimented  by  a  dinner, 
offered  by  gentlemen  of  every  shade  of  political  opin- 
ion, presided  over  by  Earl  Fitzwilliam,  whose  father 
had  been  the  poet's  first  patron.  The  runaway  youth 
with  his  cherished  manuscript  in  his  pocket,  his  sole 
wealth,  had  the  good  fortune  to  meet  the  Earl  riding 
in  his  park  at  Wentworth ;  and  puUing  out  the  poem, 
presented  it  to  the  kindly  nobleman,  who,  reading  it  on 
the  spot,  gave  the  elated  author  his  first  golden  guinea. 

In  replying  to  a  toast  at  this  banquet,  Montgomery 
spoke  of  Mr.  Gales  and  the  cause  he  had  so  nobly  de- 
fended. 

"  With  all  the  enthusiasm  of  youth  I  entered  into 
the  feelings  of  those  who  called  themselves  the  friends 
of  freedom  and  humanity.  Those  with  whom  I  was 
immediately  connected,  verily  were  such ;  and  had  all 
the  Eeformers  of  that  era  been  generous,  upright,  and 
disinterested  like  the  noble-minded  editor  of  the  Shef- 
field Eegister,  the  cause  which  they  espoused  would 
never  have  been  disgraced,  and  might  have  prevailed 
at  that  time ;  since  there  could  have  been  nothing  to 
fear  from  the  patriotic  measure  of  patriotic  men." 

Strongly  attached  to  the  family  of  Mr.  Gales,  Mont- 
gomery passed  into  his  remaining  household,  consisting 
of  three  sisters,  to  whom,  until  the  circle  was  broken 
by  death,  he  supplied  the  place  of  a  brother.  The  ill- 
health  of  the  eldest  Miss  Gales  alone  prevented  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  63 

cementing  of  this  fraternal  association  by  a  more  tender 
tie,  her  virtues  being  commemorated  by  Montgomery 
at  the  period  of  her  death,  by  the  following  hitherto 
unpublished  lines :  — 

' '  She  went  as  calmly  as  at  eve 
A  cloud  in  sunset  melts  away, 
"Wliile  blending  nights  and  shadows  weave 
The  winding-sheet  of  dying  day. 

"  No  :  —  the  day  dies  not :  —  round  the  globe 
It  holds  its  flight  o'er  land  and  main  ; 
Morn,  noon,  and  evening  are  its  robe, 
And  solemn  night  its  flowing  train. 

*'  So  when  to  us  she  seemed  to  die, 
And  leave  a  shadow  in  her  shroud, 
'T  was  but  the  glory  passing  by, 
And  darkness  gathering  round  a  cloud. 

"  Such  words  as  angel-lips  conveyed 
To  Mary  at  the  sepulchre, 
"Where  she  had  seen  her  Saviour  laid, 
Seemed  for  a  moment  true  of  her. 

**  For  she  had  risen,  and  cast  away 
The  vestments  which  her  spirit  wore  ; 
'  The  linen  clothes  and  napkin '  la}?-, 
But  she,  our  friend,  was  there  no  more. 

*'  Yes,  she  was  risen,  and  whither  ^ovm 
The  mind  of  man  might  not  conceive  ; 
Yet,  that  she  stood  before  the  Throne, 
Faith,  though  it  saw  not,  could  believe. 

*  *  For  by  no  sophistry  beguiled, 
She  loved  the  Gospel's  joyful  sound, 
Received  it  like  a  little  child. 
And  in  her  heart  its  sweetness  found. 

**  Farewell,  a  brief  farewell,  dear  friend! 
Dear  sister!  — we  are  following  fast  ; 


64  WILLIAM  WIXSTOX   SEATON. 

0  for  endurance  to  the  end, 

And  home  in  Heaven  when  toils  are  past  ! 

*'  Ashes  to  ashes,  dust  to  dust, 
"VVe  laid  thee  where  thy  fathers  sleep  : 
There,  till  the  rising  of  the  just, 
"Watch  o'er  thy  bed  the  stars  will  keep. 

*'  *  Good  night  ! '  once  more;  —  when  next  we  meet 

May  this  our  salutation  be, 

'  Good  morrow ! '  at  the  judgment-seat  ; 

*  Good  morrow  ! '  to  eternity. 

"J.  Montgomery. 
"The  Mount,  Sheffield, 

February  24,  1838." 

A  member  of  j\Ir.  Seaton's  family  thus  describes,  in 
1848,  a  visit  to  the  "  Mount"  in  Sheffield,  where  the 
venerable  poet,  then  seventy-seven  years  of  age,  was 
happily  passing  the  ]3lacid  evening  of  a  somewhat 
stormy  life,  in  the  faithful  companionship  of  the  sur- 
vivor of  the  Gales  sisters :  — 

"  "WHio  says  that  Montgomery  is  morose  ?  He  is  a 
trump,  a  delightful  old  man,  whom  I  could  reverence 
and  love  in  a  week,  so  unsophisticated  and  pure  in  his 
tastes  and  habits  is  he.  I  have  seen  him  and  Aunt 
Sarah  every  day,  and  they  are  cordial  and  affectionate 
as  possible  ;  and  in  the  dinner  at  their  house  I  enjoyed 
the  meeting  exceedingly ;  Montgomery  took  his  pipe, 
and  chatted  in  the  most  charming,  easy,  and  winning 
manner." 

At  the  close  of  a  spring  day  in  1854  the  aged  poet 
surprised  Miss  Gales  at  family  worship  by  handing 
her  the  Bible,  saying,  "  Sarah,  you  must  read  " ;  after 
which  he  prayed  with  a  peculiar  pathos,  exciting  his 
friend's  attention,  conversing  cheerfully,  however,  while 


A  BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  65 

smoking  his  customary  pipe.  But  the  end  of  earth 
had  come  ;  and  a  few  hours  later,  while  speaking  with 
Miss  Gales,  "  he  fell  on  sleep." 

The  transit  of  Mrs.  Gales,  from  Hull  to  Hamburg, 
was  not  witliout  danger,  from  a  severe  gale  threatening 
instant  destruction  ;  but  all  suflering  was  forgotten  in 
the  joyful  reunion  with  the  exile  at  Altona.  In  Sep- 
tember they  embarked  for  America,  but  tlie  manners 
of  the  captain,  and  the  whole  discipline  of  the  vessel, 
were  so  offensive  as  to  excite  disgust  and  uneasiness 
among  the  passengers ;  and  a  prolonged  calm  succeed- 
ing to  a  terrific  storm,  adding  to  the  discomfort,  in- 
duced Mr.  Gales  to  forfeit  his  passage.  Hailing  a 
passing  pilot-boat,  the  wandering  family  once  more 
safely  landed  on  German  soil. 

This  incident,  apparently  affecting  only  the  personal 
comfort  of  Mrs.  Gales,  was  a  providential  link  in  the 
chain  of  events  shaping  the  future  fortune  of  ]\Ir. 
Gales,  and  that  of  his  descendants  in  the  New  World. 
With  characteristic  industry,  during  the  winter  he  set 
himself  the  task  of  mastering  the  German  tongue  and 
the  art  of  short-hand ;  and  it  was  his  skill  in  the  latter 
chance  acquisition  that  virtually  founded  the  National  "^ 
Intelligencer,  and  gave  to  fame  its  brother  editors. 

Altona,  in  the  Duchy  of  Holstein,  the  claim  to 
whose  allegiance  was  so  recently  casus  belli  between  "^ 
gallant  little  Denmark  and  the  great  German  powers, 
is  a  quaint,  pretty  town  on  the  banks  of  the  Elbe,  sep- 
arated, only  by  ancient,  picturesque  gates  from  the 
beautiful  free  city  of  Hamburg ;  and  it  would  be  in- 
teresting to  present  the  details  of  continental  life  dur- 
ing a  residence  there  seventy-four  years  ago,  as  noted 


66  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

by  the  graphic  and  sprightly  pen  of  Mrs.  Gales  ;  but 
the  limits  of  this  sketch  preclude  more  than  a  passing 
glance  at  a  few  of  the  persons  and  incidents  described 
in  her  autobiography. 

"  The  season  set  in  with  intense  rigor,  and  persons 
in  America  recollect  the  bitter  severity  of  the  winter 
of  1794  The  rivers  became  solidly  frozen  to  a  great 
thickness,  insomuch  that  hundreds  of  persons  assem- 
bled on  the  Elbe,  lighting  large  fires,  eating,  dancing, 
skating,  and  roasting  oxen  whole  on  the  ice.  Early 
in  January,  1795,  General  Pichegru  and  his  victorious 
army  having  expelled  the  Austrians  from  the  Nether- 
lands, drove  the  Dutch  and  British  before  them,  and 
passing  over  the  frozen  Meuse,  literally  conquered  the 
country  on  skates. 

"  This  unlooked-for  event  in  a  manner  affected  our 
humble  fortunes,  bringing  as  it  did  to  Altona  an  influx 
of  several  thousand  French  emiOTants,  amonsj  whom  we 
renewed  old  and  formed  fresh  friendships.  The  French 
royalists  had  escaped  in  vast  numbers  from  Jacobin- 
ical atrocities  to  England  and  Holland,  and  on  the  ad- 
vance of  Pichegru  they  fled  disrSayed  from  their  asy- 
lum, the  females  shrieking,  '  They  are  come,  the  French 
are  come  ;  we  are  lost ! '  But  Pichegru  possessed  the 
spirit  of  humanity  always  accompanying  true  bravery, 
and  on  his  entrance  into  Amsterdam  performed  a  most 
gracious  action.  AA^iilst  the  affrighted  French  were 
flying  in  all  directions,  a  small  number  of  them,  mad- 
dened by  conflicting  feelings,  rushed  into  the  victori- 
ous general's  presence,  demanding  instant  death  !  To 
their  impassioned  supplications  Pichegru  replied,  with 
averted  face,  '  I  know  you  not,'  motioning  as  he  left 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  '  67 

the  room  to  one  of  his  aides,  who,  conducting  the  reck- 
less creatures  into  another  apartment,  drew  their  atten- 
tion to  a  table  covered  with  rouleaux  of  gold.  A  few, 
yielding  to  the  pressure  of  the  moment,^  availed  them- 
selves of  this  noble,  delicate  liberality ;  others,  from 
honorable  but  mistaken  feeling,  turned  silently  away. 
One  of  the  latter,  a  gifted  man  of  high  rank  at  home, 
related  this  anecdote  to  us,  with  expressions  of  grati- 
tude for  the  kindly  victor. 

"  Eeduced  to  utter  penury,  it  was  no  unusual  thing 
for  us  to  see  in  the  streets  of  Altona  the  cherished 
Cross  of  St.  Louis  glittering  beneath  the  threadbare 
vestments  of  these  emigres ;  and  ladies  who  had  graced 
the  circles  of  a  court  cheerfully  submitted  to  menial 
employments. 

"  We  were  surprised  one  morning  by  a  visit  from 
Citizen,  ci-devant  Count,  Zenobia,  whom  we  had  known 
in  Sheffield,  where  Mr.  Gales  published  for  him  the 
spirited  pamphlets  advocating  the  liberal  cause,  which 
had  rendered  him  so  obnoxious  to  the  Ministry ;  and 
while  waiting  to  correct  his  proofs  he  had  passed  many 
hours  in  my  drawing-room.  He  was  a  novel  charac- 
ter to  me,  very  entertaining,  having  for  some  years  been 
Envoy  from  Venice  to  England,  where  he  remained 
after  his  embassy  had  ceased.  Speaking  English  flu- 
ently, he  was  now,  in  Germany,  a  welcome  guest  at 
our  humble  board,  his  wife  also  being  a  pleasant  acqui- 
sition to  our  circle,  a  beautiful  woman,  with  a  superb 
suit  of  brown  hair  that  swept  the  floor. 

"He  presented  to  us  General  Clarke,  of  the  Irish 
Brigade  in  France,  a  most  charming  man,  Avho  after- 
wards, such  are  Fortune's  caprices,  was  created  by  Na- 


68  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

poleon  a  peer  of  France,  Due  de  Dantzic,  and  accom- 
panied Madame  Lafayette  to  Olmiitz. 

"  Amon2:  other  notables  of  our  little  coterie  mav  be 
mentioned  General  Dumouriez,  who  there  wrote  his 
memoirs  ;  and  Mr.  Dutton,  proscribed  in  England  as 
the  author  of  essays  under  the  signature  of  Junius 
Eeclivivus,  for  whose  apprehension  a  large  reward  was 
offered. 

"  Citizen  and  Citizeness  Zenobia  were  pleased  with 
my  children,  and  frequently  begged  that  they  be  al- 
lowed to  accompany  them  to  dessert  at  the  celebrated 
talle  cVhote  in  Altona,  where  my  little  girls  were  always 
received  with  enthusiasm,  returning  to  me  full  of  ad- 
miration at  the  beauty  of  the  ladies,  their  lovely  red 
cheeks,  and  grand  gowns. 

"  Amon£(  the  emio^rants  whom  we  came  to  know  well 
was  the  celebrated  Madame  de  Genlis,  whose  husband, 
Sillery-Brulart,  had  been  a  victim  of  the  guillotine. 
She  retained  in  full  her  great  beauty  and  fascination, 
was  witty,  perhaps  a  little  frivolous,  and  unsubdued 
by  the  fearful  scenes  that  had  banished  her  from  the 
brilliant  society  of  a  luxurious  court.  She  often  spoke 
with  devoted  affection  of  her  former  pupil,  the  Due  de 
Chartres  —  afterwards  King  Louis  Philippe  —  and  I 
was  surprised  in  after-years  to  learn  that  she  had  trans- 
ferred her  allegiance  ardently  to  the  Imperial  Corsican, 
by  whom  she  was  allowed  a  pension  and  handsome 
apartment  at  the  Tuileries,  playing  again  a  conspicuous 
role  at  the  court  of  St.  Cloud.  Estranged  from  the 
Orleans  family  by  this  defection,  the  accession  of  Louis 
Philippe  brought  her  no  increase  of  honor,  and  this 
once-cherished  favorite  of  princes  sank  into  poverty 


A   BlOGliAPmCAL   SKETCH.  69 

and  obscurity.  She  was  engaged  in  literary  pursuits 
while  at  Altona,  writing  there  her  '  Knights  of  the 
Swan.'  My  little  Sarah  —  afterwards  Mrs.  Seaton  — 
was  her  special  pet,  and  so  much  did  the  cliild  win 
upon  her  aftection,  that  she  urged  us  to  let  her  fill  the 
empty  place  in  her  heart ;  but  we  could  not  part  with 
our  daughter,  even  to  bestow  upon  her  all  the  worldly 
advantages  attending  the  rank  and  fame  of  Madame  de 
Genlis." 

In  the  diverse  circle  thus  strangely  resolved  into  so- 
cial harmony  was  the  philanthropic  Joel  Barlow  witli 
his  wife,  whose  acquaintance  witli  ]\Ir.  and  Mrs.  Gales 
ripened  into  intimacy.  This  gifted  man  had  already 
played  a  prominent  part  in  the  revolutionary  dramas 
of  the  rebellious  American  Colonies,  and  of  republican 
France,  having  left  college  to  participate  in  the  victory 
of  White  Plains.  Eeturning  to  the  prosecution  of  his 
studies,  the  youthful  patriot's  graduating  poem  was  on 
the  "  Prospect  of  Peace,"  and  still  fired  by  rebellious 
ardor,  he  prepared  himself,  after  six  vjcehs  devotion  to 
theology,  for  the  post  of  army  chaplain,  one  of  the  un- 
usual duties  of  which  spiritual  office  he  assumed  to  be 
the  composition  of  spirited  odes,  by  which  to  animate 
the  soldiers.  His  "Vision  of  Columbus,"  afterwards 
elaborated  into  his  magnum  opus  the  "Columbiad," 
met  with  great  success  both  in  London  and  Paris ;  and 
Miss  Berry,  the  beautiful  friend  of  Horace  AValpole, 
speaks  of  it  as  a  work  of  genius. 

This  enthusiastic  nature  naturally  led  its  possessor 
to  the  van,  in  the  cry  of  liberty  then  shaking  thrones 
and  peoples,  and  Joel  Barlow  precipitated  himself  into 
the  maelstrom  of  French  anarchy,  becoming  involved 


70  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

in  the  intrigues  of  the  Girondists ;  and  in  a  poem  en- 
titled "  The  Conspiracy  of  Kings  "  launched  a  furious 
denunciation  at  the  devoted  head  of  Edmund  Burke  as 
the  author  of  the  calamities  of  the  times.  Being  sent 
on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Savoy,  he  made  stirring 
appeals  to  the  Piedmontese  to  embrace  the  alluring 
principles  of  Eevolution,  composing  meanwhile  liis 
humorous  poem,  "  The  Hasty  Pudding," 

He  now  formed  one  of  the  most  brilliant  members 
of  the  little  community  of  proscrits,  united  by  the  sym- 
pathetic tie  of  persecution  in  this  hospitable  German 
town.  "  Once  more,"  writes  Mrs.  Gales,  "  were  we 
tempted  to  part  with  our  little  daughter  Sarah.  Our 
kind  friends  the  Barlows  earnestly  plead  with  us  to 
resign  her  to  them,  if  only  for  a  year.  '  We  will  take 
her  to  France,  and  give  her  again  to  your  arms  in 
America,'  said  they ;  but  Ave  firmly  resisted  the  en- 
treaty, and  happily  so,  for  Mr.  Barlow  was  appointed 
Consul  at  Algiers  —  where  he  released  the  prisoners 
held  as  slaves  by  the  Barbary  Powers  —  and  to  various 
other  missions ;  so  that  we  only  met  in  America  after 
an  interval  of  fourteen  years." 

Durinf;  the  winter  the  domestic  content  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Gales  was  enhanced  by  the  birth  of  a  daughter, 
named,  in  commemoration  of  their  city  of  refuge,  Al- 
tona  Holstein. 

The  moment  now  arrived  in  which  these  English 
wanderers  were  once  more  to  leave  kind  friends  and 
pleasant  scenes,  and  in  July,  1795,  they  sailed  for 
Philadelphia.  The  ship  skimmed  lightly  over  the  sum- 
mer seas  in  uninterrupted  safety,  except  from  an  inci- 
dent that  afforded  the  facile' pen  of  Mrs.  Gales  subject- 
matter  for  frequent  romantic  after-sketches. 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  71 

"  When  about  four  hundred  miles  from  the  Delaware 
Capes,  one  morning  the  lookout  called,  '  A  sail,  a  sail 
ahead.'  'A  pilot-boat,'  said  one.  'How  curiously 
ri^f^ed,  and  what  a  cloud  of  canvas  she  carries!'  said 
anotlier.  '  But,'  said  I,  placing  the  telescope  to  my 
eye,  'the  people  on  her  deck  are  dancing  like  wild 
men ' ;  and  at  these  words  a  shot  whizzed  across  our 
bow  from  the  privateer,  to  bring  us  to. 

"  All  was  now  hurry  and  consternation.  England, 
France,  and  the  Barbary  Powers  were  at  war,  and  the 
Algerine  pirates  were  spreading  terror  over  every  sea. 
In  a  moment  it  was  determined  that  some  of  the  pas- 
sengers were  to  be  Spaniards,  —  ourselves,  an  American 
family  returning  from  Hamburg,  —  the  Germans  to 
remain  in  statu  q^uo.  Within  half  an  hour  the  priva- 
teer had  boarded  us,  put  our  crew  under  hatches,  and 
carried  off  our  captain,  leaving  a  lieutenant  and  prize- 
master  in  charge  of  our  vessel. 

"  Shielded  by  my  clinging  children,  and  fearing  no 
insult,  I  went  on  deck,  when  the  lieutenant,  bowing, 
said,  '  An  American  family  from  Hamburg,  madam  ? ' 
I  merely  bowed.  '  Your  husband  may  be  an  American, 
but  you  surely  are  an  Englishwoman,  and  these  chil- 
dren,' patting  the  heads  of  Joseph  and  Sarah,  'were 
born  on  British  soil.' 

" '  Can  you,  then,  draw  such  nice  distinctions  be- 
tween those  who,  though  living  in  different  hemi- 
spheres, claim  a  common  origin  and  speak  the  same 
language  ? '  I  replied. 

"  '  Yes,  madam,  for  I  am  an  Englishman.' 

"  I  instantly  made  up  my  mind,  and  lield  out  my 
hand  to  my  countryman.     At  the  same  moment  the 


72  WILLIAxM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

bluff  prize-master  came  up,  saying,  '  You  are  a  York- 
shire woman  too,  madam,  and  blessed  is  the  sound  of 
your  voice,  for  it  is  thirteen  years  since  I  heard  my 
native  dialect.'  I  shook  hands  also  with  him  cordially, 
and  then  expatiated  on  the  hardship  of  being  carried 
to  Bermuda.  Lieutenant  Bethel  tried  to  console  me  ; 
his  house,  the  prettiest  on  the  island,  should  be  at  my 
service,  and  we  should  be  honored  guests. 

"  In  quite  a  prolonged  conversation  I  adjured  him 
to  abandon  a  profession  in  which  every  man's  hand 
was  against  his  own. 

"  Late  at  night  the  captain  returned,  and  came  to 
our  cabin,  where  I  sat  reading.  '  Well,  where  is  this 
lady  passenger  and  her  children,  who  are  like  angels 
in  green  and  gold  ? ' 

"  His  voice  made  me  tremble,  but  I  calmly  returned 
his  salutation.  He  insisted  on  seeing  the  children,  and 
I  lighted  him  to  their  cots,  when  he  passed  his  hand 
gently  over  their  sleeping  faces,  and,  stooping,  kissed 
my  little  girls.  From  that  moment  I  was  assured  of 
our  safety. 

"  The  letter-l)ag  was  handed  to  him  by  his  orders, 
and  as  he  opened  and  deliberately  read  its  contents,  I 
smiled.     '  AA^iat  amuses  you,  madam  ? ' 

"  *  Your  honorable  profession,  sir,  which  rises  every 
moment  in  my  estimation.' 

"  He  crimsoned,  saying, '  Do  you  remember  that  you 
are  a  captive  ? ' 

"  '  Yes  ,  but  if  we  had  had  but  one  stern-chaser,  you 
could  not  have  called  me  so.'  " 

A  lengthened  colloquy  ensued,  in  which  the  tact  and 
spirit  of  Mrs.  Gales,  pleading  for  husband  and  children. 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  73 

won  the  day  ;  and  the  priA'ateer  relinquished  his  prize, 
parting  with  his  late  prisoner  even  cordially,  his  last 
words  being  :  "  Until  your  reputation  for  personal  ve- 
racity shall  be  established  in  Philadelphia,  do  not  say 
that  this  vessel  had  been  during  many  hours  in  posses- 
sion of,  and  was  voluntarily  surrendered  by,  Hutch- 
ins  and  Bethel.  To  you  alone,  madam,  it  is  relin- 
quished." 

Good  cause  indeed  had  the  souls  on  board  that  ship 
to  be  grateful  to  Mrs.  Gales  for  deliverance  from  the 
clutches  of  the  captain  of  this  privateer,  —  a  bad  man, 
already  notorious  for  every  violation  of  honor  and  hu- 
manity. 

Immediately  on  his  arrival  at  Philadelphia  Mr.  Gales 
sought  employment  as  a  printer,  his  skill  as  a  crafts- 
man and  his  merit  as  a  man  commanding  speedy  rec- 
ognition. The  reports  by  the  press,  of  the  congressional 
del3ates  were  at  this  period  few  and  meagre,  the  art 
of  short-hand  being  in  its  infancy  even  in  the  British 
Parliament ;  and  when  a  faithful  transcript  by  Mr.  Gales 
of  a  day's  debate  in  Congress  appeared  in  full  in  the 
succeeding  morning's  paper  of  his  employer,  the  sensa- 
tion was  immense  among  the  reading  public  of  the  city. 
This  stenogTaphic  skill  proved  a  ready  stepping-stone 
to  better  fortune,  and  Mr.  Gales  soon  purchased  the 
Independent  Gazetteer  from  the  widow  of  Colonel 
John  Oswald  of  Eevolutionary  fame. 

Several  years  now  passed  in  prosperity,  the  social 
pleasure  of  the  family  being  greatly  increased  by  the 
renewal  of  several  home  friendships  among  the  refu- 
gees who  had  here  gathered  to  seek  safety  from  the 
storm  evoked  by  English  Pieform,  among  thorn  being 

4 


74  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

the  learned  and  pious  Priestley,  who  here  baptized  sev- 
eral of  Mrs.  Gales's  children. 

"  A  number  of  our  English  friends/'  says  Mrs.  Gales, 
"  were,  like  ourselves.  Unitarians  ;  and  there  being  no 
church  -for  this  denomination  of  Christians  in  Phila- 
delphia, it  was  resolved  to  form  a  society  of  those  of 
our  faith ;  and  a  room  was  engaged  in  the  University 
Buildings  in  South  4th  Street,  where  our  first  meeting 
was  held  June  12,  1796.  This  little  flock  consisted  at 
first  of  only  thirteen  individuals  and  their  respective 
families.  Six  persons  were  appointed  to  ofiiciate  as 
lay  readers.  Dr.  Priestley's  forms  of  prayer  being  used, 
each  reader  selecting  such  sermon  as  he  thought  prop- 
er, Mr.  Gales  being  the  first  reader  who  officiated. 
After  we  left  Philadelphia  in  1799,  the  number  of  the 
society  largely  increasing,  a  place  of  worship  was 
erected  in  1816  ;  and  in  1828,  the  congregation  being 
greatly  multiplied,  the  present  church  was  built  and 
consecrated  to  the  worship  of  the  One  True  God, — 
*  for  there  is  one  Jeliovah,  one  God.'  " 

The  yellow-fever  during  several  seasons  had  devas- 
tated Philadelphia,  and  Mrs.  Gales  was  among  the  suf- 
ferers from  this  terrible  visitation.  In  1799,  the  scouroe 
again  appearing,  threatening  now  to  become  an  annual 
calamity,  Mr.  Gales  yielded  to  the  advantageous  induce- 
ments urgently  offered  him  by  some  warm  friends 
among  the  North  Carolina  Delegation,  and  decided  to 
remove  to  the  recently  established  capital  of  that  State,  "^ 
Ealeigh.  He  disposed  of  his  paper  to  Mr.  Samuel  Har- 
rison Smith,  who  in  1800  accompanied  the  government 
to  Washington,  where  his  journal  was  rebaptized  as  the 
National  Intelligencer. 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  75 

A  tliird  time,  then,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gales  left  a  com- 
fortable home  and  agreeable  social  surroundings  for 
untried  scenes  in  a  foreign  land ;  but  in  the  hospitable 
little  Southern  community  to  which  they  now  directed 
their  almost  pioneer  steps,  the  open  hand  of  kind  wel- 
come was  extended  to  the  new-comers.  Mr.  Gales  at 
once  established  a  journal,  reviving  the  name  and  motto 
of  the  one  that  had  fought  so  good  a  light  in  stanch 
old  Sheffield,  —  The  Ealeigh  Eegister. 

"  By  the  constant  merit  and  sober  sense  of  his  paper," 
says  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  "  its  moderation  and  its  in- 
tegrity, Mr.  Gales  won  and  maintained  the  confidence 
of  all  on  that  side  of  politics  with  wliich  he  concurred, 
—  the  old  Eepublican,  —  and  not  less  conciliated  the 
respect  of  his  opponents.  In  the  just  and  kindly  old 
commonwealth  which  he  so  long  served,  it  would  have 
been  hard  for  any  party  to  move  anything  for  his  in- 
jury ;  and  the  good  ]N"orth  State  honored  and  cherished 
no  son  of  her  own  loins  more  than  she  did  Joseph  Gales. 
In  Ealeigh  there  was  no  figure  that,  as  it  passed,  was 
greeted  so  much  by  the  signs  of  a  peculiar  veneration 
as  that  great,  stalwart  one  of  his,  with  a  sort  of  noble- 
ness in  its  very  simj)licity,  an  inborn  goodness  and 
courtesy  in  all  its  roughness  of  frame, — a  countenance 
mild,  commanding  yet  pleasant,  betokening  a  bosom 
that  no  low  thought  had  ever  entered.  You  had  in 
him,  indeed,  the  highest  image  of  that  stanch  old  order 
from  which  he  was  sprung." 

Thirty-four  years  now  passed  tranquilly  and  happily, 
cheered  by  constant  evidences  of  regard  from  the  com- 
munity, and  surrounded  by  a  band  of  dutiful,  affection- 
ate, and  gifted  children.     But  the  time  had  now  come 


VG  WILLIAM   WINSTOX   SEATON. 

for  repose  from  the  labors  of  this  prolonged  life,  and 
Mr.  Gales  decided  to  remove  to  Washington  to  pass  the 
remainder  of  his  days  near  his  two  children,  Joseph  and  \ 
Mrs.  Seaton.  This  intention  being  publicly  announced, 
produced  a  considerable  excitement  in  the  little  city  of 
which,  during  one  third  of  a  century,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gales 
had  been  active  members.  They  could  not  be  parted 
from  silently.  A  public  dinner  was  given  in  tliis  good 
man's  honor,  presided  over  by  Governor  Swain,  on  which 
occasion  every  respectable  citizen  of  the  community, 
and  many  friends  from  a  distance,  —  among  whom  were 
Judge  Gaston  and  Chief- Justice  Marshall,  —  assembled 
to  pay  tribute  in  warmest  expressions  of  respect  and 
love,  and  with  full  hearts  to  bid  farew^ell  to  their  ven- 
erable parting  friend. 

The  Eegister  was  transferred  to  his  third  son, 
Weston  Ealeigh  Gales,  who  was  endowed  in  full  meas- 
ure with  the  intellectual  activity,  editorial  facility,  and 
a  nature  brimming  over  with  every  generous  and  kind- 
ly impulse  that  characterized  his  parents,  and  whose 
premature  death  was  mourned  by  his  State  and  city 
as  a  public  and  personal  loss. 

Passincr,  then,  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Weston  Gales's 
youthful  son,  Seaton  Gales,  the  Eegister,  thus  in  the 
third  generation  of  its  founder's  family,  continued  to 
be  conducted  with  the  ability  wdiich  had  won  for  it  so  ^ 
prominent  a  position  among  the  journals  of  the  South. 

It  was  not  possible  for  Mr.  Gales,  even  at  his  ad- 
vanced age,  to  cast  off  completely  the  harness  of  toil ; 
and  in  the  chief  manasjement  of  the  affairs  of  the  Afri- 
can  Colonization  Society  at  Washington  he  found,  until  -; 
his  final  return  to  Ealeigh,  congenial  occupation  for  his 
benevolent  nature. 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  77 

The  close  of  Joseph  Gales's  career  now  drew  near ; 
hut  he  was  preceded  to  the  abode  of  "just  men 
made  perfect"  by  his  honored  life-companion,  whose 
poetic  and.  buoyant  temj^erament,  conversational  gift, 
and  gay  intelligence  had  brightened  his  leisure  hours, 
as  her  womanly  tenderness  and  self-sacrifices  had  chased 
many  shadows  from  his  laborious  existence. 

Within  two  years  of  her  death  he  fell  quietly  asleep, 
in  the  sustaining  faith  which  had  guided  his  useful, 
blameless  Christian  life. 

It  was,  then,  nnder  the  auspices  of  a  man  whose  no- 
bility of  nature  was  so  kindred  to  his  own  that  ^Ir. 
Seaton  made  his  next  step  in  political  journalism.  In 
the  same  year,  1809,  the  relationship  was  yet  more 
closely  cemented  by  his  union  with  Miss  Sarah  Gales, 
who  liad  shared  with  lier  brothers  and  sisters  a  careful 
training  by  her  father,  being  schooled  in  Latin  and 
English  classics,  well  versed  in  French  and  Spanish, 
with  a  taste  for  general  literature  critically  cultivated  ; 
acquiring  also  from  her  father  a  rare  accomplishment 
for  a  lady,  that  of  stenography.  Inheriting  with  the 
excellent  judgment  of  her  father  the  conversational 
talent  and  the  generous  nature  of  her  mother,  she  had 
formed  the  delight  of  her  parents'  home,  where,  sur- 
rounded by  intellectual  influences,  and  in  the  compan- 
ionship of  cultured  minds,  she  had  acquired  the  accom- 
plishments, and  developed  the  virtues,  which  subse- 
quently adorned  her  husband's  home  with  gentle  good- 
ness and  social  distinction. 

Meanwhile  Joseph  Gales  the  younger,  bred  to  the 
paternal  art,  and  matured  in  profession  and  character, 


78  WILLIAil  WINSTON    SEATON. 

liad  entered  upon  the  career  of  journalism  in  whicli  he 
was  destined  to  attain  unusual  eminence. 

"  His  boyhood,  as  usual,  prefigured  the  man  ;  it  was 
diligent  in  study,  hilarious  at  play;  his  naind  bent 
upon  solid  things,  not  showy.  For  all  good,  just,  gen- 
erous, and  kindly  things  he  had  the  warmest  impulse 
and  the  truest  perception.  Quick  to  learn  and  to  feel, 
he  was  slow  only  of  resentment.  Of  the  classic 
tongues  he  can  be  said  to  have  learnt  only  the  Latin. 
For  the  positive  sciences  he  had  much  inclination,  since 
it  is  told  that  he  constructed  instruments  for  himself, 
such  as  an  electrical  machine,  with  the  performances  of 
wliich  he  amazed  the  good  people  of  Ealeigh.  Mean- 
time,- he  was  forming  at  home,  under  the  good  guidance 
there,  a  solid  knowledge  of  those  fine  old  authors, 
whose  works  make  the  un  degenerate  literature  of  our 
language,  and  then  constituted  what  they  called  Polite 
Letters."  * 

Graduating  at  the  State  University,  this  young 
printer,  to  obtain  a  more  thorough  knowledge  of  his 
craft,  was  sent  to  his  father's  old  English  friend, 
William  Birch,  of  Philadelphia,  where  he  speedily 
became  skilled  in  his  art.  The  chance  acquirement 
by  Joseph  Gales  of  the  art  of  stenograj^hy  again  led, 
at  this  juncture,  to  important  results,  in  its  bearing 
on  the  fortunes  of  his  son,  whom  he  had  alreadv  in- 
structed  in  this  adjunct  of  his  intended  profession. 

Mr.  Samuel  Harrison  Smith,  having  transferred,  with 
the  removal  of  the  seat  of  government,  the  paper  pur- 
chased of  Joseph  Gales  to  Washington,  there  reissued 
it  on  the  31st  of  October,  1800,  under  the  double  title 

*  Atlantic  Monthly,  1860. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  79 

of  "  The  National  Intelligencer  and  Washington  Ad- 
vertiser." 

"  During  the  whole  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  administration, 
the  most  confidential  personal  and  editorial  relations 
existed  between  the  President  and  Mr.  Smith,  who  ably 
supported  liis  administration,  as  he  continued  to  do 
that  of  Mr.  Madison,  who,  as  Secretary  of  State,  and 
subsequently  as  Chief  Magistrate,  manifested  the  ut- 
most respect  and  confidence  for  Mr.  Smith's  intellec- 
tual ability,  patriotism,  and  moral  purity." 

In  1807  jVIr.  Gales  offered  his  son  Joseph,  then  just 
of  age,  as  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Smith  in  the  business 
of  the  "  Intelligencer,"  with  an  especial  view  to  his 
employment  as  a  reporter,  and  himself  attended  the 
ensuing  session  of  Congress  for  the  purpose  of  initiat- 
ing his  son  in  the  difiiculties  of  reporting  the  debates. 

His  pupil  soon  became  noted  for  his  stenographic 
accuracy,  and  eventually  one  of  the  best  reporters 
kno^vn  at  that  day.  "  To  the  '  Intelligencer'  young  Mr. 
Gales  brought  such  vigor,  such  talent  in  every  depart- 
ment, that  within  two  years  of  their  association  he  was 
admitted  by  iMr.  Smith  into  partnership."  In  1810 
Mr.  Smith  withdrew  from  his  laborious  occupation  as 
editor,  wishing  to  pass  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the 
literary  and  philosophical  pursuits  for  which  his  love 
of  letters  and  liberal  culture  so  signally  fitted  him. 
"  .  .  .  .  The  evening  of  his  life  of  blameless  purity 
found  him  conscious,  prepared,  and  tranquil ;  and  hav- 
ing lived  the  life  of  a  philosopher,  he  gave  to  the 
friends  who  surrounded  him  a  lesson  how  to  die  as  a 
Christian."  * 

*  N.itional  Intelligencer. 


80  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  Of  the  administrations  of  Mr.  Jefferson  and  Mr. 
IMadison  the  Intelligencer  had  been  the  supporter, 
only  following  in  that  regard  the  transmitted  politics 
of  its  original,  the  '  Gazetteer/  derived  from  the  elder 
Mr.  Gales.  Bred  in  these,  the  son  had  learnt  them  of 
his  sire,  as  he  had  adopted  his  religion  or  his  morals. 
Sprung  from  one  who  had  been  educated  in  Eng- 
land as  a  republican,  it  was  natural  that  the  son  should 
love  the  faith  for  which  an  honored  parent  had  suf- 
fered." * 

In  October,  1812,  Mr.  Seaton  imited  his  fortunes 
with  those  of  his  brother-in-law,  which  association 
transferred  the  names  of  Gales  and  Seaton  from  the 
head  of  the  Kegister  to  that  of  the  Intelligencer,  and 
the  former  journal  rcA'erted  to  its  original  status,  with 
Joseph  Gales,  senior,  as  editor. 

"  Ealeigh,  in  this  instance,  gave  to  "Washington  a 
brace  of  editors  trained  in  the  office  of  the  Ealeigh 
Eegister,  who,  during  half  a  century,  published  a  paper 
that  for  ability,  fairness,  courtesy,  dignity,  purity,  and 
elegance  of  style,  obtained  a  reputation  equalled  by 
few  Gazettes  in  any  part  of  the  world." 

"  The  early  tie  of  youthful  friendship  which  had 
grown  between  Mr.  Seaton  and  Mr.  Gales  at  Ea- 
leigh, and  which  the  new  brotherly  relation  had  drawn 
still  closer,  gradually  matured  into  that  more  than 
friendship  or  brotherhood,  that  oneness  and  identity 
of  all  purposes,  opinions,  and  interests,  which  ever 
after  existed  between  them  without  a  moment's  inter- 
ruption, and  was  long,  to  those  who  understood  it,  a 
rare  spectacle  of  that  concord  and  affection  so  seldom 

*  Atlantic  Monthly,  1860, 


\ 


A   BIOGRAPHIC AL   SKETCH.  81 

witnessed,  and  which  could  never  have  come  about 
except  between  men  of  singular  virtues."  * 

The  wings  of  the  capitol,  the  President's  mansion,  a 
few  public  buildings,  and  a  score  or  so  of  private 
dwellings  stranded  among  the  marshes,  scattered  from 
Greenleaf 's  Point  to  Georgetown,  over  rural  hills  and 
alonsj  the  banks  of  "  Goose  Creek  once  and  Tiber  now," 
then  constituted  the  main  features  of  the  infant  me- 
tropolis,—  the  "Federal  City,"  as  General  Washington 
modestly  addressed  a  letter,  franked  by  his  own  great 
name,  now  in  the  writer's  possession.  The  increase  or 
improvement  of  the  city  had  not  made  many  strides 
since  the  removal  thither  of  the  government,  "  which," 
as  Mr.  Walcott  expressed  it,  ''  left  the  comforts  of 
Philadelphia  to  go  to  the  Indian  place  with  the  long 
name,  in  the  woods  on  the  Potomac."  Contemporary 
accounts  represent  it  as  desolate  in  the  extreme,  with 
its  unopened  streets  and  avenues,  its  deep  morasses,  and 
its  vast  area  coshered  with  trees  instead  of  houses." 

"The  ridge  of  hills,"  says  Mrs.  Harrison  Smith,  "of 
which  Capitol  Hill  forms  a  part,  w^as  covered  with 
a  growth  of  fine,  wide-spreading  forest  trees,  natives 
of  the  soil,  which,  if  properly  managed,  would  have 
formed  a  noble  park ;  but  in  purchasing  the  ground 
no  right  to  these  majestic  trees  had  been  reserved  by 
the  government,  and  they  were  felled  and  sold  by  their 
orioinal  owners  for  fuel." 

"  I  wish  I  were  a  despot,"  cried  j\Ir.  Jefferson,  "  that 
I  might  save  those  noble  trees." 

Many  a  snipe  has  fallen  before  Mr.  Seaton's  unerring 
aim   where   his   old  homestead   stands,  and  many  a 

*  Atlantic  Monthl}-,  1S60. 
4  *  p 


82  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

covey  of  partridges  has  his  pointer  flushed  among  the 
woods  of  our  now  broad  avenues.  JSTotwithstanding 
the  desolate  surroundings  of  the  inchoate  city,  its 
society  had  already  attained  the  cosmopolitan  fea- 
tures characterizing  a  political  capital.  "  The  hterary 
and  philosophical,  as  well  as  political  reputation  of 
Mr.  Jefferson,  had  made  it  the  resort  of  foreigners,  of 
men  of  science,  and  of  all  European  travellers  " ;  and 
^^pon  the  accession  of  Mr.  Madison,  and  notably  of  his 
charming  wife  to  the  honors  of  the  executive  mansion, 
a  refined  ease  and  polished  gayety  pervaded  the  circles 
graced  by  the  winning  presence  of  the  new  Presi- 
dentess. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seaton,  upon  their  entrance  on  the 
more  enlarged  sphere  of  their  new  home,  were  wel- 
comed with  the  hospitality  characteristic  of  that  day ; 
the  consideration  evinced  towards  them  as  strangers, 
speedily  warming  in  the  community  to  the  respect 
and  personal  affection  due  to  their  virtues  and  rare 
attractive  qualities.  Few  are  the  survivors,  and  fewer 
still  the  reaords  of  that  era  of  a  courtly  tone  and 
stately  grace  of  society,  marked  by  the  simplicity  of 
high  breeding,  and  the  absence  of  tawdry  display; 
when  the  flavor  of  royalty  still  clung  to  habits  and 
modes  of  speech ;  when  Mrs.  Madison  was  approached 
^as  a  Queen,  and  the  President's  mansion  was  desig- 
nated as  the  "  Palace." 

Mrs.  Seaton's  family  correspondence  depicts  many 
interesting  persons  and  incidents  prominent  during 
this  period ;  various  extracts  from  which  will  best 
illustrate  the  position  of  herself  and  husband,  their 
domestic    happiness,  and    the   intelligent    perception 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  83 

which  seized  and  graphically  portrayed  the  living 
manners  as  they  rose ;  while  it  will  be  matter  for 
regret  that  family  reserve  should  deprive  the  public 
of  these  entire  ana,  which  have  now  crystallized  into 
valuable  social  history. 

Mrs.  Seaton  humorously  describes  the  difficulties 
attending  her  housekeeping  researches,  the  young 
metropolis  being  entirely  supplied  with  such  requisites 
by  Georgetown,  at  that  period  the  emporium  of 
fashion,  and  thus  continues  her  diary :  — 

^  "October,  1812. 

"  Yesterday  was  a  day  of  all  days  in  Washington,  —  hun- 
dreds of  strangers  from  Maryland  and  Virginia,  in  their  grand 
equipages,  to  see  a  race  !  Gov.  Wright  with  his  horses  to 
run,  Col.  Holmes  with  his,  and  people  of  every  condition 
straining  at  full  speed.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Madison,  the  depart- 
ments of  government,  all,  all  for  the  race  !     Major  L , 

who  is  hand  and  glove  with  every  grandee,  and  perfectly 
in  his  element,  called  for  WilUam  (Mr.  Seaton),  while  I 
accompanied  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Blake,  and  old  Governor  Wright 
of  Maryland,  in  their  handsome  carriage  to  the  field.  It 
was  an  exhilarating  spectacle,  even  if  one  took  no  interest 
in  the  main  event  of  the  day  ;  and  such  an  assemblage  of 
stylish  equipages  I  never  before  witnessed.  A  large  num- 
ber of  agreeable  persons,  residents  and  strangers,  were  in- 
troduced to  us 

"  Yesterday  the  first  drawing-room  of  the  •  season  was 
held. .  Joseph  (Mr.  Gales)  and  R.  started  in  fine  style,  the 
latter  sporting  ^ve  cravats,  Joseph  contenting  himself  with 
three.  William  was  much  solicited  to  accompany  them, 
but  as  I  have  not  yet  been  presented  to  her  majesty,  and 
it  not  being  etiquette  to  appear  in  public  until  that  cere- 
mony be  performed,  he  prefeiTed  remaining  with  me.     Mi's. 


84  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

Madison  told  Joseph,  that  she   '  anticipated  much  pleasure 

in  my  acquaintance.'  ....    I  shall  not  fail  to  enumerate 

every  instance   of   attention  exhibited    towards  us,   as   I 

know  that  your  maternal  tenderness  is  ever  awake  on  our 

account." 

"November  12,  1812. 

".  .".  .  On  Tuesday,  William  and  I  repaired  to  the 
palace  between  four  and  five  o'clock,  our  carriage  setting 
us  down  after  the  first  comers,  and  before  the  last.  It  is 
customary,  on  whatever  occasion,  to  advance  to  the  upper 
end  of  the  room,  pay  your  obeisance  to  Mrs.  Madison, 
courtesy  to  his  Highness,  and  take  a»  seat ;  after  this 
ceremony  being  at  liberty  to  speak  to  acquaintances,  or 
amuse  yourself  as  at  another  party.  The  party  already 
assembled  consisted  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States ; 
Mr.  Russell,  the  American  Minister  to  England ;  Mr.  Cutts, 
brother-in-law  to  Mrs.  Madison  ;  Gen.  Van  Ness  and  family ; 
Gen.  Smith  and  daughter  from  New  York.;  Patrick  Magni- 
der's  family ;  Col.  Goodwyn  and  daughter ;  Mr.  Coles,  the 
Private  Secretary;  Washington  Irving,  the  author  of 
Knickerbocker  and  Salmagundi ;  j\Ir.  Thomas,  an  European  ; 
a  young  Hiissian,  Mr.  Poindexter,  William  R.  King  and  two 
other  gentlemen ;  and  these,  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Madison, 
and  Payne  Todd,  their  son,  completed  the  select  com- 
pany. 

"  Mrs.  Madison  very  handsomely  came  to  me  and  led  me 
nearest  the  fire,  introduced  Mrs.  Magi'uder,  and  sat  down 
between  us,  politely  conversing  on  familiar  subjects,  and 
by  her  own  ease  of  manner  making  her  guests  feel  at 
home.  Mr.  King  came  to  our  side  sans  ceremonie,  and 
gayly  chatted  with  us  until  dinner  was  announced.  Mrs. 
Magruder,  by  priority  of  age,  was  entitled  to  the  right 
hand  of  her  Hostess ;  and  I,  in  virtue  of  being  a  stranger, 
to  the  next  seat,  Mr.  Russell  to  her  left,  Mr.  Coles  at  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  85 

foot  of  the  table,  the  President  in  the  middle,  which  re- 
lieves him  from  the  trouble  of  serving  guests,  drinking 
wine,  etc.  The  dinner  was  certainly  verj'  fine  ;  but  still  I 
was  rather  surprised,  as  it  did  not  surpass  some  I  have 
eaten  in  Carolina.  There  were  many  French  dishes,  and 
exquisite  wines,  I  presume,  by  the  praises  bestowed  on 
them ;  but  I  have  been  so  little  accustomed  to  drink,  that 
I  could  not  discern  the  difference  between  Sheny  and  rare 
old  Burgundy  Madeira.  Comment  on  the  quality  of  the 
wine  seems  to  form  the  chief  topic  after  the  removal  of 
the  cloth,  and  during  the  dessert,  at  which,  by  the  way, 
no  pastry  is  countenanced.  Ice-creams,  maccaroons,  pre- 
serves and  various  cakes  are  placed  on  the  table,  which  are 
removed  for  almonds,  raisins,  pecan-nuts,  apples,  pears, 
etc.  Candles  were  introduced  before  the  ladies  left  the 
table  ;  and  the  gentlemen  continued  half  an  hour  longer 
to  drink  a  social  glass.  Meantime  Mrs.  Madison  insisted 
on  my  playing  on  her  elegant  grand  piano  a  waltz  for  Miss 
Smith  and  Miss  Magruder  to  dance,  the  figure  of  which 
she  instructed  them  in.  By  this  time  the  gentlemen  came 
in,  and  we  adjourned  to  the  tea-room,  and  here  in  the 
most  delightful  manner  imaginable  I  shared  with  ]\Iiss 
Smith,  who  is  remarkably  intelligent,  the  pleasure  of  Mrs. 
Madison's  conversation  on  books,  men  and  manners,  liter- 
ature in  general,  and  many  special  branches  of  knowledge. 
I  never  spent  a  more  rational  or  pleasing  half  hour  than 
that  which  preceded  our  return  home.  On  paying  our 
compliments  at  parting,  we  were  politely  and  particulai'ly 

invited  to  attend  the  levee  the  next  evening: I  would 

describe  the  dignified  appearance  of  Mrs.  Madison,  but  I 
could  not  do  her  justice.  'T  is  not  her  form,  't  is  not  her 
fabe,  it  is  the  woman  altogether,  whom  I  should  wish  you 
to  see.  She  wears  a  crimson  cap  that  almost  hides  her 
forehead,  but  which  becomes  her  extremelv,  and  reminds 


S6  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

one  of  a  crown  from  its  brilliant  appearance,  contrasted 
with  the  white  satin  folds  and  her  jet  black  curls  ;  but  her 
demeanor  is  so  far  removed  from  the  hauteur  generally 
attendant  on  royalty,  that  your  fancy  can  carry  the  re- 
semblance no    further    than  the  head-dress Tn  a 

conspicuous  position  every  fault  is  rendered  more  discern- 
ible to  common  eyes,  and  more  liable  to  censure;  and  the 
same  rule  certainly  enables  every  virtue  to  shine  with 
more  brilliancy  than  when  confined  to  an  inferior  station  in 
society ;  but  /,  and  I  am  by  no  means  singular  in  the 
opinion,  believe  that  Mrs.  Madison's  conduct  would  be 
graced  by  propriety  were  she  placed  in  the  most  adverse 
circumstances  in  life. 

"  Mr.  Madison  had  no  leisure  for  the-  ladies  :  every 
moment  of  his  time  is  engrossed  by  the  crowd  of  male 
visitors  who  court  his  notice,  and  after  passing  the  first 
complimentary    salutations,  his   attention  is    unavoidably 

withdrawn  to  more  important  objects Some  days 

ago  invitations  were  issued  to  two  or  three  hundi-ed 
ladies  and  gentlemen,  to  dine  and  spend  the  day  with  Col. 
Wharton  and  Capt.  Stewart,  on  board  the  Constellation,  — 
an  immense  ship  of  war.  This,  of  all  the  sights  I  have 
ever  witnessed,  was  the  most  interesting,  grand  and  novel. 
William,  Joseph,  R.  and  I,  went  together,  and  as  the 
vessel  lay  in  the  stream  off  the  Point,  there  were  several 
beautiful  little  yachts  to  convey  the  guests  to  the  scene  of 
festivity.  On  reaching  the  deck  we  were  ushered  immedi- 
ately under  the  awning  composed  of  many  flags,  and  found 
ourselves  in  the  presence  of  hundreds  of  ladies  and  gentle- 
men. The  effect  was  astonishing  :  every  color  of  the  rain- 
bow, every  form  and  fashion,  nature  and  art  ransacked  to 
furnish  gay  and  suitable  habiliments  for  the  belles,  who 
with  the  beaux,  in  their  court  dresses,  were  gayly  dancing  to 
the  inspiring  strains  of  a  magnificent  band.     The  ladies 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCH.  87 

had  assumed  youth  and  beauty  in  then-  persons,  taste  and 
splendor  in  their  dress ;  thousands  of  dollars  having  been 
expended  by  dashing  fair  ones  in  preparation  of  this 
fHe 

"At  the  upper  end  of  the  quarter-deck  sat  Mrs.  Madison, 
to  whom  we  paid  our  respects,  and  then  participated  in  the 
conversation  and  amusements  with  our  friends,  among 
whom  were  Mrs.  Monroe,  Mrs.  Gallatin,  etc.  I  did  not 
dance  (though  '  't  was  not  for  want  of  asking '),  being 
totally  unacquainted  with  the  present  style  of  cotillons, 
which  were  danced  in  the  interstices,  that  is,  on  a  space 
of  four  feet  square.  There  was  more  opportunity  to  dis- 
play agility  than  grace,  as  an  iron  ring,  coil  of  rope,  or  gun- 
carriage  would  prostrate  a  beau  or  belle.  A  number  of 
gentlemen  were  introduced  to  me,  among  others  Mr.  John- 
stone, of  Kentucky,  a  pleasant,  sensible  man,  from  whose 
conversation  I  derived  much  satisfaction,  and  who  pre- 
sented to  me  the  gallant  Captain  Hull  and  Lieutenant 
Morris,  who  so  'nobly  fought  the  foe'  on  boai'd  the  Con- 
stitution. 

"  AVe  naturally,  in  imagination,  frame  the  figure  of  any 
character  of  celebrity ;  and  I  must  confess  to  being  consid- 
erably disenchanted  in  my  fancied  hero's  appearance.  A 
little  sturdy,  fat-looking  fellow,  with  a  pair  of  good  black 
eyes,  but  not  'like  Mars  to  threaten  and  command,'  I 
should  never  have  suspected  the  gallant  Captain  Hull  and 
the  jolly  little  man  to  be  one  and  the  same  person.  Lieu- 
tenant Morris  has  a  more  interesting  appearance  ;  is  pale 

and  thin The  banquet  consisted  of  every  delicacy 

that  the  District  could  produce,  —  claret,  Burgundy,  and 
every  vintage  that  could  be  wished  for  by  connoisseurs. 
Mr.  Payne  Todd  and  Colonel  Goodwyn  were  my  cavaliers 
for  the  nonce.  We  rose  from  table  at  dark,  and  returned 
home  with  an  interest  in  the  fate  of  every  brave  sailor  on 


88  WILLIAM   WIXSTOX   SEATON. 

board  ;  and  whatever  good  or  ill  fortune  may  befall  Captain 
Stewart,  he  will  ever  have  the  sympathy  and  good-will 
of  our  inhabitants ;  for,  independent  of  his  endeavors  to 
contribute  to  the  pleasure  of  his  friends  by  incurring  the 
expense  of  this  party,  his  general  amiability  of  deportment 
has  interested  them  in  himself  and  crew 

"  It  is  customary  to  breakfast  at  nine  o'clock,  dine  at  four, 
and  drink  tea  at  eight,  which  division  of  time  I  do  not  like, 
but  am  compelled  to  submit.  I  am  more  surprised  at  the 
method  of  taking  tea  here  than  any  other  meal.  In  private 
families,  if  you  step  in  of  an  evening,  they  give  you  tea 
and  crackers,  or  cold  bread ;  and  if  by  invitation,  unless 
the  party  is  very  splendid,  you  have  a  few  sweet-cakes,  — 
maccaroons  from  the  confectioner's.  This  is  the  extent. 
Once  I  saw  a  ceremony  of  preserves  at  tea ;  but  the  defi- 
ciency is  made  up  by  the  style  at  dinner,  with  extravagant 
wines,  etc.  Pastry  and  puddings  going  out  of  date  and 
wine  and  ice-creams  coming  in,  does  not  suit  my  taste, 
and  I  confess  to  preferring  Raleigh  hospitality.  I  have 
never  even  heard  of  warm  bread  at  breakfast 

"On  Tuesday  last  was  the  grand  naval  ball,  given  in  hon- 
or of  Captains  Hull,  Morris,  and  Stewart,  of  which  I  must 

say  a  few  words The  assembly  was  crowded  with 

a  more  than  usual  portion  of  the  youth  and  beauty  of 
the  city,  and  was  the  scene  of  an  unprecedented  event,  — 
two  British  flags  unfurled  and  hung  as  trophies,  in  an 
American  assembly,  by  American  sailors.  lo  triumphe!  Be- 
fore we  started  our  house  had  been  illuminated,  in  token  of 
our  cheerful  accordance  with  the  general  joy  which  pervad- 
ed the  city,  manifested  by  nearly  every  window  being  more 
or  less  lighted.  This  was  inspiring,  and  calculated  to  give 
every  patriot  and  old  officer  in  AVashington  an  inclination 
to  join  in  the  festivities  of  an  evening  devoted  to  the 
pleasing  task  of  paying  homage  to  the  bravery  and  polite- 
ness of  the  naval  heroes. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  89 

"  The  conntenaiices  of  the  old  and  young  were  bright 
and  unclouded  on  our  entrance,  and  cheerfulness  was  the 
order  of  the  night,  when  suddenly  a  loud  noise  and  huz- 
zaing were  heard  from  below,  and  such  running  and  con- 
fusion as  I  cannot  describe.  Some  thought  it  fire,  others 
that  the  unusual  weight  had  caused  the  dancing-room  to 
give  way ;  but  all  were  relieved  from  terror  by  a  wild- 
lire  rumor  that  Lieutenant  Hamilton  had  arrived  with 
the  Flags.  My  first  dancing  essay  was  checked,  every 
man  deserted  his  partner,  and  in  a  few  minutes  those 
who  hoped  th^  news  to  be  true  were  gratified  by  ocular 
evidence  of  its  certainty,  while  those  sceptics  who  make  it 
a  point  never  to  allow  '  McDonald's  army  to  prosper,  right 
or  wrong,'  were  convinced,  apparently  against  their  will, 
that  for  once  American  seamen  were  eqiml  to  Britons  on 
the  ocean. 

"  Young  Hamilton  appeared,  preceded  by  General  Gush- 
ing, Hull,  Morris,  his  father,  and  many  old  naval  and  field 
ofiicers,  and  in  a  moment  was  encircled  in  the  arms  of  his 
mother  and  sisters,  who  have  never  seen  him  since  his 
providential  escape  from  the  Richmond  Theatre,  where  he 
went  with  young  Gibbon,  who  met  with  such  a  tragic  fate. 
I  cried  excessively,  and  could  not  check  my  teai-s,  at  which 
I  was  considerably  abashed ;  but,  on  looking  around,  I 
recovered,  in  the  conviction  that  I  was  far  from  being 
singular. 

"  After  half  an  hour's  congratulation  and  chat  about  our 
young  officer's  adventures,  and  a  description  of  the  seven- 
teen-minutes  engagement  with  the  Macedonian  (which  was 
never  nearer  than  half  a  mile),  I  finished  my  cotillon,  and, 
after  dancing  till  midnight,  retired  from  the  exciting  and 

gratifying  scene Last  night  William  had  a  supper, 

among  our  guests  being  Hull,  Morris,  Stewart,  Hamilton, 
the  Laws,  and  all  the  young  officers " 


90  WILLIAM   WIXSTON   SEATOX. 

"January  2,  1813. 


{( 


Soon  after  our  arrival  here  I  received  a  very  polite 
message  from  Mrs.  Gallatin,  to  the  effect  that  '  as  soon  as  I 
was  established  in  my  own  house  she  would  do  herself  the 
pleasure  to  wait  on  me.'  Yesterday,  however,  I  discovered 
that  it  is  a  point  of  etiquette  for  all  new  settlers  in  the  city 
to  make  the  first  visit  to  the  families  of  the  Secretaries. 
This  .ceremony  I  knew  was  indispensable  towards  Mrs. 
Madison;  but  as  Dr.  Eustis  and  Mr.  Hamilton  have  re- 
signed, it  is  now  unnecessary  in  their  case.  Mrs.  Gallatin's 
civility  in  calling  on  me  prevented  my  suspecting  that  I  had 
failed  in  politeness  to  the  other  officers  of  the  Government; 
and  this  leads  me  to  describe  the  brilliancy  of  her  first 
ball. 

"  The  assembly  was  more  numerous  at  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasm-y's,  —  more  select,  more  elegant,  than  I  have 
yet  seen  in  the  city.  Ladies  of  fifty  years  of  age  were 
decked  with  lace  and  ribbons,  wreaths  of  roses  and  gold 
leaves  in  their  false  hair,  wreaths  of  jasmine  across  their 
bosom,  and  no  kerchiefs !  Indeed,  dear  mother,  I  cannot 
reconcile  this  fashion  to  myself,  and  though  the  splendid 
dress  of  these  antiquated  dames  of  the  heau  monde  adds  to 
the  general  grandeur,  it  certainly  only  tends  to  make  the 
contrast  still  more  striking  between  them  and  the  young 
and  beautiful.  Do  you  remember  a  frontispiece  to  one  of 
the  plays  in  the  '  British  Theatre,'  —  Bridget  in  the  '  Chap- 
ter of  Accidents  1 '  I  can  only  think  of  this  picture  in 
beholding  such  incongruity  of  dress;  while  that  of  young 

girls  is  equally  incompatible  with  general  propriety 

Madame  Bonaparte  is  a  model  of  fashion,  and  many  of  our 
belles  strive  to  imitate  her ;  .  .  .  .  but  without  equal  eclat, 
as  Madame  Bonaparte  has  certainly  the  most  transcendently 

beautiful  back  and  shoulders  that  ever  were  seen It 

is  the  fashion  for  most  of  the  ladies  a  little  advanced  in 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  91 

age  to  rouge  and  pearl,  which  is  spoken  of  with  as  much 
sang  froid  as  putting  on  their  bonnets.  Mrs.  Moni'oe 
paints  very  much,  and  has,  besides,  an  appearance  of 
youth  which  would  induce  a  stranger  to  suppose  her  age 
to  be  thirty  :  in  Heu  of  which,  she  introduces  them  to  her 
granddaughter,  eighteen  or  nineteen  years  old,  and  to  her 
own  daughter,  Mrs.  Hay,  of  Richmond.  Mrs.  Madison  is 
said  to  rouge ;  but  not  evident  to  ray  eyes,  and  I  do  not 
think  it  true,  as  I  am  well  assured  I  saw  her  color  come 
and  go  at  the  naval  ball,  when  the  Macedonian  flag  was 
presented  to  her  by  young  Hamilton.  Mrs.  C.  and  Mrs. 
G.  paint  excessively,  and  think  it  becoming ;  but  with 
them  it  is  no  deception,  only  folly,  and  they  speak  of  it  as 
indispensable  to  a  decent  appearance. 

"  But  I  have  digressed  from  the  entertainment.  I  am 
siu-e  not  ten  minutes  elapsed  without  refreshments  being 
handed.  1st,  coffee,  tea,  all  kinds  of  toasts  and  warm 
cakes;  2d,  ice-creams;  3d,  lemonade,  punch,  burgundy, 
claret,  cm-agoa,  champagne;  4th,  bonbons,  cakes  of  all 
sorts  and  sizes  ;  5th,  apples,  oranges  ;  6th,  confectionery, 
denomination  divers  ;  7th,  nuts,  almonds,  raisins  ;  8th,  set 
supper,  composed  of  tempting  solid  dishes,  meats,  savory 
pasties  garnished  with  lemon  ;  9th,  drinkables  of  every 
species  ;  10th,  boiling  chocolate.     The  most  profuse  ball 

ever  given  in  Washington I  was  engaged  to  John 

Law  as  a  partner  for  cotillons  the  day  before.  This  gen- 
tleman ranks  high  in  William's  estimation,  and  I  am  always 
pleased  by  his  polite  attentions  in  company.  Governor 
Turner  invited  me  to  dance  when  I  first  entered  the  room, 
and  I  was  glad  of  an  excuse  to  plead  a  prior  engagement, 
as  I  know  the  offer  proceeded  from  goodness  of  heart 
which  manifests  itself  in  kindness  to  a  good  Carolinian,  and 
not  from  a  desire  to  dance  in  a  crowd  where  /  coald  hard- 
ly preserve  my  equilibrium.     I  danced  also  with  Mr.  Black- 


92  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

ledge.  Mr.  Pickens  was  not  there,  on  account  of  his  moth- 
er's death.  Mr.  Macon  was  very  polite  and  lively,  likewise 
William  King,  who,  though  not  so  solid  or  amiable  as  Pick- 
ens, in  my  opinion,  is  a  very  pleasant  companion.  Young 
Swartout,  who  was  so  unfortunately  entangled  in  Burr's 
web,  was  introduced  to  me,  and  I  like  him  much.  He 
was  in  town  on  Christmas  Day,  and  William  wished  to  in- 
vite him  to  dinner,  but  apprehensive  that  it  would  not  be 
congenial  to  the  other  guests,  postponed  it ;  though  he 
esteems  him  highly,  and  he  is  universally  admired  by  old 
and  young.  .   .  . 

"  The  issue  of  the  Daily  Paper  gives  us  now  every  even- 
ing the  duties  of  Proof  Night,  but  Joseph  and  William 
divide  their  labors  and  cheerfully  put  their  shoulders  to 
the  wheel,  which  makes  everything  smooth  and  agree- 
able. The  President  admires  it,  and  indeed  every  one 
who  has  seen  it,  with  this  remark  :  '  But  I  am  afraid  it 
cannot  be  suppoi'ted  in  such  handsome  style.'  However, 
William  and  Joseph  are  both  sanguine  as  to  its  success, 
and  anticipate  as  many  as  five  hundred  subscribers  before 

the  conclusion  of  the  year Miss  M played  at 

the  drawing-room  in  '  high  style,'  but  I  think  our  D.  G. 
could  have  excelled  her.  I  played  once  at  Mr.  Madison's 
at  a  private  party,  but  declined  exhibiting  at  the  drawing- 
room On  New  Year's  Day  we  went  to  gi^eet  Mr. 

Madison,  which  ceremony  is  generally  deemed  a  test  of 
loyalty,  and  of  coiu-se  the  terrace  was  thronged  with 
carriages  from  12  till  3  o'clock,  with  constant  streams  of 
visitors.  Daschkoff,  the  Russian  Minister,  was  there,  and 
Serrurier,  the  French,  both  apparently  uninteresting  men, 
but  most  splendid  in  uniform  and  equipage.  The  good 
wishes  for  the  New  Year  resounded  from  all  quarters,  and 
the  Carolinians  were  very  earnest  in  paying  the  compliments 
of   the  season  to  us.     Indeed,  I  think  that  our  members 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  93 

appear  very  well  here  generally.  There  is  a  most  interest- 
ing, venerable  revolutionary  officer,  Colonel  Gushing,  with 
whom  I  am  well  acquainted,  and  who  reminds  me  of  Colo- 
nel Ingle  ;  and  I  cannot  help  wishing  I  could  see  them 
tof>-ether  '  shoulder  their  crutch,  and  show  how  fields  were 
won.' " 

Madame  Patterson  Bonaparte,  the  divorced  wife  and 
widow  of  Jerome  Bonaparte,  King  of  Westphalia,  still 
survives  her  weak  and  selfish  husband,  and  has  recently 
followed  to  the  grave  their  son,  Jerome  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte. She  has  long  outlived  the  despot  whose  decree 
invalidating  her  marriage  enlisted  in  her  behalf  the 
sympathy  of  Europe,  the  indignation  of  her  own  coun- 
trymen, and  the  reprobation  of  France.  With  intel- 
lect, tact,  courage,  and  energy  as  her  only  weapons, 
she  resisted  the  imperial  brother,  who  sought  to  de- 
grade her  wifehood ;  and  spurned  the  unmanly  poltroon 
who,  at  the  dictate  of  ambition,  avarice,  and  fear,  falsi- 
fied the  vows  so  solemnly  pledged  to  the  young  wife, 
forswore  the  tender,  passionate  letters  to  his  "  beloved 
Eliza,"  and,  summit  of  stony  heartlessness,  sought  to 
wrest  their  child  from  its  mother's  arms.  When,  judg- 
ing her  by  his  own  dwarfed  nature,  King  Jerome,  after 
his  soi-disant  marriage  with  the  amiable  Princess 
E^therine,  insulted  the  dignity  of  his  true  wife  by 
offering  to  her  acceptance  the  principality  of  Smalcand, 
she  replied  with  spirit,  that  "  Westphalia  no  doubt 
was  a  considerable  kingdom,  but  not  large  enough  to 
hold  two  queens."  His  malignity  could  devise  no 
more  worthy  revenge  than  in  his  will  to  ignore  her 
existence  and  that  of  her  son,  whose  rights  she  person- 
allv  contested  in  Paris  witli  unabated  vigor  and  resolu- 


94  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

tion :  but  lier  son  stood  too  near  the  tlirone,  and  lier 
grandson,  the  handsome,  gallant  young  officer,  was  too 
deeply  seated  in  the  affections  of  the  French  army,  to 
render  possible  a  verdict  in  their  favor;  which,  in 
legalizing  their  claims,  might  have  rendered  them  for- 
midable rivals,  in  the  Napoleonic  succession,  to  their 
young  kinsman  the  Prince  Imperial.  During  this 
trial,  conducted  on  behalf  of  Madame  Bonaparte  with 
admirable  skill  by  the  renowned  Berry er,  Prince  Xa- 
poleon,  while  disgracefully  and  successfully  striving  to 
defraud  his  father's  son  of  his  legitimate  inheritance, 
cleverly  characterized  the  brave  woman  battling  for 
her  son's  birthright  and  her  own  wifely  fame :  "  Am- 
Mtieuse,  un  tact  merveillenx,  un  esprit  indomptahle,  et 
pour  le  reste,  lone  reputation  saiis  tdchey 

Emile  de  Girardin,  the  brilliant  litterateur  and  jour- 
nalist, an  ardent  supporter  of  Madame  Bonaparte's 
opposing  litigant.  Prince  Napoleon,  asked  her  for  a  true 
estimate  of  King  Jerome.  "  C'est  un  Hard  qui  s'est 
gliss^  par  hazard  entre  deux  Napoleonsl''  was  the  witty 
reply,  —  a  mot  keenly  relished  by  the  appreciative 
Parisians. 

Madame  Bonaparte  retains  in  marvellous  force  the 
well-stored  memory,  the  grace  and  strength  of  phrase 
that  distingTiished  her  even  amid  the  hosts  of  celebrities 
who  make  for  us  the  history  of  their  day,  —  a  society 
irradiated  by  the  brilliant  if  somewhat  fatiguing  mon- 
ologues of  Madame  de  Stael,  the  Eussian  finesse  of 
Gortschakoff,  —  then  young,  subtle,  handsome,  and  ir- 
resistible,—  the  masterly  and  tender  eloquence  of  I.e 
Maistre,  and  the  lightning  epigrams  of  Talleyrand, 
whose  Damascene  thrusts  Madame  Bonaparte  parried 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  95 

with  a  blade  nearly  as  keenly  tempered  as  his  o^vlL 
To  these  mental  gifts  was  added  a  beauty  of  a  Greek 
yet  glowing  type,  which  not  even  the  pencil  of  Stu- 
art adequately  portrayed  in  the  exquisite  portrait  that 
he  wished  might  be  buried  with  him ;  nor  yet  on  his 
other  canvas,  Avhich,  with  its  dainty  head  in  triple 
pose  of  loveliness,  still  smiles  in  unfading  witchery,  — 
a  beauty  which  equalled  that  of  her  friends,  Lady  Jer- 
sey, the  cynosure  of  the  Eegent's  Court,  and  the  iair 
Lady  Ellenborough,  who  eloped  with  Prince  Swartzen- 
burg,  and  then,  in  emulation  of  the  eccentric  niece  of 
Pitt,  the  Lady  Hester  Stanhope,  fled  to  the  desert  to 
reign  as  queen  of  the  Bedawee.  Madame  Bonaparte's 
charms  did  not  pale  even  in  the  presence  of  Madame 
Eecamier  and  Princess  Pauline  Borghese,  Napoleon's 
favorite  but  frivolous,  heartless  sister,  whose  beauty 
was  the  wonder  of  the  day,  and  whose  statue  by  Ca- 
nova,  now  one  of  Eome's  treasures,  fairly  rivals  that 
of  her  sister  Yenus,  which,  in  the  Pitti  Palace,  "  en- 
chants the  world."  Madame  Eecamier's  empire  over 
the  hearts  of  men  was  due  not  more,  perhaps,  to  her 
beauty  —  bewildering  as  it  was  with  her  soft  eyes,  se- 
ductive smile,  dazzling  skin,  and  shoulders  of  a  god- 
dess— than  to  her  subtle  flattery,  and  the  amiable  tact 
that  allowed  her  to  recognize  the  lustre  of  neighbor- 
ing planets.  "  V021S  etes  la  phcs  belle  femme  au  rnmide" 
she  said  to  Madame  Bonaparte,  "plus  telle  memc  que 
la  parfaite  Pauline  Borghese!' 

"  Mais  qa  est  lien  mip)ossible,  vii  que  ma  telle  sceur  est 
parfaitement  telle"  was  the  deprecating  reply. 

It  was  Madame  Bonaparte's  triumph,  that  in  an  era 
of  society  free  to  license,  though  its  laxity  was  gTace- 


96  WILLIAM   WINSTON    BEATON. 

fully  veiled  by  the  lingering  refined  elegance  of  ante- 
Imperial  salons,  her  name  should  have  remained  un- 
sullied. Her  romantic  story,  her  anomalous  position, 
her  wit  and  beauty,  made  her  a  shining  mark  for  the 
homage  of  the  one  sex,  the  envy  of  her  own ;  but  her 
undeviating  propriety  and  acknowledged  discretion 
shielded  her  from  even  the  whisper  of  detraction. 

"  Clure  Madame','  said  her  good  friend,  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Florence,  —  the  Sovereign  Prince  recently  dead, 
who  was  at  that  period  the  charm  of  his  Court,  as  con- 
spicuous for  his  rigid  principle  as  for  the  elegance  of 
Iris  person  and  captivating  courtesy,  —  "  cliere  Madame, 
savez  vous  que  nous  sommes  d\me  singuliere  moralite, 
vous  et  nioi  ?  Nous  seids,  dans  ma  belle  et  morale  ca-pi- 
tale,  nous  trouvous  sans  amantr 

It  was  Madame  Bonaparte's  misfortune  not  to  have 
met  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  to  whose  greatness  she 
ever  paid  willing  and  ardent  tribute.  Her  rigorous 
exclusion  from  the  shores  of  France  would  almost 
indicate  that  he  feared  the  power  of  his  new  sister's 
attractions  ;  and  with  his  actual  sensibility  to  womanly 
charm,  subordinate  as  it  seemed  to  his  cold,  selfish 
ambition,  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  she  would 
have  disarmed  his  anger,  conquered  his  prejudice,  re- 
'gained  her  husband,  and  it  may  even  be  have  changed 
the  destiny  of  France,  —  have  lived  to  see  her  son,  an 
American  Bonaparte,  bequeath  to  his  son  and  succes- 
sor the  Imperial  Throne. 

••  January,  1813. 

" ....  A  few  days  since  we  were  invited  to  Dr.  EwelFs 
to  a  christening.  This  gentleman  is  a  brother  to  the  Dr. 
Ewoll  who  was  in  Ralei,o:h,  and  who  speaks  of  yoiu'  kind 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  97 

hospitality.  Gratitude  would  seem  to  be  a  characteristic 
feature  in  this  family.  Having  in  the  beginning  of  Hamil- 
ton's prosperity  received  some  kindness  from  him,  Dr. 
Ewell  invited  some  fifty  persons  to  celebrate  the  baptism 
of  his  son  Paul  Hamilton.  Everything  was  conducted  in 
much  style,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hamilton  occupying  the  head  of 
the  table  at  supper.  Jones,  the  new  Secretary,  was  not 
there,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  supper,  Dr.  Ewell,  called  on 
for  a  toast,  made  a  graceful  little  speech,  and  bowing  to  the 
ex-Secretaiy,  said  emphatically, 

*  Let  others  hail  the  rising  sun, 
7  bow  to  him  whose  race  is  run.' 

"  We  saw  a  letter  the  other  day  from  General  Jackson 
to  Mr.  Monroe,  in  which  he  mentions  having  sent  Major 
Gales  into  the  town  of  Pensacola  to  demand  the  capitula- 
tion of  the  fort.  We  have  since  received  a  letter  from 
Judge  Toulmin,  in  which  he  mentions  Thomas  stavino;  a 
day  at  his  house  with  General  Jackson.  I  long  to  hear 
again  from  New  Orleans,  though  the  last  accounts  are  very 
favorable,  stating  the  army  to  be  perfectly  prepared. 
Crooks,  editor  of  the  Mercantile  Advertiser,  has  sent  us  a 
London  paper,  in  which  is  contained  an  extract  from  the  Iris, 
from  the  pen  of  Montgomery,  in  answer  to  an  abusive  para- 
graph in  a  government  paper  edited  by  Canning.  It  is 
warm  from  Montgomery's  heart,  and  exposes  the  ignorance 
and  malice  in  regard  to  American  affairs." 

Thomas  Gales,  the  brother  of  ^Irs.  Seaton,  was  a  man 
of  brilliant  promise,  cut  off  in  the  flush  of  successful 
and  vigorous  manhood.  He  had  followed  the  footsteps 
of  his  brother  Joseph,  in  preparing  himself  as  a  prac- 
tical printer  in  Philadelphia,  but  preferring  the  profes- 
sion of  law,  studied  under  General  Walter  Jones  of 


98  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

AVashington,  the  eminent  lawyer.  Being  captivated  by 
the  representations  of  friends  as  to  the  promising  field 
for  his  profession  in  Louisiana,  he  removed  thither,  and 
married  the  daughter  of  Alfred  Hennen,  Esq.,  of  New 
Orleans,  a  lady  beautiful  in  person  and  of  superior 
powers  of  mind.  In  a  few  months  he  was  appointed 
by  General  Wilkinson,  then  commander-in-chief. 
Judge- Advocate-General  of  the  Southern  Department, 
and  Justice  of  Faubourg  St.  Marie,  w^hich  arduous 
position  he  filled  well,  being  held  in  high  esteem. 
He  took  an  active  part  during  the  war,  being  on 
General  Jackson's  staff  at  Pensacola,  where,  at  the  sur- 
render of  the  fort,  he  with  his  own  hands  hauled  down 
the  Union  Jack  and  ran  up  the  American  flag.  He 
possessed  in  a  remarkable  degree  varied  social  powers, 
a  generous  nature,  with  a  cultivated,  energetic  mind. 

"  March  5,  1813. 

"  .  .  .  .  Mrs.  Madison  called  on  me  last  week,  and  very 
politely  invited  me  to  attend  the  drawing-room  of  Wednes- 
day, and  'not  to  desert  the  standard  altogether,'  which,  prom- 
ising to  do,  I  prevailed  on  William  to  accede  to  my  wishes. 
Judge  Johnson  pushed  his  way  through  the  crowd  to  speak 
to  me,  saying,  with  his  usual  gallantry,  that  'he  had  been 
examining  every  group  of  Youth  and  Beauty  in  expectation 
of  identifying  Mrs.  Seaton.'  Immediately  afterwards  a  gen- 
tleman came  up  with  Judge  IMarshall,  who  had  inquired  for 
me,  and  wished  to  pay  his  compliments,  he  said.  You  may 
remember,  perhaps,  that  I  always  stood  high  in  his  good 

graces Our  dinner-party  on  Saturday  consisted  of 

Judge  Johnson,  Colonel  Swift,  Major. William  Hamilton, 
Mr.  Boiling  Robinson,  from  New  Orleans,  and  a  few  other 
strangers Mr.  Robinson  is  a  young  man,  extremely 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  99 

prepossessing  in  his  appearance  and  manners,  originally 
from  Petersbm'g,  and  exceedingly  popular.  I  should  like 
you  to  be  acquainted  with  him,  as  he  is  a  fine,  noble,  inde- 
pendent man,  whose  genius  and  benevolence  are  reflected 
in  his  countenance,  and  whose  brilliant  intrinsic  merit  ren- 
ders him  a  favorite  visitor  at  our  house 

"  Yesterday  the  most  crowded  and  interesting  sight  we 
ever  witnessed  was  presented  to  our  view  in  the  inauguration 
of  Mr.  Madison.  Escorted  by  the  Alexandria,  Georgetown 
and  city  companies,  the  President  proceeded  to  the  Capitol. 
Judge  Marshall,  and  the  associate  Judges,  preceded  him  and 
placed  themselves  in  front  of  the  Speaker's  chair,  from 
whence  the  Chief  Magistrate  delivered  his  inaugural  ad- 
dress ;  but  his  voice  was  so  low,  and  the  audience  so  very 
gi'eat,  that  scarcely  a  word  could  be  distinguished.  On  con- 
cluding, the  oath  of  office  was  administered  by  the  Chief 
Justice,  and  the  little  man  was  accompanied  on  his  return 
to  the  palace  by  the  multitude ;  for  every  creature  that 
could  afford  twenty-five  cents  for  hack-hire  was  present. 
The  major  part  of  the  respectable  citizens  offered  their 
congratulations,  ate  his  ice-creams  and  bonbons,  drank  his 
Madeira,  made  their  bow  and  retired,  leaving  him  fatigued 
bevond  measure  with  the  incessant  bendino-  to  which  his 
politeness  urged  him,  and  in  which  he  never  allows  him- 
self to  be  eclipsed,  returning  bow  for  bow,  even  to  those 
ad  infinitum  of  Serrurier  and  other  foreigners 

"  You  will  regret  to  hear  that  your  good  friend  Joel  Barlow 
is  dead.  I  send  the  notice  of  the  event  from  foreign  papers. 
Although  of  too  tender  an  age  to  appreciate  the  generous 
and  brilliant  qualities  of  this  eminent  man  when  the  recip- 
ient of  his  kindness  in  Germany,  I  still  retain  a  vivid 
remembrance  of  his  appearance  and  manners.  The  place 
and  circumstances  attending  his  death  seemed  a  fitting 
close  to  his  volcanic  and  eccentric  career." 


100  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

Joel  Barlow  exercised  a  very  uncommon  influence 
over  men  through  his  personal  eloquence,  and  it  was 
doubtless  to  employ  him  in  the  furtherance  of  some  pro- 
ject by  which  to  win  the  popular  good-will,  that  the 
Emperor  Napoleon,  who  judged  highly  of  liis  ability, 
requested  his  presence  at  Wilna,  where,  overcome  by 
excitement  and  a  forced  journey,  IVIr.  Barlow  was  at- 
tacked by  his  fatal  illness.  The  unfavorable  feeling- 
excited  against  him  in  ximerica  in  consequence  of  his 
reputed  atheism  —  a  mistaken  charge,  for  he  was  a 
deist  —  was  founded  chiefly  upon  his  intimacy  with 
Tom  Paine,  who,  when  imprisoned  in  France  by  the 
Jacobins,  had  intrusted  his  "  Age  of  Eeason  "  to  Mr. 
Barlow's  care  for  publication ;  but  the  prejudice,  al- 
though diminished,  still  existed  and  formed  one  count 
in  the  indictment  against  him  on  the  occasion  of  his 
nomination  as  Minister  to  France.  The  vote  of  Timo- 
thy Pickering  in  his  favor  having  at  the  time  excited 
invidious  comment,  Colonel  John  Lee,  a  distinguished 
citizen  of  Maryland,  obtained  from  Mr.  Pickering  the 
following  valuable  memorandum  of  the  debate  in  se- 
cret session  on  Mr.  Barlow's  appointment,  which  has 
not  hitherto  been  made  public  :  — 

"  Against  the  nomination  it  was  said,  — 
"  1.  That  Mr.  Barlow   stood  on  the  books  of  the 
Treasury  a  debtor  to  the  United  States. 

"  2.  That  he  went  to  France  poor  and  returned  rich, 
without  any  known  means  of  acquiring  wealth  ;  hence 
it  was  inferred  that  he  had  acquired  his  wealth  by  im- 
proper means,  and  the  speculations  in  American  claims 
under  the  Louisiana  Treaty  were  mentioned  as  a  pos- 
sible mode. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  101 


« 


(I  Q 


3.  That  having  lived  in  France  many  years,  there 
must  be  his  predilection  and  attachments,  and  that  lie 
was  also  a  French  citizen. 

"  4.  That  Mr.  Barlow  was  a  poet,  and  poets  dealing 
in  visions  were  ill  qualified  for  the  business  of  the 
world.  Addison  and  Prior  were  mentioned  as  in- 
stances. And  an  opinion  (by  General  Smith)  was 
explicitly  given,  that  Mr.  Barlow  was  not  qualified  for 
the  mission. 

"  5.  That  he  had  no  mercantile  knowledge,  which 
would  be  very  important  in  enforcing  claims  for  the 
restitution  of  American  property  in  France." 

"  To  the  first  objection,  Mr.  Clay  produced  a  letter 
from  the  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  to  JMr.  Barlow, 
stating  that  his  accounts  of  moneys  expended  in  nego- 
tiating treaties  with  the  Barbary  powers  had  been 
finally  closed  at  the  treasury  ;  and  with  respect  to  his 
being  a  French  citizen,  Mr.  Clay  stated  that  this  citi- 
zenship was  merely  honorary,  and  that  the  title  of 
French  citizenship  was  by  the  same  act  conferred  on 
General  Washington  and  General  Hamilton.  ^Mr. 
Pickerimr  stated  that  he  knew  ]\Ir.  Barlow  when  a 
chaplain  in  the  Eevolutionary  war,  that  he  maintained 
a  sood  character  until  he  Avent  to  France,  —  that 
whore  of  Babylon  which  had  polluted  the  world ; 
that  it  was  understood  that  Mr.  Barlow,  in  France, 
had  renounced  his  belief  in  the  Christian  religion,  but 
not  that  he  had  become  an  atheist,  though  at  one 
period  of  the  French  revolution  it  had  been  for- 
mally proclaimed  in  their  national  Assembly  that 
there  was  no  God,  and  that  afterwards  Eobespierre 
claimed  much  merit  for  causing   a   counter   declara- 


102  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

lion  to  be  made  in  favor  of  God;  that  Mr.  Barlow 
possessed  an  understanding  superior  to  such  an  opin- 
ion, which  only  fools  could  entertain  ;  that  liis  being  a 
deist  could  not  be  a  serious  objection  with  the  party 
now  in  power,  nor  with  a  majority  of  the  people  of 
the  United  States,  who  had  raised  to  higher  ofi&ces  — 
the  highest   in   the   nation  —  men   whose  faith   was 

doubtless  the  same  with  Mr.  Barlow's That  it 

was  true  that  Mr.  Barlow  was  a  poet,  but  certainly  not 
a  mere  poet,  for  it  had  been  objected  against  him  that 
he  had  become  rich,  —  a  proof  that  he  understood  the 
world  as  well  as  poetry ;  that  his  abilities  and  general 
literature  were  well  known,  and  in  his  reading  it  was 
most  prob.able  that  he  had  made  the  law  of  nations  a 
part  of  his  studies.  That  in  the  early  period  of  the 
French  Eevolution  he  had  ^\Titten  some  pamphlets 
which  gained  him  considerable  distinction ;  and  it 
was  also  true  that  he  had  written  some  thingjs  that 
were  extravagant.  There  was  at  the  time  a  political 
frenzy,  and  Mr.  Barlow  appears  to  have  been  witliin 
its  vortex.  This  fanaticism  pervaded  the  United 
States  ;  and  Mr.  Pickering  confessed  that  he  had  him- 
self partaken  of  the  general  enthusiasm  of  his  country 
in  favor  of  the  revolution,  and  entertained  the  hope 
that  a  new  government  was  to  be  established  in 
France,  —  a  hope  frustrated  by  the  atrocious  conduct 

of  its  successive  rulers That,  for  his  own  part, 

Mr.  Pickering  had  no  reason  to  be  pleased  with  j\Ir. 
Barlow;  on  the  contrary,  his  conduct  at  the  time 
when  the  French  Directory  most  grossly  insulted  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  appeared  to  be  very 
reprehensible.     That  the  sentiments  expressed  by  Mr. 


A    BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  103 

Barlow  in  a  letter  to  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Baldwin, 
concerning  our  government,  were  so  exceptionable  as 
to  attract  ^Ir.  Pickering's  notice,  in  a  report  he  made 
to  President  Adams  on  French  affairs  and  ]\Ir.  Geriy's 
negotiations  at  Paris,  which  the  President  communi- 
cated to  Congress,  and  in  which  Mv.  Pickering  had 
pointedly  reprobated  the  conduct  of  Mr.  Barlow.  That 
this  very  conduct  of  Mr.  Barlow  was  acceptable  to  the 
party  then  in  opposition,  and  now  in  power.  Tliat 
'My.  Barlow  now  entertained  very  different  sentiments 
respecting  the  French.  That  he  had  an  intimate  knowl- 
edo-e  of  the  lansjiiac^e,  —  a  consideration  of  some  con- 
sequence  to  a  Minister  to  that  government.  That 
although  Mr.  Barlow  would  be  a  most  improper  Minis- 
ter to  send  to  the  Court  of  London,  yet  he  possessed 
so  many  qualifications  suited  to  that  of  Paris,  that  Mr. 
Pickering  was  disposed  to  vote  in  favor  of  the  nomina- 
tion. In  answer  to  the  objection  that  Mr.  Barlow  was 
not  qualified  to  enforce  the  claims  for  restitution  of 
American  property  seized  and  sequestered  by  the 
French  Emperor,  Mr.  Pickering  remarked,  that  if  the 
objection  were  well  founded,  he  really  thought  it  of 
little  consequence,  because  there  was  no  ground  to 
expect  that  even  one  cent  would  ever  be  restored. 
The  French  Emperor  took,  and  held,  that  property  as 
a  pledge  that  our  government  would  conform  to  his 
views  in  respect  to  Great  Britain.  But  Mr.  Pickering 
considered  the  measure  now  ac^itated  in  the  other 
House  to  be  so  far  from  a  compliance  with  the  Em- 
peror's expectations,  that  if  it  should  be  adopted, 
Bonaparte  would  make  it  a  cause  for  confiscating  the 
whole  of  the  American  property  at  once.      We  know, 


104  "^VILLTAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

too,  that  if  Bonaparte  is  not  fnrnislied  with  a  pretext, 
he  can  easily  fabricate  one.  Witness  his  making  the 
non-intercourse  law  a  ground  for  confiscating  Ameri- 
can vessels  and  cargoes,  on  the  principle  of  retaliation 
for  the  confiscation  of  French  vessels  in  the  ports  of 
the  United  States,  when  not  one  snch  vessel  had  been 
touched !  We  should  also  recollect  the  information 
given  by  General  Armstrong  respecting  the  neutral 
property  seized  and  then  under  sequestration  in  France, 
amounting  to  twenty  million  of  livres  :  '  that  the  A^ery 
magnitude  of  the  sum  was  a  decisive  reason  why  the 
Emperor  would  not  release  it/  But  the  American 
property  in  his  hands  now  amounted  to  a  much  larger 
sum, — probably  to  twenty  millions  of  dollars, — which 
proportionably  strengthened  his  motives  never  to  let 

go." 

Mr.  Barlow's  distinction,  and  extended  fame  in  two 
hemispheres,  render  every  memento  of  so  brilliant  a 
man  valuable ;  and  the  subjoined  notes  from  the  auto- 
graphs are  interesting,  as  bearing  trace  of  the  great 
men  and  events  with  whom  he  was  familiarly  asso- 
ciated :  — 

**A  MoxsiEUR,  Monsieur  Barlow, 

Hotel  de  Languedoc,  Rue  Grenelle,  St.  Honore. 

"  Mr.  Jefferson  presents  his  compliments  to  Mr.  Barlow. 
He  wished  yesterday  to  have  had  more  particular  conversa- 
tion with  him,  but  the  circumstances  of  the  moment  did 
not  permit  it.  He  should  be  very  happy  to  see  Mr.  Barlow 
at  a  family  dinner  to-day,  where  he  will  be  more  at  liberty 
in  his  inquiries,  and  have  a  better  opportunity  to  show  his 
respect  for  him.  Mr.  Barlow  will  be  so  good  as  to  bring 
with  him  his  young  charge.  Master  Greene. 

''Saturday,  July  5,   17S8." 


A   BIOGHAPHICAL   SKETCH.  105 

**  Thomas  Jefferson,  President  of  the  United  States, 

Washington. 

"  Dear  Sir,  —  The  bearers  of  this,  the  two  Mr.  Emmets, 
from  Irehiiid,  have  been  particuLarly  and  grievously  per- 
secuted by  the  English  government  for  their  political  opin- 
ions ;  that  is,  for  their  inflexible  and  enlightened  attachment 
to  those  principles  of  liberty  which  they,  and  we,  think 
ought  to  prevail  in  all  societies. 

"  The  elder  Mr.  Emmet  was  an  eminent  counsellor  in 
Dublin.  He  was  imprisoned  and  detained  there  after  the 
peace.  His  brother  took  refuge  in  Paris,  where  he  has 
occupied  himself  in  pursuit  of  the  sciences,  with  good 
proficiency.  They  have  now  chosen  America  for  their 
second  countr}",  —  a  movement  wdiich,  if  our  fathers  had 
not  made  it  for  us,  you  and  I  might  be  making  at  this 
moment.  May'  I  beg  3'ou,  dear  sir,  to  favor  them  with 
your  good  advice,  as  well  as  other  acts  of  friendship  and 
protection  which  may  be  useful  to  them.  I  know  not 
what  fortune  they  carry,  except  that  of  fair  and  honorable 
reputations  and  good  talents. 

"  Your  obedient  servant, 

"Joel  Barlow. 

**  Paris,  29  July,  1802. 
"To  Mr.  Jefferson." 

"To  Mrs.  Sw^an,  Boston. 

"  Dear  Mrs.  Swan,  —  The  continuance  of  your  grief  for 
the  loss  of  oiu'  excellent  friend.  General  Jackson,  awakens 
all  my  sympathy,  and  has  induced  me,  at  last,  to  give 
utterance  to  those  feelings  which  I  had  hitherto  suppressed. 
It  is,  indeed,  a  heavy  loss  —  a  wide  breach  in  the  circle  of 
my  friends  as  well  as  in  that  of  yours  ;  and  since  you  could 
not  doubt  of  my  most  cordial  condolence,  it  seemed  to  me 
that  my  silence  w^ould  be  more  efficacious  than  my  language 
in  obtaining  for  you  that  relief  which  your  own  habitual 

5* 


106  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

reflections  on  the  frailty  of  human  dependencies  could  not 
fail  to  furnish.  But  as  you  call  for  a  communication  of 
sentiment  on  the  vu'tues  and  character  of  our  friend,  let  us 
indulge  a  moment  in  the  melancholy  recital.  To  dwell  on 
the  amiable  qualities  of  those  we  love,  is  to  strengthen  such 
qualities  in  ourselves. 

"  The  place  of  his  birth  and  education  being  distant 
from  mine,  many  of  his  surviving  friends  must  have  known 
him  longer  than  I  did,  though  few  have  known  him  better. 
I  knew  him  an  early  and  zealous  military  volunteer  in  the 
service  of  our  country  in  its  revolutionary  war.  I  knew 
him  always  at  the  post  of  duty,  frequently  at  that  of 
danger.  He  raised  a  regiment  in  1776,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  conduct,  with  skill  and  bravery,  through  all 
the  vicissitudes  of  fatigue  and  privation,  through  battles, 
defeats,  and  victories,  till  the  object  was  attained  for  which 
he  drew  his  sword,  —  the  liberty  of  his  country.  At  the 
peace  of  1783  —  not  so  much  in  imitation  of  the  Roman 
Cincinnatus  as  in  obedience  to  the  call  of  honest  industry — 
he  retired  wdth  the  other  illustrious  relics  of  our  armies 
to  the  pursuits  of  civil  life.  These  pursuits,  though  less 
brilliant  than  those  of  war,  are  sometimes  more  difficult  to 
follow  with  consistency,  as  the  history  of  our  country 
has  abundantly  proved.  How  many  of  his  former  fellow- 
laborers  in  the  arduous  toils  of  independence  have  for- 
gotten the  principles  they  once  taught  us  to  revere ;  and, 
as  if  disgusted  with  their  own  good  fame,  are  striving  to 
destroy  the  institutions  with  which  that  fame  was  united  ! 
Our  departed  friend  never  deviated  from  himself  in  this 
imhappy  manner.  Henry  Jackson  continued  firmly  to 
support  the  republican  system  which  General  Jackson  had 
assisted  to  establish. 

"  If  it  was  this  adhesion  to  principle  that  lost  him  the 
affections  of   some   of   his  few  companions    in  arms  who 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCH.  107 

survive  him  in  his  native  city  of  Boston,  —  if  it  was  really 
for  this  reason,  as  I  have  understood,  that  they  suffered 
his  body  .to  be  committed  to  the  gi'ound  without  the  ac- 
customed pomp  of  military  honors  (vain  pomp  indeed,  but 
sufficiently  important  in  their  view  to  be  withheld,  as  a 
mark  of  disapprobation),  let  us  pity  them  :  it  is  n  t  upon 
our  friend  that  this  dishonor  falls.  No  !  the  stain  of  dis- 
honor never  touched  him  when  alive,  and  death  has  now 
placed  him  forever  beyond  its  reach. 

"  But  as  you  may  intend  this  letter  for  publication,  it 
is  not  so  important  to  dwell  upon  public  character  and 
political  principles,  which  are  well  known  to  his  country," 
as  to  bring  into  view  the  less  conspicuous,  but  more 
endearing  traits  that  distinguish  him  from  most  of  those 
who  have  been  dear  to  us  in  life.  A  purer  heart,  or  a 
finer  sense  of  duty  than  his,  never  guided  the  actions 
of  a  human  being.  His  natural  desire  of  doing  good  was 
strengthened  by  constant  exercise ;  and  beneficent  actions 
became  so  habitual  as  to  be  almost  indispensable  among 
his  daily  enjoj^ments. 

"  His  private  fortune,  though  ample  for  himself  and  for 
charity,  was  made  so  by  a  virtuous  attention  to  frugality, 
by  moderating  his  expenses  and  avoiding  extravagant  spec- 
ulations. He  seemed  to  consider  himself  only  as  the 
steward  of  his  own  estate  ;  as  if  the  property  of  it  belonged 
to  his  friends  who  were  less  fortunate  than  he,  or  less 
regular  in  their  habits  of  life.  To  mention  particular  in- 
stances that  may  have  come  to  our  knowledge  would 
betray  his  confidence  ;  and  though  the  cause  of  morals 
would  often  gain  by  a  less  scrupulous  concealment  of  good 
actions  than  their  authors  observe,  vet  secrets  of  this  kind 
are  a  property  to  which  the  public  has  no  right  until  the 
proprietors  choose  to  give  it  up. 

"  If,  my  dear  madam,   these  feeble  expressions  of  my 


108  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

regret  should  afford  you  any  consolation  for  the  loss  of 
our  incomparable  friend,  it  will  be  from  the  assurance  that 
I  knew  his  worth,  and  that  my  attachment  was  founded 
on  the  same  moral  qualities  in  him  which  gave  rise  to 
your  own.  My  consolation  must  arise  from  the  contin- 
uance of  your  friendship  to  me  and  my  wife  ;  and  from  the 
confidence  that  your  excellent  heart,  so  nearly  resembling 
his,  will  induce  you,  not  only  to  continue  your  usual 
course  of  charities,  but  adopt  in  some  measure  the  objects 
of  his  own ;  and  do  much  of  the  good  that  he  would  have 
done  had  not  a  wiser  dispensation  an-ested  his  career. 
"  Accept  our  best  affections, 

"  Joel  Barlow. 
*'  Kalorama,  March  7,  1809. 

At  the  period  of  Mr.  Seaton's  arrival  in  Washing- 
ton, hostilities  had  already  been  declared  apjainst 
Great  Britain.  The  country  was  roused  to  a  spirit  of 
patriotic  fervor,  although  party  feeling  ran  so  high  as 
to  imperil  the  necessary  measnres  of  policy  adopted 
by  President  Madison,  to  whose  Administration  the 
Intellisrencer  stood  in  the  most  intimate  and  faithful 
relations.  "  Dnrinsj  the  entire  course  of  the  war  that 
journal  sustained  most  vigorously  all  the  measures 
needful  for  carrying  it  on  with  efficiency ;  and  it  did 
equally  good  service  in  reanimating,  whenever  it  had 
slackened  at  any  disaster,  the  drooping  spirit  of  our 
people.  'Nov  did  its  editors,  when  there  were  two,  stop 
at  these  proofs  of  sincerity,  nor  shiink  when  danger  drew 
near,  from  that  hazard  of  their  own  persons  to  which 
they  had  stirred  up  the  country."  * 

The  metropolis,  from   its  exposed  and  ill-]Drepared 
condition,  seemed  to  invite  the  enemy's  assault ;  and 

*  Atlantic  Monthly,  1860. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  109 

each  clay  the  public  ear  was  strained  to  catch  the 
boom  of  the  first  gun  that  should  announce  the 
advance  of  the  British  squadron  up  the  Potomac,  or 
the  descent  upon  the  city  by  Eoss. 

Mrs.  Seaton  writes  under  date  of  March,  1813  :  — 

"  Your  fears,  my  dear  mother,  were  not  entirely  without 
foundation,  though  we  laughed  you  out  of  them  when 
they  were  mentioned.  When  our  removal  to  Washington 
was  in  contemplation,  you  expressed  apprehension  lest  we 
should  be  exposed  to  British  invasion  and  consequent 
crueltv.  You  will  see  by  the  Federal  Republican,  that  the 
plan  might  be  carried  into  execution  without  a  muacle, 
of  seizing  the  President  and  Secretaries  with  fifty  or  a 
hundred  men  ;  and  rendering  this  nation  a  laughing-stock 
to  every  other  in  the  world.  I  did  not  think  much  of 
these  possibihties  until  hearing  them  discussed  by  General 
Van  Ness  and  others,  who,  far  from  wishing  a  parade  of 
guards  or  ridiculous  apprehensions  to  be  entertained,  were 
yet  anxious  that  the  city  should  not  be  unprepared  for 
a  contingency  the  danger  of  which  did  certainly  exist. 
Col.  Swift  since  his  arrival  here  has  sent  an  officer  to  Nor- 
folk to  inspect  and  make  proper  an-angements,  and  appears 
anxious  to  receive  news  of  the  results." 

At  the  first  call  of  danger  Mr.  Seaton  and  Mr. 
Gales  enrolled  themselves  as  privates  in  a  volunteer 
infantry  company,  commanded  by  the  gallant  Cap- 
tain John  Davidson,  encamped  at  Fort  Warburton,  the 
present  site  of  Fort  Washington ;  and  served  with 
this  corps  on  the  various  expeditions  on  which  it  was 
detached  during  the  war.  Mrs.  Seaton  continues  to 
depict  the  uneasiness  of  the  inhabitants  at  this  im- 
minent danger  of  invasion. 


110  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"July  20,  1813. 


C( 


.  .  .  We  still  remain  passive  sufferers  under  the  al- 
most intolerably  distressing  state  of  suspense.  Joseph  has 
been  home  twice  to  attend  to  the  paper,  riding  all  night 
and  returning  the  next  day.  William  has  never  been  home, 
but  has  removed  six  miles  below  Warburton  with  his  com- 
pany to  intercept  the  enemy's  scouting-parties  and  prevent 
their  landing  in  small  bodies.  There  are  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  troops  at  the  fort  and  near  it,  it  is  generally  allowed, 
but  some  fears  are  entertained  of  the  enemy's  approach  in 
another  direction ;  and  though  every  precaution  and  prepa- 
ration have  been  made,  the  citizens  are  in  a  cruel  state  of 
alarm.  You  will  see  that  CongTCss  has  reported  that  we 
are  in  a  securely  defended  position,  nevertheless  it  is  not  to 
be  expected  that  our  fears  can  be  so  easily  calmed  after  an 
excessive  fright.  I  have  no  personal  fears,  being  with  my 
children  in  the  abode  of  safety,  at  Mr.  Smith's  house. 
The  British,  peradventure  they  reach  the  city,  would  be 
in  too  violent  a  hurry  to  make  good  their  retreat  after 
the  perpetration  of  all  the  mischief  they  might  be  able  to 
effect,  to  stop  for  a  moment  in  the  interior  of  the  country. 
Many  families  from  the  navy-yard  and  Capitol  Hill  have 
proposed  to  stay  here  during  the  continuance  of  the  British 
in  our  waters,  but  Mrs.  Henry  Clay,  Mrs  Cutting,  and  my 
family  are  all  who  are  pressingly,  tenderly  urged  to  stay 
during  this  tempestuous  season  of  disturbance.  No  un- 
easiness, therefore,  is  experienced  here  personally,  but  the 
possibility  of  either  of  our  dear  protectors  being  injured 
at  Warburton,  fills  us  with  inexpressible  anguish,  you  will 
readily  conceive.  Joseph  assures  us  most  solemnly  that 
he  does  not  believe  they  will  dare  attempt  to  land  or  pass 
the  numerous  and  brave  force  of  volunteers  and  regulars 
who  are  assembled,  and  positively  believes  that  there  will 
be  no  fighting.     William  and  he  are  both  perfectly  well 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  Ill 

and  in  excellent  spirits,  which  augurs  well  for  victoi-y  if 
engaged,  or  a  peaceable  return.  They  have  an  express 
engaged  to  let  us  know  every  morning  of  their  welfare. 
Nine  of  the  office  men  are  volunteers,  and  there  are  only 
three  men  and  three  boys  left  to  get  the  paper  out.  Joseph 
will  apply  to  General  Armstrong  for  a  furlough  for  William 
to  come  up  from  below,  attend  to  the  paper,  and  return 
the  following  day;  so  I  shall  go  to  the  city  to  see  my 
beloved,  my  devoted  husband.  Be  perfectly  at  ease,  I 
entreat  you,  as  in  case  of  an  absolute  attack  on  the  city  we 
should  be  still  secure ;  and  our  protectors  at  Warburton 
would  not  be  exposed  to  danger  either,  as  the  British  would 
come  up  another  way  without  exposing  themselves  to  the 
fire  of  the  fort " 

"July  22,  1813. 
"  .  .  .  .  William  came  from  the  camp  yesterday,  and 
after  an-anging  the  paper  will  return  by  daylight.  He  and 
Joseph  will  now  come  alternately  during  the  time  it  may 
be  thought  necessary  that  the  troops  should  remain  on 
duty.  Their  friends  think  it  out  of  reason  that  the  paper 
should  be  neglected,  and  are  of  opinion  that  the  proper  and 
continual  direction  of  the  public  record  printed  in  their 
office  is  of  infinitely  more  importance  than  any  individual 
exertion  they  could  possibly  make  in  the  camp ;  but  this 
an-angement  of  one  staying  and  one  going  would  be  very 
unpleasant,  and  they  appear  more  disposed  to  encounter 
danger,  or  rather  exertion,  together,  than  separate.  Jo- 
seph would  more  naturally  incur  the  imputation  of  disin- 
clination to  defend  his  country  from  enemies  than  William, 
from  the  accident  of  being  a  foreigner,  and  therefore  I 
should  like  him  to  prove  the  contrary,  if  he  has  indeed  a 
political  enemy  who  would  be  so  ungenerous  as  to  asperse 
his  actions  and  motives.  William,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
been  more  accustomed  to  military  duty,  always  belonging 


112  "V^^LLIAM   WIXSTOX   SEATON. 

to  a  company  in  Richmond  from  boyhood,  and  being  also 
a  sportsman  skilled  in  the  free  use  of  fire-arms.  But  for 
the  necessity  of  one  or  the  other  being  here,  I  should  be 
unwilling  for  them  to  leave  their  companies  even  for  a  day, 
as  they  are  a  brave,  handsomely  disciplined  corps  as  any 
in  the  District,  and  appear  united  as  a  band  of  brothers, 
encouraging  each  other  in  activity  and  good  spirits.  There 
is  not  a  single  instance  of  sickness  in  the  whole  number  of 

3,000  men There  were  only  two  pressmen  left  in 

the  office,  and  one  of  them  ill  this  evening,  so  that  the 

paper  will  be  published  with  great  difficulty The 

House  is  sitting  with  closed  doors  to-day  on  a  confidential 
message  from  the  President,  which  is  very  well,  as  there 
would  be  no  one  to  attend  the  debates  or  to  take  any  note 
of  their  business.  You  will  see  that  prejudice  exists  as 
strongly  here  against  foreigners  as  anywhere,  the  Senate 
refusing  to  confirm  Mr.  Gallatin's  appointment !  " 

In  December,  1813,  Mr.  Gales  married  j\Iiss  Juliana 
Lee,  the  beautiful  and  accomplished  daughter  of  Mr. 
Theodoric  Lee  of  Westmoreland,  Virginia. 

"January  2,  1814. 
"  .  .  .  .  Yesterday  being  New  Year's  day,  everi/hodj, 
affected  or  disaffected  towards  the  government,  attended  to 
pay  Mrs.  Madison  the  compliments  of  the  season.  Be- 
tween one  and  two  o'clock  we  drove  to  the  President's, 
where  it  was  with  much  difficuly  we  made  good  our 
entrance,  though  all  of  our  acquaintances  endeavored  with 
the  utmo^  civility  to  compress  themselves  as  small  as  they 
could  for  our  accommodation.  The  marine  band,  stationed 
in  the  ante-room,  continued  playing  in  spite  of  the  crowd 
pressing  on  their  very  heads.  But  if  our  pity  was  excited 
for  these  hapless  musicians,  what  must  we  not  have  ex- 
perienced for  some  members  of  our  own  sex,  who,  not  fore- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  113 

seeing  the  excessive  heat  of  the  apartments,  had  more 
reason  to  apprehend  the  efforts  of  nature  to  relieve  her- 
self from  the  effects  of  the  confined  atmosphere.  You 
perhaps  will  not  understand  that  I  allude  to  the  rouge 
which  some  of  our  fashionables  had  unfortunately  laid  on 
with  an  unsparing  hand,  and  which  assimilating  with  the 
pearl-powder,  dust  and  perspiration,  made  them  altogether 
unlovely  to  soul  and  to  eye. 

^'  Her  majesty's  appearance  was  truly  regal,  —  dressed 
in  a  robe  of  pink  satin,  trimmed  elaborately  with  ermine,  a 
white  velvet  and  satin  turban,  with  nodding  ostrich-plumes 
and  a  crescent  in  front,  gold  chain  and  clasps  around  the 
waist  and  wrists.  'T  is  here  the  woman  who  adorns  the 
dress,  and  not  the  dress  that  beautifies  the  woman.  I 
cannot  conceive  a  female  better  calculated  to  dignify  the 
station  which  she  occupies  in  society  than  Mrs.  Madison,  — 
amiable  in  private  life  and  affable  in  public,  she  is  admired 
and  esteemed  by  the  rich  and  beloved  by  the  poor.  You 
are  aware  that  she  snuffs ;  but  in  her  hands  the  snuff-box 
seems  only  a  gracious  implement  with  which  to  charm. 
Her  frank  cordiality  to  all  guests  is  in  contrast  to  the  manner 
of  the  President,  who  is  very  formal,  reserved  and  precise,  yet 
not  wanting  in  a  certain  dignity.  Being  so  low  of  stature, 
he  was  in  imminent  danger  of  being  confounded  with  the 
plebeian  crowd  ;  and  was  pushed  and  jostled  about  like  a 
common  citizen,  —  but  not  so  with  her  ladyship  !  The 
towering  feathers  and  excessive  throng  distinctly  pointed 
out  her  station  wherever  she  moved. 

"After  partaking  of  some  ice-creams  and  a  glass  of 
Madeira,  shaking  hands  with  the  President  and  tendering 
our  good  wishes,  we  were  preparing  to  leave  the  rooms, 
when  our  attention  was  attracted  through  the  window 
towards  what  we  conceived  to  be  a  rolling  ball  of  burnished 
gold,  caiTied   with   swiftness  through  the   air  by  two  gilt 

H 


114  WILLIAM   WINSTOX   SEATOX. 

wings.  Oar  anxiety  increased  the  nearer  it  approached, 
until  it  actually  stopped  before  the  door ;  and  from  it 
alighted,  weighted  with  gold  lace,  the  French  Minister  and 
suite.  We  now  also  perceived  that  what  we  had  supposed 
to  be  wings,  were  nothing  more  than  gorgeous  footmen 
with  chapeaux  bras,  gilt  braided  skirts  and  splendid  swords. 
Nothing  ever  was  witnessed  in  Washington  so  brilhant  and 
dazzling,  —  a  meridian  sun  blazing  full  on  this  carriage 
filled  with  diamonds  and  glittering  orders,  and  gilt  to  the 
edge  of  the  wheels,  —  you  may  well  imagine  how  the 
natives  stared  and  rubbed  their  eyes  to  be  convinced  't  was 
no  fairy  dream 

"  I  have  just  had  a  most  delightful  conversation  with 
Mr.  Wirt  of  Eichmond,  who  called  to  see  me,  and  pro- 
longed his  visit,  finding  me  alone,  very  much  to  my  grati- 
fication. He  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  belles  lettres  scholars 
I  ever  met ;  and  excels  in  colloquial  talent  as  much  as 
he  does  in  descriptive  prose.  I  wish  you  knew  him,  as  he 
is  a  being  of  the  first  order." 

"June  27,  1814. 

**....  Joseph  has  returned  within  an  hour  from  a 
fatiguing  and  really  dangerous  expedition,  without  any 
other  injury  than  excessive  weariness,  after  being  exposed 
to  the  fire  of  the  British  on  an  open  plain,  where  the  balls 
whistled  round  his  ears  for  the  first  time.  The  scene  was 
novel  to  him,  but  unlike  most  other  novelties,  it  was  not 
pleasing.  He  volunteered  his  services  while  absent,  on 
every  occasion  of  fatigue  or  hazard  which  occurred ;  and 

was  always  '  to  the  fore '  when  they  expected  attack 

William  has  held  himself  in  readiness  to  be  called  out  with 
his  compan}'-  at  a  moment's  warning ;  but  I  trust  they  will 
have  no  further  occasion  for  their  services,  as  Gen.  Arm- 
strong has  issued  orders  for  the  return  of  those  who  are  at 
Benedict.     Sunday,  the  day  on  which  the  cavalry,  riflemen 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  115 

and  infantry  from  Georgetown  and  Washington  started  to 
Nottingham,  was  a  distressing  period.  Seeing  Joseph  go, 
and  expecting  William  to  be  ordered  off  every  moment, 
rendered  the  parade  which  took  place  before  our  door 
previous  to  starting  extremely  painful False  re- 
ports reached  us  from  the  scene  of  action,  it  being  con- 
fidently asserted  that  six  of  Capt.  Caldwell's  troopers  were 
killed ;  and  you  may  imagine  that  each  individual  having 
relatives  in  the  troop  trembled  and  conceived  the  loss 
theirs.  There  was  something  very  awful  at  the  sight  of 
cannon  rattling  through  the  streets,  suiTounded  by  sol- 
diers, chiefly  friends.  I  had  never  seen  these  dreadful  imple- 
ments of  war  associated  with  the  idea  of  their  immediate 
destination  and  probable  use.  The  present  danger  has 
passed ;  yet  we  are  kept  in  a  perpetual  state  of  alarm. 
Capt.  Davidson's  volunteers,  among  whom  is  William,  were 
left  in  the  city  as  our  safeguard " 

Mr.  Gales  was  absent  on  furlough  for  the  purpose  of 
placing  his  wife  and  Mrs.  Seaton  and  family  in  safety 
at  Kaleigh ;  and  Mr.  Seaton  was  at  the  editorial  post 
on  the  memorable  morning  of  August  24,  1814,  when 
the  sound  of  the  distant  gun  brought  dismayed  con- 
viction to  the  affrighted  and  ill-prepared  city,  that  the 
British  were  in  truth  advancing  in  force  on  the  Capital. 
Dismissing  the  workmen  to  their  respective  corps,  and 
closing  the  office,  Mr.  Seaton  hastened  to  join  liis  com- 
pany, then  at  the  Eastern  Branch,  which  at  once  pro- 
ceeded to  the  front,  meeting  the  enemy  at  Bladensburg, 
where,  placed  in  the  advance,  it  acted  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  sharp  engagement  that  ensued.  Mr.  Sea- 
ton always  deprecated  the  injustice  which  this  really 
spirited   skirmish   received   at  the  hands  of  history; 


116  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

and  was  glad  when  the  incidents  of  the  action  were 
placed  in  their  true  light  by  the  late  Colonel  John  S. 
Williams,  a  nephew  of  the  gallant  Eevolutionary  pa- 
triot, General  Otho  Williams  of  Maryland,  and  a  par- 
ticipator in  the  events  he  impartially  narrates  in  his 
"  Invasion  of  Washington." 

The  editors  of  the  Intelligencer,  in  npholding  their 
country's  rights,  in  animating  the  public  by  their 
ardent  and  effective  appeals  to  patriotism,  had  in  an 
especial  manner  excited  the  ire  of  the  valorous  in- 
vaders ;  and  no  surer  attestation  of  the  value  of  their 
labors  could  have  been  offered  than  in  the  inglorious 
act  of  Admiral  Cockburn,  who  caused  the  Intelligencer 
office  to  be  sacked ;  and  ordering  the  books  and  other 
property  of  the  establishment  to  be  piled  on  the  banks 
of  the  canal,  set  fire  to  and  destroyed  them,  himself 
urging  the  mariners  to  the  pitiful  work.  The  building 
was  spared,  however,  at  the  intercession  of  the  women 
of  the  neighborhood,  who  alone  remained  to  guard 
the  premises,  there  having  been  a  levy  en  masse  of 
the  men.  Sala,  the  brilliant  English  author,  when  in 
this  country,  in  commenting  on  Cockburn's  petty 
revenge  on  the  editors,  says :  "  The  ISTational  Intel- 
ligencer still  lives,  and,  what  is  more,  the  editor  is 
living  too.  I  had  the  honor  of  seeing  Colonel  Seaton 
one  night,  —  a  hale  gentleman  of  eighty,  very  much 
resembling  Lord  Brougham  in  appearance,  in  full 
possession  of  his  powers,  editing  his  Intelligencer  as 
fearlessly  under  the  sway  of  Abraham  Lincoln  as  he 
was  wont  to  do  under  James  ]\Iadison,  —  revered  for 
his  blameless  character,  and,  as  the  Nestor  of  American 
journalism  of  the  higher  class,  universally  esteemed, 


A   BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  117 

not  only  by  the  great  of  liis  own  country,  but  by  all 
the  diplomatic  corps  of  Washington.  But  there  is  no 
doubt  about  our  having  thrown  his  types  out  of  the 
window." 

These  types  fortunately  were  partly  saved  by  the 
eneroy  of  an  Englishwoman  attached  to  the  family, 
who  has  also  additionetl  claim  to  mention,  as  having  in 
her  youth  known  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  — -  the  burly 
lexicographer  having  at  one  period  lived  in  her  vil- 
lao-Q  —  on  whose  knee  she  had  often  sat,  and  who  had 
given  her  a  sacredly  treasured  pair  of  silver  shoe- 
buckles. 

It  would  be  an  injustice  to  include  in  censure  all 
the  British  officers  under  Cockburn's  command  in  this 
invasion,  his  inglorious  deeds  having  been,  in  truth, 
checked  by  a  gallant  Guardsman,  to  whom  reference 
is  made  in  the  following  letter  from  General  George 
H.  Stewart,  a  gallant  Marylander,  conspicuous  in  the 
skirmish  of  Bladensburg  and  the  defence  of  Baltimore. 
Major,  now  Sir  Norman  Pringie,  often,  in  later  years, 
spoke  to  Americans  of  the  mortification  felt  by  him- 
self and  comrades  at  the  vandalism  disgracing  the 
capture  of  Washington.  He  is  a  high-toned,  well- 
bred,  soldierly  gentleman,  of  an  ancient  Scotch  house, 
doing  honor  to  the  baronetcy  to  which  he  has  recently 
succeeded. 

"  I  do  not  remember  to  have  mentioned  to  you  that  I 
wrote  to  our  friend  Major  Pringie,  at  Stockholm,  advising 
him  to  apply  for  one  of  the  vacant  considates  in  this  coun- 
try, which  I  presume  are  more  desirable  than  the  one  he 
now  fills  in  Sweden.  Pringie  replied,  that  perhaps  his 
presence  here   would  not  be  acceptable,  as  he  had  been 


118  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

with  the  army  in  the  capture  of  "Washington,  and  conse- 
quently might  have  incurred  some  odium  on  that  account. 
I  rejoined  that  no  one  here  would  feel  any  the  slightest 
objection  to  him  on  that  scofe  ;  and  when  it  should  be 
explained  that  he  was  detailed  with  his  Grenadier  company 
to  protect  'private  x>yoperty  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue  (which 
duty  he  performed  faithfully  and  successfully,  during  the 
night,  to  the  satisfaction  of  General  Ross,  and  also  of  the 
citizens  of  that  locality),  I  thought  his  appointment  to  any 

consulate  here  would  he  acceptahle 

"  Yours  faithfully, 

"G.   H.  Stewaet." 
"Colonel  W.  W.  Seaton." 

One  of  the  most  notable  of  Mr.  Seaton's  circle  of 
friends,  and  chief,  indeed,  among  the  social  celebrities 
of  Washington  at  that  period,  was  Mr.  Thomas  Law, 
of  whom  few  persons  then  living  had  not  some  anec- 
dote to  relate,  as  well  respecting  his  eccentricities  as 
his  brilliant  talent.  This  distinguished  gentleman  was 
a  younger  brother  of  Lord  EUenborough,  who  had  suc- 
ceeded Lord  Kenyon  as  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  the 
King's  Bench,  being  raised  to  the  peerage  on  his 
accession  to  the  dignity  of  Lord  Chancellor  of  Eng- 
land; a  second  brother  being  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells.  jNIr.  Law's  early  life  Avas  passed  in  India 
with  Lord  Cornwallis,  holding  there  a  high  civil 
trust  which  he  discharged  with  signal  ability,  receiv- 
ing, on  the  resignation  of  his  office,  many  gratifying 
testimonials  to  the  beneficence  of  his  rule.  Infected 
by  the  spirit  of  liberty  then  moving  all  nations  to 
violent  upheaval,  Mr.  Law's  enthusiasm  was  roused  in 
favor  of  Eepublican  institutions,  and,  inspired   with 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  119 

ardent  admiration  for  the  character  of  Washington, 
lie  came  to  America;  having,  however,  no  political 
affinities  whatever  in  this  country.  He  attracted  much 
attention  from  his  fine  person,  aristocratic  connections, 
and  undoubted  genius,  and  also  from  his  wealth,  which, 
accumulated  in  the  golden  days  of  India,  was  dissi- 
pated chiefly  through  building  speculations,  for  which 
he  had  a  mania  ;  while  he  was  also  generous,  prodigal 
indeed,  in  good  Avorks,  as  in  the  hospitalities  dispensed 
at  his  country-seat  near  Washington.  Mr.  Law  mar- 
ried Miss  Anne  Custis,  sister  of  the  well-known  George 
Washington  Parke  Custis,  of  Arlington,  the  adopted 
son  of  Washington  ; .  but  his  numerous  peculiarities 
unfitted  him  for  domestic  life.  His  eccentricities  were 
many ;  one  of  his  habits  being  to  carry  in  his  hand  a 
piece  of  dough,  which  he  constantly  manipulated,  the 
loss  of  which  would  cause  him  to  lose  the  thread  of  his 
story.  His  absence  of  mind  was  at  times  inconvenient, 
being  obliged,  when  asking  on  one  occasion  at  the  post- 
office  for  his  letters,  to  confess  that  he  did  not  remember 
his  name ;  but  a  few  moments  afterwards,  meeting  a 
friend  who  saluted  him  as  Mr.  Law,  he  hurried  back, 
gave  his  address,  and  received  his  mail.  Another  more 
embarrassing  instance  of  his  distrait  faculties  occurred 
at  Berkeley  Springs,  where,  after  a  bath,  forgetting  to 
dress,  he  appeared  in  the  crowded  grove  in  pur  is  natu- 
ralibus,  scattering  consternation  among  the  prome- 
naders.  A  note  from  a  lady  residing  in  his  house  for 
some  time  winds  up  the  enumeration  of  his  oddities 
by  saying,  "  What  an  uncomfortable,  extraordinary  old 
man  he  is,  with  his  '  instinctive  impulses ! '  on  which 
theme  he  theorizes,  as  upon  '  elective  affinities.'  " 


120  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

Mr.  Law  was  an  enthusiast,  and  regarded  by  less 
sanguine  mortals  as  more  than  visionary,  especially 
when  riding  his  hobby,  the  currency  question,  reams 
of  discussion  on  this  his  favorite  topic  being  in  Mr. 
Seaton's  library.  In  religious  views  he  was  a  deist ; 
and  although  he  subscribed  to  the  building  of  the 
Unitarian  cliurch,  and  went  often  to  enjoy  the  simple, 
touching  eloquence  of  Kobert  Little,  its  first  pastor,  he 
remarked  on  the  first  occasion  of  hearing  him :  "  To 
think  that  Little  was  talking  about  Jesus  Christ,  and 
that  1  did  not  know  he  believed  in  that  sort  of  thing ! " 
Mr.  Law  was  also  quite  a  graceful  poet,  his  Vers  de 
Societe  being  highly  prized  in  the  bright  circle,  the 
incidents  and  personages  of  which  he  cleverly  com- 
memorated.   Mrs.  Seaton  writes  in  November,  1814 :  — 

"  Mr.  Law  yesterday  brought  me  some  lines  applicable 
and  striking,  to  us  who  are  spectators  of  the  ruius  of  the 
Capitol,  and  listeners  to  the  constant  disputation  concern- 
iug  a  removal  of  the  seat  of  government,  or  a  rebuilding 
of  the  public  offices.  You  can  only  half  appreciate  his 
effusions  when  deprived  of  the  advantage  of  hearing  him 
read  them  himself,  as  he  is  an  energetic  declaimer,  and 
possessed  of  a  full-toned,  melodious  voice.  We  see  much 
of  him  and  his  sons,  John  and  Edmund,  who  are  both 
perfectly  unexceptionable  as  regards  either  their  manners, 
principles,  or  acquirements." 

*'A  DREAM. 

The  scene  of  conflagration  wliich  by  day 
Excited  feelings  painful  to  convey, 
Appeared  in  sleep  ;  and  faintly  I  disclose 
The  pleasing  vision  which  in  dreams  arose. 
High  on  the  Capitol's  smeared,  smoky  wall. 
Midst  fractured  pillars  of  the  Congress  Hall 


A  BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  121 

Columbia  sat :  full  frequeut  heaved  the  sigh, 
And  giiefs  dull  languor  Hoated  in  her  eye,  '  . 

"With  wild  emotion  every  feature  wrought, 
Her  air  was  sorrow,  and  her  look  was  thought. 
Lo  !  .smiling  Liberty,  with  heavenly  grace, 
And  form  angelic,  gives  a  warm  embrace  ; 
"  Mourn  not,"  she  said,  "  the  vandal's  savage  flame,—  . 
A  lasting  tarnish  to  the  invader's  fame  ; 
To  just  revenge  thy  children  it  inspires, 
And  makes  them  emulate  their  sainted  sires  ! 
Extend  your  view  o'er  lakes,  o'er  seas,  o'er  lands, 
Triumphant  everywhere  behold  your  bands  ; 
Whole  fleets  are  taken  and  whole  armies  yield  ; 
Before  your  sons  e'en  veterans  fly  the  held. 
Even  in  sight  of  Albion's  clifls  your  fleet 
Seeks  the  proud  ruler  of  the  waves  to  meet. 
My  spirit  gives  an  energy  divine. 
And  makes  your  sons  all  former  deeds  outshine." 
Now  an  eff"ulgent  burst  of  western  light. 
And  gilded  clouds,  wide  spreading,  struck  my  sight. 
Justice  descends  !  but  as  she  nearer  drew 
A  blaze  of  glory  hid  her  from  my  view. 
I  heard  a  voice,  though  solemn,  full  of  love. 
Pronounce  she  came  commissioned  from  above. 
"  Droop  not,  Columbia,"  she  exclaimed, "  but  trust 
In  power  Almighty,  as  your  cause  is  just ; 
The  machinations  of  the  bad  shall  fail. 
The  force  of  numbers  be  of  no  avail. 
Our  God  shall  shield  thy  chosen  land  from  harm,  •— 
Our  God  protects  thee  with  his  outstretched  arm  ! '' 
At  this,  methought  a  peal  of  victory  rung. 
And  a  new  edifice  in  splendor  sprung. 
Like  Phcenix  from  its  ashes,  and  a  sound 
Of  triumph  and  rejoicing  rose  around. 
Sudden  I  woke,  all  glowing  with  delight. 
And  full  of  faith  in  all  that  passed  by  night- 
One  dove  to  Noah  in  the  deluge  bore 
The  welcome  tidings  of  appearing  shore  : 
Two  harbingers  from  heaven  methought  appeared, 
That  sorrowful  Columbia  might  be  cheered. 
0,  may  it  be  the  Almighty's  gi-acious  will. 
This  welcome  vision  quickly  to  fulfil  !  " 


122  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  am  to  deliver  an  address  on  Satur- 
day in  lieu  of  Edmund,  and  in  it  I  shall  demonstrate,  from 
important  facts,  the  ruin  which  must  ensue  if  it  be  at- 
tempted to  liquidate  our  debt  of  3,900,000  six  per  cent 
before  the  1st  January,  1830,  and  the  benefits  which 
will  be  obtained  if  all  the  surplus  revenue  be  applied  to 
public  improvements.  I  have  much  to  communicate.  A 
meeting  must  be  called  to  consider  how  we  can  extricate 
ourselves  from  our  dilemma.  ^Mi'.  Mercer  would,  I  think, 
co-operate  if  he  knew  the  objections  to  a  canal  which  will 
cost  $  5,000,000,  and  which  will  never  be  used  if  accom- 
plished. 

"  Bonaparte,  by  giving  three  hundred  monasteries  to  man- 
ufacturers, and  by  lending  money  without  interest  for  nine 
years,  has  elevated  France  more  than  he  did  by  all  his  vain- 
glorious conquests.  If  every  slave  State  had  a  cotton  man- 
ufacture in  which  only  free  persons  would  be  employed,  a 
town  would  spring  up,  containing  say  fifty  thousand  in 
each  State,  —  here  would  be  in  twelve  States  six  hundred 
thousand.  The  mulattoes,  now  a  dangerous  class,  might 
be  purchased  and  made  free  after  six  or  eight  years,  and 
they  would  become  tradesmen  and  shopkeepers.  Irishmen 
and  other  foreigners  would  become  weavers,  etc.  ;  hay, 
fruit,  vegetables,  meat,  would  become  valuable,  land  would 
rise  in  price,  increased  exports  would  produce  wealth.  The 
more  whites  and  free  persons  having  a  common  interest, 
the  more  safety  and  the  more  prosperity,  for  free  labor  is 
proved  to  be  more  advantageous.  If  the  general  govern- 
ment could  give  back  to  the  States  surplus  revenue  for 
such  works,  what  a  scene  of  advancement  would  be  exhib- 
ited. The  great  object  of  statesmen  should  be  to  multiply 
whites  and  freemen  in  slave  States. 

'^  I  rejoice  at  the  vote  for  the  *  dismal  swamp '  canal. 
Every  day  the  advocates  for  public  improvements  increase. 


A    BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCH.  123 

The  middle  class  is  always  adverse  to  despotism  aud  party 
spirit;  they  wish  for  peace  and  quiet.  Money  only  is 
wanted  to  make  this  country  most  prosperous ;  our  Poto- 
mac canal,  the  Louisville  canal  on  the  Ohio,  the  Florida 
canal  and  many  others,  would  yield  100  per  cent  to  the 
nation.  If  also  cotton  were  manufactured  where  it  is  pro- 
duced, foreign  competitors  would  be  undersold. 

"  Think  not  I  mean  to  bore  you  ;  this  perhaps  is  the  last 
letter  I  shall  ever  write  on  public  affairs.  When  you  have 
a  spare  half-hour,  let  your  zeal  induce  you  to  come  from 
the  Capitol  to  me.  The  crisis  is  favorable  ;  we  only  want 
concurrence  among  ourselves.  I  wish  to  unburthen  myself 
to  you,  who  have  beeji  so  active  and  distributed  letters  and 
pamphlets  so  liberally.  Bernard  cannot  report  in  time, 
and,  be  his  report  ever  so  favorable,  it  will  be  useless. 

"  I  shall  soon  retire  to  the  country,  and  swear  never  more 
to  harass  myself  with  finance  ;  the  charms  of  nature,  too 
much  overlooked  hitherto,  I  will  more  dwell  upon.  On  this 
subject  I  will  show  you  some  good  lines.  Consider  my 
suggestion. 

"  That  I  know  how  to  improve  a  country  is  shown  by  the 

accompanying  letter  from  the  man  Johnson  applauds  in  his 

torn-  to  the  Hebrides,  and  who  went  to  India. 

"  Yours  sincerely, 

"T.  Law, 

**  To  AViLLiAM  W.  Seatox,  Esq. 

March  14,  1826." 

"  MEDDEXPorcE,  March. 

"  Dear  Sir,  —  I  cannot  leave  this  part  of  the  countrj^, 
which  is  so  happy  under  your  care,  without  thanking  you 
for  myself  and  the  party  for  the  very  great  kindness  and 
hospitality  which  you  showed  us,  and  for  the  pleasure  of  a 
higher  nature  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  you.  Since  we 
parted  with  you  we  have  not  rode  a  step  without  perceiving 
the  beneficial  effects  which  your  wise  as  well  as  humane 


124  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

treatment  of  the  peasants  has  produced'  in  the  country ; 
large  tracts,  evidently  newly  rescued  from  the  desert  jun- 
gles, converted  into  corn-fields ;  houses,  villages  everywhere 
rising,  and,  above  all,  happy  faces.  I  have  often  thought 
when  riding  formerly  through  different  parts  of  India,  that 
the  poor  people  said  in  their  hearts,  '  There  goes  one  of  our 
tyrants,  there  is  our  oppressor,  or  the  supporter  of  our  op- 
pressors ' ;  a  different  idea  has  lately  pleased  me.  I  have 
imagined  that  ryots  called  out  to  their  children,  '  There  is 
a  countryman  of  our  father,  our  benefactor,'  etc.,  etc. 

(Signed)  "Norman  McLeod." 

**  MoNTiCELLO,  Dec.  12,  1822. 

"  Thomas  Jefferson  salutes  Mr.  Law  with  ancient  and 
friendly  recollections,  and  with  a  mind  which  does  not 
easily  part  with  early  impressions.  He  hopes  the  years 
which  intervened  since  they  last  saw  each  other  have  been 
to  Mr.  Law  years  of  health  and  pleasantness,  and  that  he 
yet  has  many  such  to  come. 

"  Marching  abreast  with  Mr.  Law  in  the  calendar  of 
time,  it  is  his  particular  lot  to  suffer  by  two  dislocated 
-WTists,  now  stiffened  by  age,  and  rendering  writing  slow, 
painful,  and  all  but  impossible.  He  is  happy  to  find  by 
the  pamphlet  Mr.  Law  has  so  kindly  sent  him,  that  his 
mind  is  still  equal  to  the  continuation  of  his  useful  labors, 
and  that  his  zeal  for  the  general  good  is  unabated.  "Where 
they  are  next  to  meet,  in  this  or  some  other  untried  state 
of  being,  he  knows  not.  But  if  we  carry  w4th  us  the 
affections  of  this  world,  he  shall  thence  greet  Mr.  Law 
with  unchanged  esteem  and  respect.  , 

*'To  Thomas  Law,  Esq." 

"January  11,  1815. 

"  In  twenty-four  hours,  dearest  mother,  we  shall  hear 
whether  the  British  are  repulsed  from  the  shores  of  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  125 

Mississippi,   or  in  possession  of   New  Orleans.      We  are 
excessively  uneasy  about  dear  Tom.     He  would,  we  know, 
be  in  the  very  front  of  danger  in  any  event ;  and  Gen- 
eral Jackson's  bravery  approaches  to  hardihood,  it  being 
well  known  that  he  will  never  desist  from  fighting  while 
one  of  his  men  shall  remain.      The  British  are  several  thou- 
sand strong,  superior  in  number,  many  of  them  well-tried 
veterans  ;  while  our  force  is  said  to  consist  of  a  proportion 
of  one  thousand  regulars  to  three  thousand  militia,  —  add 
to  which,  the  Spanish  population  are   entirely  disafi:ected, 
and  inclined  to  the   invaders.     The  general  opinion  here 
entertained  is,  that  nothing  short  of  a  miracle   can  save 
that  devoted  city.     These  fiicts  are  from  Senators  Brown 
and  Boiling  Robinson,*  who  are  too  well  convinced  of  then: 
truth  to  entertain  a  hope  of  the  salvation  of  their  country. 
Mr.  Eppes  and  Colonel  Johnson  came  in  to  tea  this  even- 
ing, who  have  put  me   in  a  little  heart  by  assuring  me, 
that  if  our  arms  be  victorious,  the   contest  decided  in  our 
favor  when  so  unequally  lu'ged,  a  wreath  of   honor  and 
glory  will  crown  the  survivors,  and  the  gratitude  of  their 
fellow-citizens  immortalize  their  worthy  deeds.       Colonel 
Johnson  places  the  most  implicit  confidence  in  Jackson  ; 
and  says  that  his  soldiers  must  be  successful  under  a  com- 
mander whose   skill  equals  his   bravery.      Heaven   grant 
success  !  both  for  our  individual  happiness  and  the  interests 
of   our  adopted  country;  to  restore    my   brother  to  the 
bosom  of  his  family,  and  to  induce  our  implacable  enemy  to 
consult  their  interest  in  a  speedy  and  honorable  termina- 
tion of  the  war,  which  would  doubtless  be  accelerated  by 
discomfiture   in  attack.      What    do    father   and  yourself 
think  of  America  now,  without  men  or  money  to  meet  the 
immense    armament    prepared    by   the     English   for    our 
coasts '?     The  members  of  Congi-ess  are  mad  enough  to  bite 
off  their  own  heads  at  their  own  proceedings,  and  still  con- 


126  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

tinue  to  act  inconsistently,  to  disgrace  their  country  in  the 
estimation  of  their  own  and  other  nations." 

"February  4,  1815. 

"  Let  us  join  with  you  in  present  gratitude  and  joy, 
dear  mother,  in  being  permitted  once  more  ^to  welcome  the 
anniversary  of  our  beloved  father's  birthday.  May  this 
day  find  him  still  healthful  and  serene,  dispensing  happi- 
ness to  all  around  him.  We  shall  celebrate  this  festival 
of  the  heart  in  domestic  quiet  and  loving  content.  The 
4th  of  February  will  ever  be  distinguished  by  the  in- 
habitants of  Washington,  as  giving  them  the  first  authentic 
account  of  the  most  decided  victory  over  our  enemies  that 
ever  was  obtained  by  America,  with  the  loss  of  five  men 
killed  and  twelve  w^ounded  on  our  side.  The  bravery,  the 
daring  intrepidity  displayed  by  the  poor  English  fellows, 
who  persisted  in  advancing  to  the  very  mouth  of  the 
cannon,  though  mowed  down  by  hundreds,  render  even 
the  triumph  obtained  over  them  painful.  We  are  still 
uncertain  and  anxious  for  the  eventual  fate  of  Orleans ; 
but  are  entirely  roused  from  the  state  of  despondency 
w^hich  the  prospect  of  inevitable  destruction  to  so  valu- 
able a  portion  of  the  United  States  had  occasioned." 

"  November,  1815. 
"  ....  On  dit  that  the  winter  will  be  extremely  gay, 
and  decked  w^ith  all  the  splendor  of  polished  manners, 
brilliant  talent  and  transcendent  beauty,  and  the  drawing- 
rooms  will  sparkle  with  scintillations  of  wit  and  fire  of 
genius.  Mr.  Jeff'erson's  granddaughter,  Miss  Randolph, 
will  lead  the  van  in  accomplishments  and  beauty ;  Miss 
Law,  Miss  Harrison  of  Philadelphia,  and  Miss  Livingston 
will  fill  an  elevated  place  in  the  admiration  of  every 
observer,  while  daughters  and  nieces  of  the  members  will 
fill  up  the  interstices.     There  is  every  reason  to  expect  a 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  127 

crowded  and  interesting  winter,  as  it  will  be  the  first  meet- 
ing of  Congress  since  the  peace.  Mrs.  Madison  tells  me 
that  there  will  be  a  great  many  foreigners  of  distinction 

here There  was  a  document  received   some  time 

since  at  the  State  Department,  in  Spanish,  which  frustrated 
the  talent  of  all  the  city  to  translate.  Estimating  highly 
Mr.  Jefferson's  knowledge  as  a  linguist,  it  was  sent  to  him 
by  the  President.  He  called  Miss  Randolph,  and  gave  her 
the  manuscript  for  her  morning  task,  and  long  before  the 
appointed  hour  she  placed  in  his  hands  an  elegant  and 
correct  translation,  which  was  at  once  transmitted  to  the 
department;  and  being  an  important  state  paper,  it  has 
paved  the  way  veiy  handsomely  for  Miss  Randolph.  She 
will  stay  with  Mrs.  Madison,  and  will  no  doubt  be  very 
attractive   to   the   various   well-informed   visitors   at    the 

palace At  the  first  drawing-room,  old  :Mr.  Digges 

was  very  attentive  to  me,  inviting  me  pressingly  to  visit 
Warburton  and  bring  any  party  with  me,  and  thence  to  go 
to  Mount  Yemon,  retm-n  and  stay  a  day  with  him,  to  view 
the  charming  scenery  which  he  '  should  delight  to  point 
out  to  the  amiable  daughter  of  his  old  friends.'  He  spent 
a  couple  of  hours  with  me  yesterday,  —  most  agreeably  on 
my  part.  This  recalls  our  late  trip  to  Mount  Vernon,  the 
occasion  being  an  entertainment  given  by  Major  Miller  and 
the  officers  of  the  Marine  Corps,  to  a  party  of  our  friends. 
The  band  accompanied  us ;  and  after  visiting  the  tomb, 
and  seeing  every  object  of  note  on  the  hallowed  gi'ound, 
we  adjourned  to  the  boat,  where  an  elegant  collation 
awaited  us.  We  were  invited  with  much  politeness  and 
earnestness  by  Judge  Bushrod  Washington  to  remain  and 
partake  of  refreshments,  but  declined  his  hospitality.  I, 
however,  accepted  his  offer  to  walk  over  the  house  and  see 
the  various  pictures  of  the  former  possessor.  It  is  singular, 
that  of  all  the  likenesses  preserved  of  Gen.  Washington, 


128  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON, 

the  one  held  in  gi-eatest  estimation  as  a  striking  resera- 
l)lance  was  cut  fi'om  a  common  water  pitcher  made  in  Eng- 
land. This  piece  of  crockery  is  ft-amed,  and  holds  a  place 
of  honor  in  the  drawing-room.  An  elegant  organ  was 
open,  upon  the  desk  of  which  was  one  of  Handel's  master- 
pieces j  but  Mrs.  Washington  unfortunately  was  indisposed, 
or  we  should  have  enjoyed  the  pleasure  of  hearing  her 
play.  The  Judge  is  .  passionately  fond  of  music,  and 
appeared  much  pleased  with  the  skill  of  the  band,  which 

performed  admirably  in  the  grove The  gardener  was 

a  German,  and  whether  it  was  my  enthusiasm  for  his  old 
master,  the  mvsteries  of  horticulture  which  we  discussed, 
or  something  winning  in  my  ways,  I  know  not  j  but  he 
took  a  fancy  to  me,  and  offered  me  plants  of  any  kind  I 
wished,  which,  however,  I  of  course  declined.  While  we 
were  standing  on  the  lawn  with  Judge  Washington  listening 
to  the  music,  the  old  German  walked  up  very  formally 
through  the  assembled  party,  and  presented  me  with  a 
bouquet  of  great  fragrance,  with  a  bow  and  approving 
smile.  The  company  congratulated  me  on  my  conquest; 
and  Judge  Washington  assured  me  that  the  favor  was 
totally  unprecedented  and  astonishing,  as  during  his  whole 
knowledge  of  him  he  had  never  given  away  a  flower 
before." 

]\Ir.  Thomas  A.  Digges,  whose  acquaintance  with  INIr. 
and  Mrs.  Gales  in  England  had  given  the  first  impulse 
to  their  subsequent  removal  to  America,  was  a  l^dary- 
land  gentleman  of  ancient  colonial  family,  and  note- 
worthy English  descent.  One  of  liis  ancestors,  Sir 
Dudley  Digges,  having  unfortunately  incurred  the  ire 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  he  was  condemned  by  the  impla- 
cable sovereign  to  be  first  disembowelled,  and  then 
beheaded.     He  sent  for  Essex  to  use  his  powerful  in- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  129 

fluence  in  interceding  with  the  queen  for  a  mitiga- 
tion of  the  sentence,  so  far  as  to  reverse  the  order  of 
punislmient,  and  permit  him  to  be  beheaded /rs^.  But 
to  the  petition  of  Essex  the  gentle  virgin  answered, 
"  Why,  that  is  the  very  beauty  of  it ! "  During  our 
Eevolutionary  struggle  Mr.  Digges  visited  England, 
where  he  remained  during  many  years,  being  a  wel- 
come guest  in  the  most  distinguished  circles  of  society, 
and  maintaining  intimate  relations  especially  with  the 
Whigs  or  Liberals,  whose  leader,  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
favored  the  rebels  or  American  party,  as  opposed  to 
the  Tories,  who  sided- with  Kino-  GeorQ-e.  Mr.  Diooeg 
was  a  bachelor,  a  well-bred  man,  and  charming  com- 
panion, his  conversation  replete  with  thrilling  memo- 
ries of  the  French  Eevolution,  the  horrors  of  which 
he  had  witnessed,  and  sparkling  with  anecdotes  of 
Eox,  Sheridan,  and  other  celebrities  of  the  brilliant 
and  famous  Carlton  House  coterie.  He  was  a  man  of 
many  eccentricities  of  habit,  but  a  generous  heart 
withal,  capable  of  kind  deeds.  Major  L'Enfant,  the 
engineer  brought  from  France  by  Count  Eochambeau, 
—  who  accompanied  Lafayette  to  aid  the  Colonies,  — 
was  subsequently  employed  under  General  Washington 
to  lay  out  the  Federal  City,  in  the  growth  of  which  the 
beauty  and  magnificence  of  his  designs  are  daily  devel- 
oped. Feeling  aggrieved  at  some  unjust  treatment 
from  the  government,  he  used  to  appear  invariably  at 
the  Capitol  each  day,  with  a  hdton  under  his  arm,  to 
prosecute  his  claim  befoi:a  Congress  ;  but  being  disap- 
pointed in  his  hopes,  he  retired  to  Warburton  Manor, 
where  for  ten  years  previous  to  his  death  he  enjoyed, 
from  the  generosity  of  Mr.  Digges,  a  comfortable  home. 


130  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

The  hospitalities  of  this  charming  seat,  long  years  ago 
passed  away,  were  proverbial ;  and  it  was  on  the  occa- 
sion of  a  visit  to  Mr.  Digges,  their  former  friendship  be- 
ing warmly  renewed,  that  Mrs.  Gales  wrote  the  follow- 
ing im;prom]ptu,  discovered  by  her  host  on  her  dressing- 
table  the  morning  of  her  departure  from  the  manor :  — 

*'  0,  what  a  goodly  scene  mine  eyes  embrace  ! 
Mingling  with  Flora's  tincts  of  varied  dye, 
Painted  on  Nature's  sweet  and  pleasant  face, 
"Woods,  vales,  and  streams  in  sweet  confusion  lie. 

•  •  •  •  • 

"Let  poets  boast  of  Arno's  '  shelvy  side,' 
And  sing  the  beauties  of  the  classic  Po, 
Give  me  Potomac's  gi'and,  majestic  tide. 
Sparkling  beneath  the  sun's  effulgent  glow  ! 

"  Yet  one  regret  must  mingle  with  the  pride 

Which  erst  enkindled  at  thy  *  fair  mild '  name  ; 
Here  Britain's  navy  dared  unchecked  to  ride, 
And  history  will  the  monstrous  fact  proclaim. 

"  Ah  !  could  the  sainted  Washington  have  seen 
The  vandal  hordes,  with  desolating  rage. 
Pour  dire  destruction  o'er  the  once-loved  scene, 
And  more  than  Gothic  warfare  rudely  wage,  — 

"  E'en  from  those  scenes  of  glory,  where  on  high 
He  sits  enthroned  amidst  celestial  choirs. 
E'en  there  he  would  have  breathed  a  mournful  sigh 
As  rose  the  devastating  monsters'  fires. 

**  But  let  not  one  foul  stain  eclipse  the  rays 
Diverging  from  a  thousand  gallant  deeds; 
All  else  has  been  a  glorious,  splendid  blaze. 
Worthy  the  poet's  song,  the  historian's  meed. 

"  Let  Plattsburg,  Chippewa,  and  Orleans  tell, 

Tlurc  the  proud  triumph  of  our  arms  were  shown  ; 
While  Erie,  Champlain,  and  Ontario  swell 

The  note  which  Fame  through  every  land  hath  blown  ! 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  131 

*'  Farewell,  Potomac  !  o'er  thy  waters  wide 
I  take  a  lingering  but  delightful  view ; 
Whilst  the  gay  vessel  dances  on  the  tide, 
I  bid  thee,  Warburton,  a  last  adieu. 

**  Perhaps  no  more  to  see  my  early  friend,  — 
No  more  his  hospitable  smile  to  meet, 
"Where  true  politeness  and  kind  friendship  blend, 
The  ever-welcome,  grateful  guest  to  gi-eet. 

**  Winifred  Gales." 

The  "  one  foul  stain "  to  which  the  verses  allude 
was,  doubtless,  the  desertion  of  his  post  by  the  young 
officer  in  command.  Fort  Warburton  being  captured  by 
the  British  in  consequence  of  his  running  away.  The 
fort  was  on  the  domain  of  Mr.  Digges,  the  present  Fort 
Washington  being  erected  on  its  site. 

*' November,  1815. 
"  .  .  .  .  About  fifty  members  have  arrived  and  marked 
their  seats  in  the  new  building  on  Capitol  Hill,  erected  for 
their  temporary  accommodation  by  old  Mr  Law,  Carroll, 
and  others,  who  wished  to  enhance  the  value  of  their  prop- 
erty. You  wiU  perceive  by  the  papers  that  General  Jack- 
son's visit  here  has  excited  a  great  commotion.  Dinners, 
plays,  balls,  throughout  the  District.  I  wish  much  that 
some  little  aerial  machine,  uniting  expedition  and  safety, 
could  be  invented,  that  you  could  take  wing  and  remain  a 
day,  or  an  hour  even,  with  us,  and  participate  in  the  pleas- 
ure which  every  true  lover  of  their  country  must  feel  in 
conversing  with  so  distinguished  a  warrior  as  Jackson. 
Immediately  on  Mrs.  Jackson's  arrival  a  dilemma  was 
presented,  and  a  grand  debate  ensued  as  to  whether  the 
ladies  would  visit  her Colonel  Reid  and  Dr.  Good- 
let,  the  friends  of  years  of  General  Jackson,  having  settled 
the  question  of  propriety  satisfactorily,  all  doubts  were  laid 
aside I  have  seen  a  good  deal  of  General  Jackson 


132  WILLIAM   WIXSTON   SEATON. 

and  his  wife,  who  both  received  me  with  great  attention 
and  civiUty.  He  is  not  striking  in  appearance  ;  his  fea- 
tures are  hard-favored  (as  our  Carohnians  say),  his  com- 
plexion sallow,  and  his  person  small.  Mrs.  Jackson  is  a 
totally   uninformed  woman   in   mind   and    manners,    but 

extremely  civil,  in  her  way I  suppose  there  have 

never  been  in  the  city  so  many  plain  women,  in  every  sense 
of  the  word,  as  are  now  here  among  the  families  of  official 
personages.  I  have  always  heard  it  asserted  without  con- 
tradiction, that  nothing  was  easier  than  to  learn  to  be  a 
fine  lady ;  but  I  begin  to  think  differently,  being  morally 
certain  that  many  among  the  new-comers  will  never  achieve 
that  distinction.  Among  the  most  amiable  and  refined  of 
my  acquaintances  is  Mrs.  Crawford,  of  whom,  being  intro- 
duced to  me  by  my  intimate  friends  Mrs.  Meigs  and  Mrs. 
Forsyth,  who  are  also  her  old  friends,  I  shall  probably  see  a 
good  deal.  She  has  received  by  Mr.  Crawford,  from  Paris, 
the  most  elegant  furniture ;  but  she  has  no  disposition  for 
gayety,  and  thinks  her  husband's  appointment  as  Secre- 
tary of  War  the  most  unfortunate  circumstance,  inasmuch 
as  it  will  require  her  to  forsake,  in  a  good  degree,  those 
domestic  habits  which  have  heretofore  constituted  her  sole 

happiness You  may  be  sure,  however,  dear  mother, 

that  these  homespun  propensities  of  our  great  folk  cannot 
diminish  my  respect  for  their  intrinsic  merit  and  many 
excellent  qualities 

"May,  1816. 
"  This  day,  for  the  first  time  this  year,  we  recognize 


sprnig. 


*  Burst  are  the  chains  which  lately  bound, 
And,  lo  !  the  emancipated  ground 
.    Her  independence  feels. 
The  liberated  rivers  flow, 
And  conscious  forests  laugh  to  know 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  133 

Their  species  are  set  free 
From  tjTant  Winter  :  —  and  again 
Bounds  the  white  blood  through  every  vein 

Of  every  joyous  tree.' 

Nerer  here  was  this  genial  season  so  long  retarded ;  and 
even  now  we  present  the  phenomenon  of  eating  straw- 
berries and  cream  by  a  bright  fire We  have  been 

on  a  jaunt  to  Annapolis,  to  visit  the  '  Seventy-four,'  about 
to  carry  ^Ir.  Pinckney  on  his  mission.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  towns  in  the  Union,  and  though  exhibiting  every 
symptom  of  decay,  is  the  most  lovely  spot  you  can  con- 
ceive. On  our  way  we  met  Judge  Duvall,  who  pressed  us 
to  dine  at  his  house,  about  fifteen  miles  from  Washington, 
on  the  roadside,  where  we  spent  a  few  hours  most  delight- 
fully in  the  society  of  this  venerable,  j^atriarchal  man  and 
hospitable,  loquacious,  kind  old  lady,  who  displayed  on  her 
table  every  luxury  in  and  out  of  season.  The  President  and 
family  had  stayed  a  day  and  night  just  before,  being  much 
gratified  in  their  visit.  The  evening  we  reached  Annapolis 
there  was  a  gi-eat  ball  in  honor  of  the  Bresident,  and  half 
an  hour  after  our  aiTival  we  received  invitations.  Every 
one  was  there.  Among  other  families  in  Annapolis,  we 
were  glad  to  meet  our  fi'iends  Mrs.  Rush,  Mrs.  Lowndes, 
General  Scott,  Rogers,  Porter,  etc.,  who  all  fraternized 
very  cordially.  Mrs.  Madison  was  very  polite,  expressing 
herself  surprised  and  delighted  at  our  arrival,  introdu- 
cing me  very  handsomely  to  Mrs.  Pinckney,  —  her  husband 
I  knew  very  well  before,  —  Governor  and  Mrs.  Ridgely, 
'of  Maryland,  and  other  notabilities,  which,  in  a  strange 
land,  was  very  kind  and  acceptable.  Commodore  Chauncy 
and  wife  treated  us  with  great  respect  and  attention,  and 
Captain  Creighton,  the  commander,  was  an  old  acquaintance, 
to  see  whom,  indeed,  was  one  inducement  of  our  trip.  The 
Seventy-four  was  the  ostensible  cause  of  the  jaunt,  but  the 


134  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

beautiful  country  and  scenery  had  by  far  the  greater  por- 
tion of  our  time.  A  description  of  the  interior  of  such  a 
magnificent  man-of-war  transcends  my  power;  suffice  it 
that  the  clock-work  regularity,  the  rigid  discipline  reigning 
throughout,  and  the  delicate  neatness  pervading  every  nook 
of  the  vast  monarch  of  the  seas,  received  my  full  meed  of 
admiration.  The  little  President  was  as  gay  as  a  lark,  and 
jested  very  humorously  on  the  incidents  of  their  journey  ; 
the  cares  of  state  thrown  off  his  shoulders  completely  met- 
amorphosed him,  and  relaxed  his  frigidity  amazingly 

I  called  to  see  your  old  friend,  Mr.  Law,  yesterday,  and 
found  him  employed  in  the  most  delightful  and  edifying 
occupation,  —  whistling  variations  to  an  operatic  air  to  his 
son  and  heir,  aged  five  weeks  ! 

"  I  enjoyed  a  treat  last  week,  my  dear  sister,  which,  great 
as  it  was,  I  would  have  willingly  transferred  to  you,  from 
the  consideration  that  you  were  enabled  both  by  nature 
and  education  to  enjoy  it  more  exquisitely  than  I  could 
without  your  advantages,  —  and  this  was  a  view  of  some 
of  the  finest  paintings  ever  in  America.  Mr.  Calvert  of 
Bladensburg  went  to  Antwerp,  where  he  man'ied  a  Miss 
Steers,  whose  father,  a  descendant  of  Reubens,  and  an 
enthusiastic  devotee  of  art,  became  possessed  of  several 
masterpieces  to  the  great  Fleming,  to  which  were  added 
Titians,  Yanderlyns,  and  other  undoubted  originals,  —  in  all 
about  forty  specimens  of  the  old  masters.  During  Bona- 
parte's absolute  sway  in  France,  and  his  lawless  thirst  for 
the  acquisition  of  paintings  with  which  to  adorn  the  Lou- 
vre, he  instituted  a  search  for  these  same  gems,  well  known 
in  the  art  world,  which  Mr.  Steers  apprehending,  he  se- 
creted and  subsequently  brought  his  treasures  to  his  daugh- 
ter in  America,  for  safe  keeping.  The  Bourbons  being  now 
reinstated,  without,  as  Mr.  Steere  thinks,  any  danger  of 
a  reverse  of  fortune,  he  has  reclaimed  the  paintings ;  and 


•  A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  135 

Mr.  Calvert,  inasmuch  as  such  an  opportunity  might  never 
again  occur  to  the  citizens  of  Washington,  invited  all  con- 
noisseurs and  amateurs  to  come  for  five  days  and  gi'atify 
their  taste  and  curiosity.  Peale  from  Philadelphia,  King 
and  Wood  from  Baltimore,  were  transported  with  admira- 
tion. The  Grecian  Daughter,  as  it  is  called,  Euphrasia, 
by  Reubens,  excited  the  most  hvely  emotions  of  admira- 
tion ;  but  '  The  unbelieving  Priest,'  by  Titian,  was  decided 
by  them  to  be  incomparably  the  most  splendid  effort  of 
genius  in  that  superb  collection.  Although  convinced  that 
my  emotions  of  delight  were  inferior  to  those  which  ani- 
mated the  countenances  of  many  connoisseurs  present,  I 
have  felt  ever  since  as  if  I  had  gained  an  idea,  as  if  an- 
other ray  of  intellect  had  been  given  me  by  which  to  esti- 
mate the  productions  of  other  artists,  by  comparing  them 
with  these  imprinted  on  my  memory." 

**  March,  1818. 
"  ....  I  have  mentioned  the  very  agreeable  accession 
to  our  neighborhood  in  the  Calhouns.  You  could  not  fail 
to  love  and  appreciate,  as  I  do,  her  charming  qualities  ;  a 
devoted  mother,  tender  wife,  industrious,  cheerful,  intel- 
ligent, with  the  most  perfectly  equable  temper.  Mr.  Cal- 
houn is  a  profomid  statesman  and  elegant  scholar,  you 
know  by  public  report ;  but  his  manners  in  a  private  circle 
are  endearing,  as  well  as  captivating ;  and  it  is  as  much 
impossible  not  to  love  him  at  home  as  it  would  be  to 
refuse  yoiu'  admiration  of  his  oratorical  powers  in  the  Hall 
of  Representatives.  Since  his  absence  in  Carolina  his  wife 
has  spent  much  time  with  me,  coming  down  at  nine  in  the 
morning  and  stopping  till  ten  at  night,  and  we  generally 

go  to  church  together  on  Sunday I  returned  last 

week  the  visit  of  Mrs.  W.,  accompanied  by  Mrs.  Calhoun, 
thinking  it  would  gratify  our  old  friend  to  give  her  the 
benefit  of  any  acquaintance  who  might  be  thought  by  the 


136  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

mass  of  the  people  to  confer  honor  by  paying  the  first 
visit.  But  I  do  not  fancy  being  pressed  into  such  service, 
as  has  been  recently  the  case  with  Mrs.  M.,  whose  husband 
having  no  acquaintance  with  whom  he  could  take  the 
liberty  except  myself,  earnestly  requested  the  favor  of  my 
introducing  his  wife  to  the  President's  family,  foreign  min- 
isters, secretaries,  etc.  Decline  I  could  not ;  the  respecta- 
bility of  the  lady,  as  the  wife  of  a  member  of  Congress,  being 
a  sufficient  passport  into  any  society  here.  They  were  grati- 
fied in  having  the  visits  returned,  and  on  being  invited  con- 
sequently to  dine  with  Monsieur  de  Neuville,  and  to  meet 
us  and  a  few  other  acquaintances  at  Mr.  Calhoun's.  So 
far,  so  well ;  but  it  is  an  office  that  neither  William*  nor  I 
are  fond  of,  as  it  seems  almost  a  demand  for  civility  to  our 
acquaintances,  in  addition  to  that  voluntarily  bestowed  on 

ourselves It  is  said  that  the  dinner-parties  of  Mrs. 

Monroe  will  be  very  select.  Mrs.  Hay,  daughter  of  Mrs. 
Monroe,  returns  the  visits  paid  to  her  mother,  making 
assurances,  in  the  most  pointedly  polite  manner,  that  Mrs. 
Monroe  will  be  happy  to  see  her  friends  morning  or 
evening,  but  that  her  health  is  totally  inadequate  to  visit- 
ing at  present !  Mrs.  Hay  is  understood  to  be  her  proxy, 
and  there  this  much-agitated  and  important  question 
ends  ;  and  as  there  is  no  distinction  made,  but  all  treated 
alike,  I  suppose  it  will  eventually  go  down,  though  this  alter- 
ation in  the  old  regime  was  bitter  to  the  palates  of  all  our 
citizens,  especially  so  to  foreign  ministers  and  strangers." 

Previous  to  the  accession  of  Mr.  Monroe  to  the 
Presidency,  the  lady  of  the  executive  mansion  had  fol- 
lowed the  rules  of  etiquette  in  regard  to  social  visiting 
usually  accepted  in  the  conventional  world.  Mrs. 
Madison,  with  her  frank,  cordial,  unassuming  manner, 
had   shown   no   distinction  in  individual  or  political 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  137 

position,  when  reciprocating  the  respect  and  attention 
so  universally  accorded  to  her  personally.  But  with  the 
growth  of  the  city  it  became  fitting  to  draw  the  line 
of  demarcation  more  stringently;  and  the  question  as 
to  the  propriety  of  indiscriminate  visiting  on  the  part 
of  the  ladies  of  the  President's  family,  or  indeed  of 
the  head  of  his  house  returning  any  visits  whatsoever, 
w^as  hotly  debated ;  this  social  revolution  creating  no 
little  heart-burning  among  those  left  in  the  shade 
of  non-recognition.  This  apparently  trivial  subject 
assumed  such  important  shape,  as  subsequently  to 
involve  diplomatic  and  state  correspondence,  being 
finally  adjusted  by  John  Quincy  Adams,  v/ho  drew  up 
the  formula  which  has  since  regulated  social  etiquette 
between  "Washington  officials. 

Mrs.  Seaton  writing  on  this  subject  at  a  later  period, 
says :  "  I  have  a  letter  from  J.  Q.  Adams  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States  on  the  question  of 
etiquette.  Do  not  mention  it,  but  I  will  forward  it  to 
you  as  a  curious  document,  which  will  display  the 
character  of  the  man  who  may  be  our  future  President, 
in  stronger  light  than  all  the  public  papers  he  has 
written,  and  proves  him  to  be  more  of  a  bookworm  and 
abstracted  student  than  a  man  of  the  world." 

The  following  extracts  from  this  voluminous  exposi- 
tion of  etiquette,  are  characteristic  of  the  earnestness 
and  clearness  with  which  Mr.  Adams  treated  even  the 
apparently  trivial  details  of  this  social  question. 

**  To  THE  President  of  the  United  States. 

""Washington,   December  25,  1819. 
"Sir  :  The  meeting  held  yesterday  having  terminafed  with- 
out any  arrangement  relative  to  the  subject  upon  which  it 


138  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

had,  at  your  desire,  been  convened,  to  avoid  being  mis- 
understood in  the  course  of  conduct  which  I  have  hitherto 
pursued,  and  to  manifest  my  wish  to  pursue  in  the  future 
any  other  which  you  will  please  to  direct,  I  have  thought 
it  necessary  to  submit  the  following  observations  to  your 
candor  and  indulgence. 

"  It  has,  I  understand  fi'om  you,  been  made  a  subject  of 
complaint  to  you,  as  a  neglect  of  duty  on  the  part  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  that  he  omits  paying  at  every  session 
of  Congress  a  first  visit  of  form  to  every  member  of  the 
Senate  ;  and  that  his  wife  is  equally  negligent  of  her  sup- 
posed duty,  in  omitting  similar  attention  to  the  ladies  of 
every  member  of   either  house,  who  visit  the  city  during 

the  session I  must  premise,  that  having  been  five 

years  a  member  of  the  Senate,  and  having  during  four  of 
the  five  sessions  been  accompanied  at  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment by  my  wife,  I  have  never  received  a  first  visit  fi'om 
any  one  of  the  heads  of  department,  nor  did  Mrs.  Adams 

ever  receive  a  first  visit  from  any  of  their  ladies 

Visiting  of  form  was  considered  as  not  forming  a  part 
either  of  official  right,  or  official  duty. 

"  I  never  heard  a  suggestion  that  it  was  due  in  courtesy, 
from  a  head  of  department,  to  pay  a  first  visit  to  senators, 
or  from  his  wife  to  visit  the  wife  of  any  member  of  Con- 
gress  Entertaining  the  profoundest  respect  for  the 

senate  as  a  body,  and  a  high  regard  for  every  individual 
member  of  it,  I  am  yet  not  aware  of  any  usage  which 
required  formal  visits  from  me,  as  a  member  of  the  admin- 
istration, to  them  as  senators.  The  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  independent  of  its  importance  and  dignity,  is  of  all 
the  associations  of  men  upon  earth,  that  to  which  I  am 
bound  by  the  most  sacred  and  indissoluble  ties  of  gratitude. 
....  Unworthy,  indeed,  should  I  be  of  such  confidence, 
if  I  had  a  heart  insensible   to   those  obligations.     Base 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  139 

indeed  should  I  feel  myself,  if  inflated  by  the  dignity  of 
the  stations  to  which  their  frequently  repeated  kindness 
has  contributed  to  raise  me,  I  were  capable  of  with- 
holding from  them  collectively  or  individually,  one  particle 

of  the  reverence  and  honor  due  from  me When  I 

learnt  that  there  was  such  an  exjyectation  entertained  by  the 
senators  in  general,  I  quickly  learnt  from  other  quarters, 
that,  if  complied  with,  it  would  give  great  offence  to  the 
members  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  unless  extended 
also  to  them.  These  visits  of  ceremony  would  not  only  be 
a  very  useless  waste  of  time,  but  incompatible  with  the 
discharge  of  the  real  and  important  duties  of  the  dej)art- 

ments Neither  did  the  introduction  of  a  system  of 

formality  appear  to  me  congenial  to  the  Republican  sim- 
plicity of  om'  institutions In  paying  the  first  visit 

to  ladies  coming  to  this  place  as  strangers,  Mrs.  Adams 
could  draw  no  discrimination;  to  visit  all  would  be  im- 
possible ;  to  visit  only  the  ladies  of  members  of  Congress 
would  be  a  distinction  offensive  to  many  other  ladies  of 
respectability ;  it  would  have  applied  even  to  the  married 

daughter  of  the   President Above  all,  we  wish  it 

understood,  that,  while  we  are  happy  to  receive  any  respec- 
table stranger  who   pleases  to   call  upon  us,  we  have  no 

claim  or  pretension  to  claim  it  of  any  one I  am 

entirely  disposed  to  conform  to  any  other  course  which  you 
may  have  the  goodness  to  advise. 

"  With  perfect  respect,  I  remain,  sir, 

"  Your  very  obedient  servant, 

"  J.  Q.  Adams." 

"March,  1818. 

"  .  .  .  .  Old  Mr.  Digges  lives  in  the  city  at  present,  and 

brought  me  a  letter  yesterday  addressed  to  him  by  Thomas 

Jefferson,  which  bears  the  imprint  of  a  mind  unimpaired 

by  continual  intellectual  exertion,  and  characterized  by  a 


140  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

vivacity  astonishing  at  the  age  of  seventy  years.  Mr. 
Digges  is  perfectly  at  home  here,  one  day  dining  en  famille 
with  the  President,  spending  the  next  with  Mr.  Bagot,  and 
frequently  alternating  between  these  great  folk  with  us, 
equally  easy  and  agreeable  to  all.  Mr.  Bagot  told  me  that 
Mr.  Digges  knew  circumstances  and  people  in  his  (Bagot's) 
neighborhood  better  than  himself,  and  there  is  no  part  of 
England,  nor  few  prominent  persons  there,  with  whom  he 
is  not  perfectly  acquainted.  This  reminds  me  of  the  un- 
precedented entertainment  that  has  just  taken  place  in 
the  city,  —  a  ball  given  to  a  British  Minister  by  American 
citizens.  A  more  festive  or  brilliant  assembly  I  never  at- 
tended. The  occasion  was  honored  by  all  the  officials  and 
most  of  the  strangers  of  distinction  in  town.  Mr.  Bagot 
acted,  as  he  has  done  on  every  occasion  since  his  residence 
here,  the  perfect  gentleman,  and  she  '  looked  an  empress.' 
They  were  both  veiy  much  excited,  and  expressed  gratitude 
in  unbounded  and  apparently  sincere  terms.  They  will 
carry  with  them  the  admiration  and  good  wishes  of  all 
who  knew  them  here,  as  their  private  character  is  as  much 
esteemed  as  their  public  deportment.  William  looked  un- 
commonly handsome,  and  as  it  was  a  subject  of  general 
remark,  you  will  not  accuse  me  of  wifely  partiality,  when 
I  say  that,  as  he  waltzed  the  Spanish  dance  with  Mrs.  J. 
Q.  Adatns,  he  was  the  most  elegant  man  in  the  assembly, 
not  excepting  the  guest  of  the  evening." 

The  Eight  Honorable  Sir  Charles  Bagot,  G.  C.  B., 
and  Privy  Councillor,  was  a  son  of  Lord  Bagot,  of  Ba- 
got's Bromley,  an  ancient  family  connected  with  such 
historic  houses  as  those  of  Suffolk  and  Fulke-Greville, 
while  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Lord  Bolingbroke. 
Sir  Charles  rose  rapidly  in  the  diplomatic  service,  a 
career  for  which  his  personal  gifts    especially  fitted 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  141 

him ;  one  of  his  first  missions  being  that  of  Washing- 
ton, where  he  was  during  some  years  the  very  popular 
British  Envoy,  winning  golden  opinions  by  his  hand- 
some presence  and  engaging  manners.  He  was  ably 
supported  in  these  diplomatic  requirements  by  Lady 
Bagot,  who  was  the  Honorable  Miss  Wellesley,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Lord  Maryborough,  late  Earl  of  Mornington,  the 
eldest  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  From  her 
father  she  inherited  her  uncommon  beauty,  he  being 
notably  one  of  the  handsomest  men  of  his  day,  as  was  also 
his  brother,  the  late  Lord  Cowley,  whose  exquisite  por- 
trait by  Lawrence  was  one  of  the  gems  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington's  famous  gallery.  The  amiability  and  good 
breeding  by  which  Mrs.  Bagot  attracted  the  regards  of 
the  citizens  were  the  more  admirable,  as  it  was  whispered 
that  she  found  society  in  the  New  World  a  great  bore, 
and  deplored  "  the  necessity  of  sticking  pins  in  herself 
to  keep  awake  at  the  stupid  balls."  Sir  Charles  Bagot 
subsequently  succeeded  Lord  Sydenham  in  the  distin- 
guished post  of  Governor-General  of  Canada,  where  he 
died  in  1843.  His  daughter  married  the  present  Mar- 
quis of  Anglesey,  son  of  the  famous  companion-in-arms 
of  Welluigton,  and  one  of  the  heroes  of  Waterloo. 

"May,  1819. 
"...  .  We  heard  to-dav  in  Blasrden's  church  a  most 
^  confused  declamatory  discourse,  without  method  or  matter, 
from  ;Mr.  Breckem'idge,  who  is  the  Presbyterian  Atlas  of 
the  District.  The  church  is  very  commodious,  and  the 
congi-egatiou  highly  respectable  and  intelligent ;  but  really 
the  illiterate  and  weak  delivery  of  the  speaker  renders  it 
astonishing  that  so  many  well-informed  people  should 
have  selected  a  pastor  so  little  likely  to  benefit  his  flock. 


142  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

In  Raleigh,  where  a  good  rational  preacher  can  be  heard 
every  Sabbath,  it  would  be  deemed  strange  to  give  en- 
couragement to  any  man,  however  amiable  in  private  life, 
who  had  no  single  requisite  for  an  orator,  which  is  the 
case  of  the  gentleman  I  mention 

"  General  Jackson  has  attended  several  private  balls 
since  the  decision  of  Congress,  and  has  received  universal 
homage  from  male  and  female,  a  circle  constantly  around 
him  waiting  for  an  introduction,  and  ambitious  of  ex- 
changing a  few  words  with  the  greatest  of  American  gen- 
erals. Such  is  the  prevailing  sentiment  among  the  inhab- 
itants and  congregated  strangers  here 

"  Our  dear  father  will  hardly  think  it  credible  that  a 
rational,  intelligent  human  being  in  full  possession  of  his 
mental  faculties,  should  madly  rush  into  eternity.  You 
will  have  seen  by  the  Intelligencer  that  General  Mason 
has  fallen  a  victim  to  his  own  and  antagonist's  vindictive 
passions ;  and  the  feelings  of  disgust  and  horror  at  the 
mode  adopted  by  the  duellists  has  occasioned  as  much  sen- 
sation here  as  the  murder  of  poor  Conway  did  in  Raleigh. 
It  was  the  mildest  of  three  propositions  which  were  made 
to  rid  each  other  of  existence ;  the  first,  being  to  sit  on  a 
barrel  of  gunpowder  together ;  the  second,  to  hold  hands 
and  jump  from  the  top  of  the  Capitol;  and  the  third 
scarcely  less  impious,  to  shoot  at  each  other  within  ten 
paces  with  three  musket-balls  !  The  antagonists  were  first 
cousins.  McCarty's  brother  is  the  husband  of  Mason's 
sister.  The  deceased  has  cast  a  stain  upon  his  memory, 
and  involved  a  very  large  and  honorable  family  in  his  dis- 
gi-ace,  which  no  previous  act  of  his  life  had  allowed  them 
to  anticipate.  He  was  universally  beloved.  Unfortunately 
for  Mason,  he  selected  some  young  officers  in  Jackson's 
suite  as  counsellors  and  seconds.  Had  he  advised  with 
any  of  his  old  friends  in  Congress,  or. here,  the  catastro- 
phe might  have  been  averted 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  143 

"  There  has  been  more  gayety  than  I  have  ever  known 
liore  in  the  summer,  caused  by  the  farewell  dinners,  the 
private  and  public  balls,  given  to  Monsieur  and  Madame 
de  Neuville,  who  have  by  their  unaffected  kindness  to 
their  equals  and  their  munificence  to  the  poor  won  upon 
the  popular  esteem  and  gratitude.  They  do  not  possess 
the  external  advantages  of  address  and  person  for  w^hich 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bagot  were  admired,  and  we  shall  never  again, 
I  imagine,  witness  so  much  style  and  splendor  as  the  enter- 
tainments of  the  British  Envoy  presented.  The  public  ball 
was  a  great  success,  Monsieur  de  Neuville  making  a  very 
impressive  little  speech  of  thanks  to  the  citizens.  William, 
with  five  other  married  men,  officiated  as  master  of  cere- 
monies, and  I  was  pleased  that  he  had  an  o^Dportunity  of  tes- 
tifying respect  for  the  worthy  old  couple,  as  we  have  spent 
many  agreeable  hours  in  their  hospitable  house.  They  are 
uncertain  if  their  master  will  send  them  here  again,  but 
profess  a  desire  to  represent  their  nation  at  this  republican 
capital  rather  than  at  any  of  the  splendid  courts  of  Europe, 
not  excepting  St.  Petersburg,  considered  by  far  the  most 
magnificent  in  the  world.  They  came,  the  morning  they 
started,  to  see  us,  bringing  remembrances  for  the  children. 
The  French,  more  than  any  other  people,  study  these 
graceful  attentions,  slight  in  themselves,  bat  the  sure  ave- 
nue to  a  mother's  heart " 

The  "  Intelligencer,"  as  an  independent  and  national 
expositor,  and  indeed  it  may  be  said  controller  of  pub- 
lic sentiment,  was  now  a  power  in  the  land,  wliile  Mr. 
Seaton's  commanding  personal  qualities  and  rare  social 
gifts  conld  not  fail  to  establish  a  peculiar  influence 
over  liis  fellow-citizens.  These  slight  sketches  of  a 
few  of  the  prominent  friends  and  events  distinguishing 
Mr.  Seaton's  familiar  circle  indicate  the  marked  con- 


144  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

sideration  enjoyed  by  him,  even  at  his  early  age,  among 
the  good  and  great  of  our  golden  era,  and  which,  as 
time  went  on,  matured  into  a  reverential  regard  and 
appreciation  of  liis  character  and  attainments  by  the 
community.  Under  the  public  law,  the  citizens  of 
Washington  are  privileged  to  bestow  but  meagre  testi- 
monials of  respect  and  popularity,  the  municipal  office 
being  the  highest  in  their  power  to  confer  on  those 
who  win  their  favor;  and  the  first  step  in  the  pro- 
gressive evidence  of  their  esteem  Mr.  Seaton  was  at 
last  persuaded  to  accept,  as  we  see  by  Mrs.  Seaton's 
mention. 

**  December,  1819. 

"  You  will  perceive  by  the  paper  that  William's  blushing 
honors  crowd  thick  upon  him,  which,  however,  he  bears 
with  singular  meekness,  not  having  given  himself  a  single 
air  since  his  exaltation  as  alderman,  for  which  office  he  has 
become  increasingly  eligible  by  his  embonpoint.  There  is 
greater  commotion  existing  in  the  city  than  was  ever  known 
before  about  the  election  of  Lord  Mayor,  the  contest  lying 
between  Colonel  Orr,  Roger  Weightman,  Richard  Lee,  and 
General  Van  Ness The  di-awing-room  of  the  Presi- 
dent was  opened  last  night  to  a  '  beggarly  row  of  empty 
chairs.'  Only  five  females  attended,  thi^ee  of  whom  were 
foreigners.  Mrs.  Adams,  the  previous  week,  invited  a  large 
party,  which  we  attended,  at  which  there  were  not  more 
than  three  ladies.  In  a  familiar,  pleasing  manner,  the 
sprightly  hostess  made  known  to  each  of  her  visitors  that 
every  Tuesday  evening  during  the  winter,  when  they  had 
nothing  better  to  do  with  themselves,  it  would  give  her 
great  pleasure  to  receive  them.  The  evening  arrived,  and 
with  it  two  other  guests  besides  her  sisters !  Don't  you 
think  we  must  be  reforming  ?     Some  wise  distinctions  in 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  145 

etiquette  were,  however,  probably  the  cause  of  ine  defalca- 
tion. There  is  to  be  a  splendid  party  at  Madame  de  Neu- 
ville's,  who  enlists  all  varieties  of  character  under  her 
banner.  Since  her  return  she  has  resigned  herself  to  be 
poorly  lodged  in  the  attic,  so  as  to  afford  more  room  below 
for  constant  hospitalities.  Madame  Van  Greuhm,  formerly 
governess  to  Governor  Middleton's  daughters,  resides  at 
Kalorama,  and  intends  entertaining  all  citizens  who  have 
sufficient  leisure  to  honor  her  invitations.  The  diplomatic 
corps  are  very  much  chagrined  at  the  descent  made  by  the 
Prussian  Minister,  considering  it  a  degradation ;  but  inas- 
much as  he  is  a  sensible,  amiable  man,  and  a  nohle,  they 
magnanimously  agi'ee  to  forgive  him.  At  the  drawing- 
room,  Madame  de  Neuville  was  exquisitely  dressed  in  a 
white  satin  under-slip,  with  silver  lace  tunic,  head-dress  of 

superb  pearls  and  lace." 

"February,  1820. 

"  Congress  has  been  occupied  during  three  weeks  in  the 
discussion  of  the  Missouri  bill,  —  the  right  to  prohibit  the 
admission  of  slaves  in  the  new  State  of  Missouri ;  or  rather 
the  question  is.  Shall  Missouri  be  a  State,  or  not?  for 
it  is  well  understood  that  she  does  not  wish  to  enter  the 
confederation,  except  on  an  equal  footing  with  other  States 
which  have  been  permitted  to  form  their  own  constitutions 
without  interference  from  Congress.  The  excitement  dur- 
ing this  protracted  debate  has  been  intense.  The  galleries 
are  now  crowded  with  colored  persons,  almost  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  whites.  They  hear  all,  but  imderstand  much  less 
than  half  They  know  it  to  be  a  question  of  servitude  or 
freedom,  and  imagine  that  the  result  will  immediately  affect 
their  condition  ;  so,  as  one  side  or  other  of  the  question 
preponderates,  they  rejoice  or  are  depressed.  "When  the 
slaves  of  the  Southerners,  now  here,  return  home  with 
mutilated  and    exa2:gerated  accounts  of  what  thev  have 

7  J 


146  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

heard,  I  fear  that  many  dehided  creatures  will  fall  sacri- 
fices to  their  misapprehension  of  the  question.  Mr.  Meade, 
the  Colonization  Society,  have  all  grasped  at  that  which 
was  too  mighty  for  individual  hands,  and  have,  with  good 
intentions,  raised  a  flame  which  their  united  eflorts  at 
counteraction  will  scarcely  quench.  If  ever  the  abolition 
of  slavery  be  attempted,  it  must  be  by  the  government  of 
the  United  States ;  it  cannot,  it  ought  not  to  be  touched 
without  awful  consideration.  Already  does  Maryland  feel 
the  effects  of  this  unfortunate  discussion.  The  conse- 
quences of  this  ill-judged  indulgence  in  public  curiosity  can 
hardly  be  calculated.  Had  Congress  sat  with  closed  doors, 
these  evils  would  have  been  avoided.  There  is  no  guessing 
when  the  question  will  be  decided,  as  many  members  have 
long  speeches  prepared  for  the  benefit  of  an  admiring  world. 
The  Senators  and  members  generally  are  so  excited,  that 
unless  their  angry  passions  are  allowed  to  effervesce  in 
speaking,  the  most  terrible  consequences  are  apprehended 
even  by  experienced  statesmen.  This  subject  being  made 
subservient  to  political  views,  and  having  in  perspective 
the  Presidential  election,  is  bandied  from  one  to  the  other 
speaker  alternately.  Rufus  King  enkindled  a  flame  in  the 
Senate  by  a  factious  speech  which  required  the  combined 
efforts  of  all  his  contemporaries  to  moderate.  I  prefer  Mr. 
King's  oratory  to  any  I  have  heard,  his  manner  so  gi'ave 
and  dignified,  chaste  language,  disdaining  flowers,  orna- 
mental tropes  or  figures,  or  the  studied  grace  of  gesture. 
In  this  opinion  I  am  singular,  perhaps  unique,  as  the  palm 
is  unanimously  awarded  to  Pinckney.  Indeed,  you  may 
have  seen  comparisons  made  between  this  celebrated  mod- 
ern and  the  ancients,  Demosthenes  and  Cicero,  in  which 
the  latter  are  evidently  in  the  background  of  the  pictiu-e. 
There  have  been  not  less  than  a  hundred  ladies  on  the  floor 
of  the  Senate  every  day  on  which  it  was  anticipated  that 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  147 

Mr.    Pinckney    would    speak,  encompassing  the   Senators, 
and  absolutely  excluding   Representatives,  foreign    :Minis- 
ters,  etc.     Governor  Tompkins,  a  very  gallant  man,  had 
invited  a  party  of  ladies  whom  he  met  at  Senator  Brown's, 
to  take  seats  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate,  having,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate,  unlimited  power,  and  thinking  proper 
to  use  it,  contrary  to  all  former  precedent.      I  was  one  of 
the  select,  and  gladly  availed  myself  of  the  invitation,  with 
my  good  friend  Mrs.  Lowndes,  of  South  Carolina,  and  half 
a  dozen  others.     The  company  in  the  gallery  seeing  a  few 
ladies   very    comfortably  seated  on  the  sofas,  with  warm 
foot-stools  and  other  luxuries,  did  as  they  had  a  right  to 
do,  —  deserted  the  gallery ;  and  every  one,  old  and  young, 
flocked  into  the  Senate.      'T  was  then  that  our  Vice-Presi- 
dent began  to  look  alarmed,  and  did  not  attend  strictly  to 
the  member  addressing  the  chair.     The  Senators  (some  of 
them)  frowned  indignantly,  and  were  heard  to  mutter  audi- 
bly, '  Too  many  women  here  for  business  to  be  transacted 
properly!'     Governor  Tompkins  found    it   necessary  the 
next  morning  to  aflix  a  note  to  the  door,  excluding   all 
ladies  not  introduced  by  one  of  the  Senators.     Having  so 
many  polite  friends  among  them,  I  shall  probably  attend 

the  whole  debate 

"  On  Sunday  last  I  went  to  the  Capitol,  and  listened  with 
gi-eat  interest  to  one  of  the  purest  strains  of  eloquence  that 
ever  issued  from  the  pulpit  m  my  hearing,  —  a  young  man 
named  Everett,  an  Unitarian  preacher  from  Boston,  of  rare 
talents  and  profound  learning,  professor  of  Greek  and  He- 
brew at  Cambridge.  He  has  just  returned  from  Europe, 
where  he  has  been  perfecting  himself  in  languages,  particu- 
larly Oriental  knowledge.  He  left  Constantinople  and 
returned  home  at  the  same  time  as  Mr.  Lowndes.  It  is 
supposed  that  he  will  accept  the  post  of  chaplain  to  Con- 
gress next  year.      Jonathan  Mason  promises  to  procure  for 


148  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

me  Everett's  sermon,  which  I  wish  dear  father  to  read, 
especially  that  portion  drawing  an  advantageous  compari- 
son between  America  and  every  other  country,  ancient  and 
modern.  .  .  . 

"  Maria  Monroe  is  to  be  married  on  Tuesday  to  her 
cousin,  young  Gouverneur.  The  following  day  a  brilliant 
drawing-room  will  be  held,  and  the  immense  ball-room 
opened.     The  man-iage  to  be  entkely  private." 

"  March  28,  1820. 
"  .  .  .  .  The  New  York  style  was  adopted  at  Maria 
Monroe's  wedding.  Only  the  attendants,  the  relations,  and 
a  few  old  friends  of  the  bride  and  groom  witnessed  the  cer- 
emony, and  the  bridesmaids  were  told  that  their  company 
and  services  would  be  dispensed  with  until  the  following 
Tuesday,  when  the  bride  would  receive  visitors.  Accord- 
ingly all  who  visit  at  the  President's  paid  their  respects  to 
Mrs.  Gouverneur,  who  presided  in  her  mother's  place  on 
this  evening,  while  Mrs.  Monroe  mingled  with  the  other 
citizens.  Every  visitor  was  led  to  the  bride  and  intro- 
duced in  all  form.  But  the  bridal  festivities  have  received 
a  check  which  will  prevent  any  further  attentions  to  the 
President's  family,  in  the  murder  of  Decatur  !  The  first 
ball,  and  which  we  attended,  consequent  on  the  wedding, 
was  given  by  the  Decaturs  !  Invitations  were  out  from  Van 
Ness,  Commodore  Porter,  etc.,  all  of  which  were  remanded 
on  so  fatal  a  catastrophe  to  the  man  identified  with  the 
glorious  success  of  his  country  in  the  late  war.  In  the 
event  of  another  war,  he  would  have  been  the  first  one  to 
whom  his  country  would  have  turned  for  a  repetition  of 
services  so  hazardous  and  valuable.  Commodore  Ban-on 
lies  ill,  but  not  dangerously  wounded.  The  explanation 
which  took  place  after  the  rencontre,  and  before  they  were 
removed  from  the  ground,  would  have  prevented  it.  They 
repeated  to  each  other  that  they  harbored  no  enmity,  and 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  149 

hoped  to  meet,  better  friends,  in  another  world.  Commo- 
dore Decatur  suffered  excruciating  agony  for  several  hours 
after  arriving  at  his  home,  and  his  chief  surgeon.  Dr.  Lov- 
ell,  told  me  that  he  said  only  :  '  If  it  were  in  the  cause  of 
my  country  it  would  be  nothing.'  He  has  left  the  whole 
of  his  property,  which  is  very  large,  to  his  wife,  with  the 
exception  of  legacies  to  his  two  nieces,  the  Misses  Mc- 
Knight,  who  reside  with  him.  So  many  friends  were  privy 
to  this  intended  duel,  that  it  appears  most  extraordinary 
it  should  not  have  reached  the  ears  of  the  President,  who 
alone  could  have  averted  it.  Mr.  Wirt,  Bomford,  Rogers, 
Porter,  Bainbridge,  General  Harper,  his  father-in-law,  Mi'. 
Wheeler,  all,  all  kept  the  secret,  though  they  did  every- 
thing else  to  prevent  it.  Mrs.  Decatur  never  saw  her  hus- 
band, not  even  after  death.  She  still  lies  in  a  lethargic 
stupor,  her  physicians  fearing  apoplexy,  and  unable  to  bleed 
her.  No  child,  no  relative  except  her  father,  an  old  man, 
what  must  be  her  situation  when  her  sense  of  feeling  shall 
return  with  all  its  poignancy.  Commodore  Barron  has  a 
wife  and  eleven  children.  If  he  recover,  he  will  be  an 
object  of  execration  to  his  enemies,  and  scarcely  of  pity  to 

his  friends We  attended,  a  few  days  since,  a  grand 

mass  for  the  repose  of  the  soul  of  the  Due  de  Berri,  a  most 
imposing  ceremony,  and  interesting  from  the  sympathy 
universally  excited  by  the  sad  fate  of  so  amiable  a  prince. 
....  William  has  been  applied  to  by  all  his  own  friends 
and  very  many  of  the  citizens,  to  know  if  he  will  consent 
to  serve  as  mayor  ;  but  he  has  uniformly  declined  the 
proposition,  flattering  as  he  feels  it  to  be,  viewing  it  as  both 
unneighborly  and  unfriendly  to  oppose  the  known  wishes 

of ,  who  has  always  had  this  elective  honor  at  heart, 

and  who  is  conscious  that  he  could  not  be  elected  if  Wil- 
liam were  to  allow  his  own  name  to  be  mentioned  for  the 
dignity.     There  are  only  eight  candidates  ! 


150  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  You  see  that  John  Randolph  did  not  have  much  en- 
couragement for  his  crazy  proposition.  It  is  the  universal 
opinion  that  he  is  deranged,  and  he  affords,  certainly,  con- 
firmation of  this  idea  every  day  of  his  life  by  his  outre 
conduct.  He  is  chock-full  of  fight  ever  since  the  late  duel, 
and  endeavors  to  provoke  a  quarrel  with  everybody  he 
meets,  makes  speeches  in  favor  of  this  mode  of  settlino- 
disputes,  and  seems  entirely  to  have  forgotten  the  excuse 
he  made  to  Boiling  Kobinson !  " 

The  celebrated,  eccentric  John  Eandolph,  as  is  well 
known,  vehemently  opposed  the  Missouri  Compromise, 
not  so  much  probably  from  any  principle  involved  in 
that  important  question,  as  from  his  innate  aversion 
to  be  led  by  the  arguments  of  a  majority,  and  from 
his  Ishmaelitisli  nature,  which  delighted  in  ]3rovoking 
every  man's  hand  against  his  own,  —  an  inborn  aris- 
tocrat, and  yet  from  mere  perversity  of  temper  uphold- 
ing every  levelling  project.  It  was  during  these  acri- 
monious compromise  debates  that  he  stigmatized  the 
JSTortherners  who  voted  for  that  pacificatory  measure 
as  "doughfaces,"  which  cognomen  was  long  a  slogan 
in  party  warfare;  and  it  was  on  this  occasion  also 
that  he  allowed  his  peevish  antagonism  to  overpower 
his  gallantry.  The  floor  and  gallery  of  the  House 
were  crowded  by  eager  listeners  among  the  fair  sex, 
when  Randolph  rose,  and  all  looks  fastened  on  his 
weird  figure,  as,  pointing  that  long  skeleton  index- 
finger  toward  the  ladies,  and  in  his  peculiar,  shrill, 
squeaking  voice,  he  said  :  "  Mr.  Speaker,  what  pray  are 
all  these  women  doing  here,  so  out  of  place  in  this 
arena  ?  Sir,  they  had  much  better  be  at  home  attend- 
ing to  their  knitting ! "     The  reproof,  though   unde- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  151 

sensed,  was  accepted,  and  for  a  few  days  following  the 
congressional  gladiators  received  no  inspiration  from 
bright  eyes. 

Randolph's  hostility  to  Clay  —  wiiose  acceptance  of 
the  position  of  Secretary  of  State  in  the  Adams  cabi- 
net liad  induced  the  cry  of  "  bargain  and  corruption," 
and  greatly  impaired  the  popularity  of  the  great  Com- 
moner —  culminating  in  his  insulting  denunciatioii 
of  Adams's  election  as  a  "coalition  of  Puritan  and 
black-leg,"  and  for  which  characteristic  epigram  Clay 
demanded  satisfaction  on  the  field  of  honor,  had 
existed  from  their  first  meeting  in  public  life.  Of  that 
famous  duel  between  the  fiery  Virginian  and  the  peer- 
less Kentuckian  Mr.  Seaton  Avas  known  to  have  an  in- 
side history ;  but,  imfortunately,  the  authentic  version 
of  this,  as  of  so  many  of  the  great  events,  and  the  in- 
exhaustible anecdotes  of  the  compeers  of  Mr.  Seaton's 
exceptional  career,  with  which  his  memory  teemed, 
are  without  written  record,  and  lost  to  historv.  Es- 
pecially  of  Randolph's  inner  life,  the  true  man  under- 
lying that  crust  of  eccentricity  and  infirm  temper, 
Mr.  Seaton  seemed  to  hold  the  key,  his  relations  with 
him  being  of  a  nature  that  brought  him  very  near  the 
singular  and  gifted  man.  During  several  years  Mr. 
Seaton  and ,  Mr.  Gales  were  exclusively  their  own  re- 
porters in  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
where  they  respectively  had  appropriated  to  them  a 
seat  at  the  side  of  the  Vice-President  and  the  Speaker. 
This  privilege,  with  its  concomitant  of  the  daily  ex- 
change of  the  snuff!-box  and  friendly  sentiment  with 
the  members,  giving  the  brother-editors  a  rare  insight 
into  the  secret  springs  of  debate,  the  actual  force  and 


152  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

individuality  of  the  giants  of  that  day.  Mr.  Ran- 
dolph sat  near  Mr.  Seaton,  and  on  one  occasion  when 
]\Ir.  Clay,  speaking  in  his  not  nnusual  personal  and 
self-sufficient  strain,  said,  among  other  things,  tliat 
''  his  parents  had  left  him  nothing  but  indigence  and 
ignorance!'  Randolph,  turning  to  Mr.  Seaton,  said,  in  a 
stage  whisper  to  be  heard  by  the  House  :  "  The  gentle- 
man mioht  continue  the  alliteration,  and  add  insolence.''' 
It  was  said  tliat  Clay  was  somewhat  afraid  of  his  an- 
tas^onist's  caustic  wit,  and  on  this  occasion  at  least  it 
was  not  resented  by  the  "  Rupert  of  debate." 

A  member  of  Mr.  Seaton's  family,  writing  from  Vir- 
ginia early  in  1833,  says :  "Mr.  Randolph  has  been 
staying  with  us,  but  so  feeble  that  he  could  not  leave 
his  room.  He  talks  as  much  and  as  wonderfully  as 
usual;  and  is,  if  possible,  more  witty  and  eccentric 
than  ever.  Cousin  J.  remarked  to  him  that  he  was 
surprised  to  see  liim  persist  in  the  exploded  fashion 
of  ^vearing  round-toed  shoes.  '  0,'  replied  Mr.  Ran- 
dolph, '  I  am  like  Ritchie,  —  I  neither  track  one  way 
nor  the  other.'  He  spoke  with  great  regard  of  Gales 
and  Seaton,  and  their  talent,  and  wishes  to  be  kindly 
remembered." 

*'Fel3maiy,  1821. 
"  .  .  .  .  The  city  is  unusually  gay,  and  crowded  with 
agi'eeable  and  distinguished  visitors.  Mr.  Canning's  initia- 
tory ball  seemed  to  rouse  the  emulation  of  his  neighbors, 
and  we  have  had  a  succession  of  fetes.  The  British 
Minister's  rout  was  unique.  The  English  are  half  a 
centiuy  before  us  in  style.  Handsome  pictures,  books, 
and  all  sorts  of  '  elegant  litter '  distinguish  his  rooms, 
the  mansion  being  decorated  with  peculiar  taste  and  pro- 
priety. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  153 

"Mr.  Canning  is  himself  a  most  unpretending  man  in 
appearance  and  manners ;  modesty  appears  to  be  his 
peculiar  chai'acteristic,  which  for  a  foreign  minister  is  no 

negative  praise The  birthnight  ball  was  brilliant. 

The  contrast  between  the  plain  attire  of  President  Monroe 
and  Mr.  Adams,  and  the  splendid  uniforms  of  the  diplomatic 
corps,  was  very  striking ;  the  gold,  silver,  and  jew^els  donned 
by  the  foreigners  in  compliment  to  the  anniversary  festival 
of  our  patriot  and  hero  certainly  adding  splendor  to  the 
scene.  The  captivating  D'Asprament  made  his  debut  in 
brilliant  crimson  indispensables  laced  with  gold,  an  em- 
broidered coat,  stars  and  orders,  golden  scabbard  and  gold- 
en spurs.  Poor  girls  !  perfectly  irresistible  in  person,  he 
besieged  their  hearts ;  and,  not  content  with  his  triumphs 
there,  his  sword  entangled  their  gowns,  his  spurs  demolished 
their  flounces  in  the  most  attractive  manner  possible,  — 
altogether  he  was  proclaimed  invincibly  charming.  Mons. 
de  Neuville  has  adopted  a  new  course  since  his  return. 
Formerly,  his  secretaries  were  remarkably  small  and  in- 
significant in  appearance,  and  he  now  appears  to  have 
selected  his  legation  by  their  inches.  The  most  cultivated 
Frenchman  whom  I  have  ever  met  is  now  in  Mons.  de 
Neuville's  familv,  —  the  Chevalier  du  Menu.  He  has  re- 
sided  ten  years  in  America,  and  is  a  poet,  orator,  and 
scientific  man,  though  still  young " 

Mr.  Stratford  Canning,  the  son  of  a  London  mer- 
chant, and  a  cousin  of  the  eminent  statesman  George 
Canning,  who  died  in  1827  while  Prime  Minister  of 
England,  filled  very  acceptably  during  three  years  the 
post  of  British  Envoy  to  Washington  ;  and  although 
not  possessing  the  popular  manners  of  his  predecessor 
Mr.  Bagot,  he  was  remarkable  for  exquisite  high 
breeding,  refinement,  and  the  best  attributes  of   an 

7* 


154  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

English  gentleman,  which  won  the  appreciation  of  the 
government  and  warm  good-will  of  the  community. 
He  was  tall,  slender,  and  somewhat  out  of  health,  a 
consequence  of  which  delicate  state  created  some 
animadversion  among  the  genial  convives  of  the  day. 
The  fashion  then  prevailing  of  drinking  wine  with 
each  guest,  Mr.  Canning,  instead  of  a  decanter  of  gen- 
erous Burgundy,  always  had  one  of  toast-and-water 
j)laced  at  his  plate,  in  wMch  innocuous  beverage  he 
X^ledged  the  health  of  all ;  but  liis  ruse  was  discovered, 
and  subjected  him  to  some  ill-natured  criticism. 

Although  of  a  perfect  and  captivating  courtesy,  he 
was  reserved  in  manner,  and  it  is  said  sometimes 
allowed  his  diplomatic  suavity  to  be  overcome  by  a 
certain  impatience  and  even  asperity  of  temper,  which 
subsequently,  on  a  grander  stage  and  while  adjusting 
the  most  delicate  and  momentous  negotiations,  unfor- 
tunately developed  into  an  acrimony  which,  irritating 
Prince  Gortschakoff,  incited  the  famous  Eussian  "  ulti- 
matum," and  precipitated  the  great  powers  into  the 
Crimean  war.  In  1841  Mr.  —  then  Sir  Stratford  — 
Canning  was  appointed  Ambassador  at  the  Porte, 
where  he  remained  until  the  close  of  the  war ;  liis 
prolonged  study  of  Eastern  politics,  his  diplomatic 
sagacity,  and  his  unequalled  influence  over  the  Sultan 
enabling  him  to  perform  very  important  services  for 
his  country,  especially  as  connected  with  the  status 
of  Christians  in  Turkey.  He  also  showed  acceptable 
kindness,  politically  and  socially,  to  Americans,  on 
various  occasions  while  in  Constantinople.  In  1852 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  under  the  title  of  Vis- 
count Stratford  de  Eedclyffe. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  155 

"  1822. 
"  .  .  .  .  You  will  perceive  that  among  the  new  members 
there  are  as  many  speakers  as  usual,  and  that  consequently 
3^our  sons  are  sufficiently  occupied,  notwithstanding  their  ac- 
quisition of  a  stenographer  at  $1,000  per  session.  I  think, 
dear  fiithcr,  you  would  have  thought  this  handsome  com- 
pensation when  you  piu*sued  the  same  avocation  with  more 
indefatigable  intensity  in  Philadelphia.  You  will  perceive 
by  the  debates  that  truly  the  course  of  editors  never  does 
run  smooth.  In  truth,  't  is  a  thanldess  task  in  most 
instances,  considering  too  that  the  labor  is  voluntary  and 
of  no  pecuniary  value,  unless  enhancing  the  interest  of  the 
paper  may  be  considered  an  equivalent  for  querulous 
carping  and  fault-finding  from  dissatisfied  members,  who 
feel  themselves  slighted  in  not  finding  their  wisdom  dis- 
played to  their  constituents  in  two  or  three  columns  of  the 
Intelligencer.  Joseph  writhes  under  these  attacks,  being 
never  very  tolerant  of  censure,  but  William  bears  them 
with  rather  amused  patience.  Some  of  the  friends  of  the 
editors  begin  to  be  extremely  anxious  to  know  under  what 
colors  the  Intelligencer  will  sail  during  the  next  three 
years'  voyage,  and  urge  them  to  declare  immediately  in 
favor  of  the  only  man  fit  to  guide  the  government  bark, 
each  individual  probably  having  a  different  man  in  view. 
Encompassed  as  they  are  by  friends  in  the  shape  of  presi- 
dential candidates,  the  choice  will  be  unpleasant,  come 
when  it  may,  and  they  feel  no  anxiety  to  anticipate  the 
free  and  full  expression  of  the  Republican  majority. 
Meantime,  the  present  incumbent  is  treated  with  very  little 
ceremony,  while  casting  about  for  his  successor  ;  and  there 
was  some  humor  in  Colvin's  proposition,  that  "  a  commit- 
tee be  appointed  to  wait  on  the  President  and  ask  him  to 
have  the  goodness  to  resign,  inasmuch  as  gentlemen  were 
in  a  hurrv  and  did  not  like  to  wait " 


156  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

"  The  Unitarian  church  has  been  dedicated  with  all  the 
solemnity  and  simplicity  characterizing  the  profession   of 
its  members.      Mr.  Little's  discourse  on  the  occasion  T\-as 
irresistibly  forcible   and   pathetic,  his  impressive  manner 
adding  to  its  exceeding  interest.     The  performance  of  the 
choir  created  pleasure  and  surprise  in  all  the  audience,  who 
were  not  aware  of  the  harmonious  treat  prepared  for  them. 
How  we   wished  that  you,  dear  father,   could  have  been 
present  to  join  in  every  part  of  the  day's  services.     There 
were  upwards  of  four  hundred  persons  present,  which,  con- 
sidering that  the   Bishop  preached  and  administered  the 
rite  of  confirmation  at  the  Episcopal  church,  was  a  very 
large  congregation.     If  you  will  now  come  to  us,  you  may 
worship  God  according  to  the  mode  you  prefer,  and  under 
the  voice  of  a  man  after  your  own  heart,  for  so  I  think 
Mr.  Little  will  prove.     So  patriarchal  in  appearance,  mild 
and  truthful,  yet  so  energetic  in  his  appeals  to  the  reason 
and   the   heart,   that   the  most   indifferent    auditor   finds 
himself  imperceptibly  engaged  in  self-examination.      The 
closing  sentences  of  his  beautiful  effort  were  thus  :  "  All  is 
torpidity  in  the  grave.     Shall  it  be  said  that  we  have  left 
no  useful  memorial  behind   us  1     What  !  not  a  handful  of 
grass  which  the  mower  may  regard  as  the  fruit  of  our 
labor  ?     Forbid  it.  Gracious  Father !     These  walls  I  trust 
will  bear  witness  that  our  lives  have  not  been  altogether 
useless   to  mankind.     Some    I   hope  may  be    better  and 
wiser  for  our  exertions  in  the  cause  of  truth.     If  not  in  an 
obvious  and  direct  manner,  yet  in  some  effectual  way  may 
we  have  sei^^-ed   our  generation,  and  promoted  the  knowl- 
edge, the  service,  and  the  will  of  the  one  true  God^ 

As  has  been  seen,  Joseph  Gales  had  been  mainly 
instrumental  in  the  dissemination  of  his  religious 
faith  in  Philadelphia,  by  his  successful  efforts  in  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  157 

establishment  of  the  first  church'  erected  there  for  the 
worship  of  Unitarian  Christians,  while  his  name  will 
be  held  in  grateful  memory  as  being  in  truth  the 
founder  of  Unitarianism  in  Charleston  and  Washing- 
ton. His  daughter  married  the  Eev.  Anthony  Forster, 
an  esteemed  Presbyterian  divine  of  the  former  city, 
who,  a  year  afterwards,  announced  to  Mr.  Gales  his 
renunciation  of  Calvinism,  saying  :  "  In  reading  all  the 
most  eminent  works  on  divinity  in  order  to  convince 
you  of  your  error,  the  issue  has  been  that  I  am  con- 
vinced of  my  oitm."  Mr.  Forster  was  ordained  pastor 
ot  the  first  Unitarian  Church  of  South  Carolina,  being 
at  his  death  succeeded  in  the  pastorate  by  Eev.  Mr. 
Oilman,  of  Massachusetts.  Mrs.  Seaton  thus  Avrites  of 
her  relative's  change  of  views  :  — 

"That  he  whom  I  have  been  accustomed  to  consider 
most  tenacious,  bigoted  even,  in  adherence  to  the  Athanasian 
creed,  shoiUd  abjure  its  fallacies,  seems  almost  miraculous  ! 
But  the  simplicity  of  truth  has  prevailed.  I  firmly  believe 
the  day  not  far  distant  when  these  principles  will  receive 
enlightened  encouragement  throughout  America.  Massa- 
chusetts generally  is  Unitarian,  its  learned  men  and  pro- 
fessors being  for  the  most  part  decidedly  averse  to  the 
inculcation  of  Trinitarian  doctrines.  Most  of  the  eminent 
clergymen  of  Boston  have  seceded,  and  refuse  to  subscribe 
to  the  Thirty-nine  Articles.  ISIauy  of  the  most  intellectual 
and  pious  strangers,  as  well  as  citizens  among  our  acquaint-- 
ances,  agree  perfectly  in  this  gospel  doctrine,  against  which 
I  have  never  yet  heard  nor  read  a  word  to  counteract 
my  early  prepossession.'* 

It  was  chiefly  through  the  influence  and  active  aid 
of  Mr.  Seaton,  and  his  brother-in-law  Mr.  Gales,  that 


158  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

the  cliurcli  of  their  faith  was  founded  in  "Washington, 
then  the  outpost  of  liberal  Christianity.  Among  its 
warm  friends  and  consistent  adherents  was  Mr.  Cal- 
houn, who,  on  the  occasion  of  contributing  generously 
to  the  erection  of  the  church,  remarked  to  Mr.  Seaton, 
that  ''  Unitarianism  was  the  true  faith,  and  must  ulti- 
mately prevail  over  the  world." 

*'  Boston,  1823, 

"  ....  I  close  my  letter  with  a  few  words  as  to  the 
most  interesting  Visit  I  have  ever  ^^et  paid,  — to  the  vener- 
able ex-President  John  Adams,  residing  at  Quiucy,  nine  miles 
from  Boston.  Our  good  friend  John  Qiiincy  Adams  is  here, 
in  the  same  house  with  us,  and  this  morning  invited  him- 
self to  a  seat  in  our  carriage  for  the  purpose  of  introducing 
us  to  his  venerated  father.  It  happened  to  be  au  impor- 
tant day,  the  patriarchal  statesman  having  appointed  it 
to  review  the  Boston  Democratic  company  of  Fusileers,  who 
went  out  for  the  purpose.  We  found  him  sitting  to  the 
ftxmous  Stuart  for  his  portrait,  to  be  completed  on  his 
eighty-ninth  birthday.  Mr.  Adams  led  me  to  him  and  said 
a  few  words  aside,  when  I  was  quite  affected  by  his  rising 
from  the  sofa,  and  affectionately  kissing  my  cheek,  bid- 
ding me  welcome  to  Quincy.  He  is  ver}^  infirm,  his  voice 
tremulous  with  age  ;  but  he  retains  all  the  dignity  which  I 
have  heard  ascribed  to  him,  with  nothing  of  the  hauteur. 
We  partook  with  himself,  John  Quincy  Adams,  and  a 
younger  brother,  and  a  large  family  circle,  of  a  collation 
prepared  for  the  Corps  of  Fusileers,  the  officers  participating 
with  us,  the  privates  occupying  another  room.  We  were 
dehghted,  and  the  scene  will  not  easily  be  eradicated  from 
our  memory.  On  taking  leave  we  were  pressingly  invited 
to  repeat  our  visit,  and  thanked  for  the  compliment  of 
paying  our  respects." 


A   BIOGEAPIIICAL   SKETCH.  159 

"December,  1823. 

"  .  .  .  .  You  will  see  that  our  congressional  body  take 
things  coolly.  After  they  once  fairly  enter  the  arena,  how- 
ever, we  shall  have  no  deficiency  of  warmth,  I  presume ; 
and  we  are  prepared  for  an  unusual  display  of  eloquence 
from  ]\Ir.  Webster,  and  other  conspicuous  members,  on  the 
subject  of  the  Greeks.  I\Iy  impression  is  that  they  push 
the  matter  too  far  in  the  Northern  cities,  when  they  extend 
tlieir  views  beyond  an  expression  of  sympathy  in  sufferings 
incurred  in  the  cause  of  freedom,  and  individual  contribu- 
tions for  the  relief  and  assistance  of  a  brave  people. 

''Propositions  to  alter  and  amend  the  Constitution,  in 
time  to  operate  on  the  Presidential  election,  will  also  elicit 
nmch  declamation  ;  and,  after  the  ice  is  once  broken,  there 
will  be  occupation  for  all  the  stenographers  who  attend 
Congress,  —  some  dozen  or  two  now.  You  have  no  con- 
ception of  the  attentions  with  which  the  winning,  com-tly 
Mr.  Clay,  and  the  interesting,  agreeable  Mr.  Calhoun  1% 
the  new  and  old  members  here.  Mr.  Macon,  with  his 
usual  obstinacy,  and  to  be  different  in  detail  if  not  in 
principle,  from  his  party,  is  an  anti-caucus  man,  and  will 
countenance  no  such  practice.  I  suppose  he  will  prove 
that  there  were  no  caucuses  in  the  time  of  Moses,  and 
therefore  there  is  no  necessity  for  them  now.  Such  is  tKe 
argument  with  which  he  usually  wdnds  up  his  opinions. 
....  I  conversed  to-day  with  Dr.  Holcombe,  from  Xew 
Jersey,  who  has  been  called  in  to  ]\Ir.  Crawford,  who  is 
extremely  low.  His  general  debility  has  occasioned  an 
affection  of  the  eyes,  exceedingly  painful,  compelling  him 
to  remain  with  them  bandaged  in  a  dark  room,  which  will 
be  an  incalculable  disadvantage  when  Congress  is  becoming 
impatient  for  the  Treasury  Pieport,  and  when  he  will  re- 
quire all  his  eyes  to  make  no  second  blunder.  William  has 
seen  him  this  morning,  and  reports  his  health  and  constitu- 


160  WILLIAM  WINSTON    SEATON. 

tion  as  apparently  shattered.  He  has  been  bled  twenty- 
three  times,  largely,  within  three  weeks.  The  physicians 
apprehend  total  blindness,  the  confirmation  of  which  fear 
would  be  an  irremediable  misfortune  in  a  President.  My 
private  opinion  is,  that  he  will  never  live  to  be  President. 
His  herculean  size  and  almost  entire  blindness  bring  to 
my  mind  '  Samson,'  as  I  conceived  him  to  be  in  my  early 
years.  I  trust,  how^ever,  that  he  will  recover,  to  defeat 
the  insidious  as  well  as  open  attempts  to  injure  him. 
Doubly  now  do  we  deprecate  the  event  of  his  being  with 
drawn  from  the  contest,  as  we  could  not  conscientiously  sup- 
port his  probable  rival,  a  man  so  unreasonable  and  exacting 
in  all  his  concerns,  and  with  whom  it  would  be  difficult  to 
transact  business  without  forfeiting  independence.  Except 
Mr.  Adams,  the  editors  have  never  thought  of  any  other 
candidate  but  Mr.  Crawford.     The  recent  conduct  of  Mr. 

would  leave  only  a  choice  of  evils.     He  has  displayed 

a  A'indictive,  implacable  resentment  for  an  oversight  in 
the  publication  of  his  documents,  which  ought  not  to  have 
created  an  emotion  of  anger,  and  which  was  corrected  as 
soon  as  pointed  out  to  the  editors  ;  but  because  the  whole 
paper  was  not  made  subservient  to  his  particular  interests 

to  the  exclusion  of  others,  he  cannot  forgive Truth 

to  say,  however,  I  believe  that  his  self-love  being  wounded 
was  the  principal  reason  for  his  conduct  j  and  I  begin  to 
think,  with  Timothy  Pickering,  that  he  is  unrelenting 
when  either  ambition  or  vanity  is  concerned. 

"  The  war  waxes  hot,  and  it  will  continue  until  after  the 
exciting  election.  Mr.  Adams  moves  neither  to  the  right 
nor  left,  but  keeps  an  undeviating  course,  regardless  of  the 
opinion  of  friend  or  foe.  Mr.  Clay  spares  neither  of  the 
editors  of  the  '  Intelligencer  '  as  such,  nor  the  men  person- 
ally, whenever  opportunity  presents  ;  for  they  are  unaccus- 
tomed to  bow  to  any  authority  save  that  of  conscientious 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  161 

duty,  and  will  teach  this  Western  Hotspur  that  they  control 
public  opinion  and  the  '  most  sweet  voices  '  he  is  so  anxious 
to  win.  General  Jackson  appears  to  possess  quite  as  much 
8\iaviter  in  modo  as  fortiter  in  re.  He  is,  indeed,  a  polished 
and  perfect  courtier  in  female  society,  and  polite  to  all. 
He  will,  however,  if  our  President,  have  a  most  warlike 
cabinet,  I  presume,  and  will  send  his  Message  to  Congress 
h\  the  Secretary  of  War,  flanked  by  Orderly  Sergeants.     A 

more  despotic  sovereign  would  not  reign  in  Europe 

All  well  with  us. 

"  Your  dutiful  and    affectionate 

"  Sarah." 

"  Richmond,  July  15,  1S24. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  My  friend  Mr.  William  Ruffin,  of 
Raleigh,  writes  me  for  Mr.  J.  Q.  Adams's  letter  to  Gen- 
eral Smith's  constituents.  I  have  no  spare  number,  but 
5'ou  have  pamphlet  copies.  Do  send  him  one  and  charge 
it  to  the  good  cause.  Virginia  is  firm  as  the  Rock  of 
Gibraltar.  My  friend  writes  me  (I  have  it  confirmed  by 
another  letter  by  the  same  mail),  that  Mr.  Crawford  will 
get  the  electoral  vote  of  North  Carolina.  Come  out  boldly. 
Trust  to  God  and  your  country.  Crawford  and  truth  will 
triumph.  His  friends  must  be  bold,  firm,  active,  and  there 
is  no  danger  of  his  non-success.  The  country  's  up.  Speak 
out,  without  mincing  or  modification.  You  are  the  ad- 
vocate of  the  cause  of  Truth ;  speak  as  her  friends  ought 
always  to  speak  when  the  public  weal  demands  it,  —  fear- 
lessly and  freely.  Adams's  friends  are  reeling,  and,  in  all 
directions,  confessing  nobly  and  conscientiously  that  they 
cannot  support  him. 

"  The  time  draws  nigh.  The  crisis  has  come.  Three 
months  decide  the  contest.  The  country  is  large,  and  it 
takes  some  time  for  the  voice  to  reach  to  our  remotest 
hamlets. 

K 


162  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  I  assure  you,  in  confidence,  that  all  parties  here  thiiik 

the  JV.  Intellif/encer  is  too  mild.     Your  enemies  here  are 

chuckling  at  your  late   appearance   of  giving  up   to  Mr. 

Adams.     Excuse  me  for  my  suggestions.     I  should  be  the 

first  to  call  them  impertinent  and  officious  if  the  good  of 

the  country  was  not  at  stake. 

"In  haste,  yours, 

"  Thomas  Ritchie. 
**ToMr.  Seatox." 

Mr.  George  Bancroft  relates  the  following  charac- 
teristic anecdote  of  the  great  Carolina  statesman's 
political  aspirations.  "  AVlien  Monroe  was  about  to 
retire  from  the  office  of  President  there  was  a  great 
struggle  for  the  successorship.  Calhoun  desired  to  be 
a  candidate.  Mr.  Seaton  had  a  ereat  res^ard  for  ]Mr. 
Calhoun,  but  thought  his  nomination  at  that  time 
would  be  premature.  One  evening  as  they  w^ere  walk- 
ing together  by  the  banks  of  the  Potomac  Mr.  Seaton 
reasoned  with  him,  using  the  argument :  '  At  the  end 
of  your  second  term  you  will  be  still  in  the  prime  of 
manhood.  What  would  you  do  ? '  And  Calhoun  an- 
swered, 'I  would  retire  and  write  my  memoirs.'" 

The  following  letter  from  our  great  historian  and 
diplomatist  is  a  graceful  expression  of  the  feeling  en- 
tertained by  him  for  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seaton;  a  friend- 
ship which  was  mutual  and  lasting. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  If  I  may  judge  of  your  sentiments 
by  the  lively  recollections  I  retain  of  the  very  pleasant 
hours  it  was  my  happiness  three  winters  ago  to  pass  in 
your  family,  I  should  believe  that  I  am  not  yet  entirely 
forgotten  in  the  circle  to  which  you  and  Mrs.  Seaton  so 
kindly  bade  me  welcome.     It  is  in  that  persuasion  that  I 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  163 

venture  to  direct  my  publisher  to  send  you  a  volume  which 
will  reach  you  shortly  after  the  adjournment  of  Congress  ; 
and  which,  I  hope,  will  then  find  you  able  to  give  an  hour 
or  two  to  its  contents,  and  perhtips  win  a  little  time  from 
IMrs.  Seaton.  Of  her  approbation  I  should  be  proud  indeed. 
"  I  have  been  long  engaged  in  gathering  material  for 
writing  a  history  of  the  United  States.  I  dare  not  own  to 
you  how  much  labor  I  have  given  to  the  preparation.  One 
volume  I  have  completed  and  printed  ;  it  is  that  which  I 
have  taken  the  liberty  to  send  you.  Accustomed  to  a  large 
consideration  of  the  affairs  of  the  country,  you  are  emi- 
nently qualified  to  pass  an  opinion  upon  the  manner  in 
which  the  work  is  conceived.  I  confess  my  desire  that  you 
may  find  leisure  to  make  the  work  a  subject  of  careful 
criticism.  Your  views  w^ould  be  exceedino-lv  valuable  to 
me  ;  as  the  work  is,  in  its  design  at  least,  national,  I  feel 
a  strong  hope  that  it  will  win  your  approbation.  I  beg  to 
be  remembered  with  respectful  regard  to  Mrs.  Seaton  and 
your  family.  How  unlike  the  quiet  of  the  village  in  which  I 
reside  is  the  turbulent  ambition  of  Washington.  Should 
you  and  Mrs.  Seaton  travel  to  the  North,  pray  promise  her 
from  me  the  richest  of  our  fine  moss-roses,  and  the  most 
delicate  of  our  fruit  and  flowers. 

"  With  sincere  respect,  yours, 

"  George  Bancroft. 
"Mr.  Seaton. 

**  Northampton,  Mass.,  June  21,  1834." 

''September,  1824. 

"  You  will  see,  dear  mother,  that  Lafayette  is  expected 
on  the  first ;  and  nothing  is  heard  but  drumming,  nothing 
seen  but  regiments  from  one  end  of  the  District  to  the 
other.  The  Committee  of  Arrangements,  of  which  Wil- 
liam is  one,  have  some  very  magnificent  plans  in  view,  as 
yet  secrets  of  state.     Amongst  them  one,  which,  if  can'ied 


164  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

into  effect,  would  be  unique,  suh  rosa,  of  course,  viz.  to 
throw  a  treble  arch  over  the  central  dome  of  the  Capitol, 
containing  three  rows  of  colored  lamps  of  primary  colors, 
to  represent  a  rainbow.  It  will  require  about  six  thousand 
lamps,  which  fortunately  can  be  furnished  at  a  mere 
marevedi  in  comparison  with  former  cost. 

"  There  is  no  withstanding  public  opinion,  and  William 
has  consented  that  Augustine,  at  the  head  of  his  company, 
shall  be  allowed  to  meet  Lafayette  at  the  District  line ; 
so  the  young  Captain  and  Ensigns  are  in  a  way  to  tread 
the  Avenue  with  as  much  precision  and  dignity  as  their 
fathers." 

An  eloquent  pen  characterizing  Mr.  Seaton's  attri- 
butes at  this  period  says  :  "  The  course  of  Mr.  Seaton's 
life  from  a  period  little  advanced  from  boyhood  was 
such  as  to  insure,  indeed,  to  necessitate,  an  intimate 
familiarity  with  the  men  and  events  of  his  time,  with 
all  changes  of  public  opinion,  with  all  discussions  of 
constitutional  law,  with  all  the  movements  of  inter- 
est, prejudice,  and  affection  by  which  the  affairs  of 
the  world  are  governed.  The  thoughts,  the  passions, 
the  motives  of  his  fellow-men  were  necessarily  with 
him  subjects  of  scrutinizing  observation  and  intelli- 
gent reflection.  When  he  removed  to  W^ashington,  the 
sphere  of  his  observation  and  influence  was,  of  course, 
greatly  widened.  The  trusted  friend  and  counsellor 
of  the  earlier  administrations,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that,  as  he  was  the  depositary  of  their  confidence,  he 
often  contributed  in  no  small  degree  to  shape  their 
measures."  These  advantages,  united  to  the  personal 
charm  of  Mr.  Seaton,  had  not  failed  to  give  him  an 
enviable   status   in   the  consideration   of  his   fellow- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  165 

citizens.  His  genial  cordiality,  his  captivating  courtesy, 
I  lis  large  hospitality,  and  a  readiness  of  beneficence 
having  few  equals,  had  won  their  individual  affection, 
while  their  confidence  was  based  on  the  justice,  the 
candor,  the  upriglitness  of  purpose  and  generosity  of 
temper  characterizing  his  daily  walk  of  life. 

They  already  relied  on  him  as  their  most  able  coad- 
jutor in  every  plan  having  for  its  object  the  welfare 
of  the  city ;  and  turned  to  him  as  their  representative 
on  all  civic  pubHc  occasions,  whether  the  duty  involved 
were  to  offer  an  address  of  welcome  to  an  incoming, 
or  to  speed  the  parting  President,  —  to  inaugurate 
benevolent  institutions,  or  to  assume  the  more  deli- 
cate and  gracious  task  of  presiding  at  social  festivals. 
Possessed  of  these  unusual  traits,  Mr.  Seaton  naturally 
would  be  chosen  to  sustain  the  principal  part  in  offer- 
ing the  city's  hospitality  to  foreigners  of  distinction ; 
and  thus,  upon  the  occasion  of  Lafayette's  sojourn  in 
our  midst,  upon  Mr.  Seaton,  although  in  no  official 
capacity,  seemed  by  tacit  consent  to  devolve  the 
special  charge  of  the  nation's  guest.  Those  who  for 
half  a  century  were  familiar  with  Mr.  Seaton's  varied 
attributes  can  well  understand  that  his  conversational 
gift,  his  full  intelligence,  his  noble  i^resence  and  the 
seal  of  distinction  with  which  nature  had  stamped  him, 
should  have  fascinated  our  great  French  ally,  who, 
versed  in  every  phase  of  life,  —  from  the  brilliant 
circles  about  the  throne  to  the  camp-fires  of  our 
colonial  wilderness,  —  was  a  keen  judge  of  men ;  and 
a  sure  index  of  Mr.  Seaton's  power  of  attraction  may 
be  discerned  in  the  friendship  then  formed,  and  cher- 
ished for  him  through  life  by  Lafayette. 


166  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

Mr.  Seaton  was  Secretary  to  the  Coramittee  charged 
with  the  duty  of  proceedmg  to  Baltimore  to  welcome 
and  escort  Lafayette  to  Washington,  The  gastronomic 
excellence  for  which  the  fair  Monumental  City  has 
ever  been  fam^  found  an  appreciative  judge  in  the 
illustrious  guest,  who,  on  the  occasion  of  the  break- 
fast at  Barnum's,  Mr.  Seaton  described  as  especially 
enjoying  the  fine  bay  perch,  six  of  which  he  con- 
sumed, bread  a  discretion,  all  washed  down  with 
generous  Bordeaux;  the  culmination  of  his  enthusi- 
asm, however,  being  reserved  for  the  unsurpassed 
canvas-back  duck  and  hominy ;  and  so  constantly 
was  the  General  in  the  open  air  with  receptions, 
processions,  and  speeches,  —  the  excitement  naturally 
inducing  an  unusual  appetite,  —  that  the  consumption 
of  a  whole  duck  would  be  the  tribute  paid  by  him 
to  the  excellence  of  our  unequalled  Southern  winged 
delicacy,  the  enjoyment  of  which  a  subsequent  distin- 
guished traveller,  Lord  Morpeth,  declared  to  be  worth 
a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic. 

Among  the  noteworthy  incidents  attending  Lafay- 
ette's reception  in  Washington  was  that  described  in 
the  following  letter  by  Mrs.  Seaton,  whose  modesty, 
however,  did  not  permit  her  to  express  the  charm  lent 
by  her  presence  and  that  of  her  attendant  maidens,  to 
the  welcome  extended  to  the  General. 

"October,  1S24. 
"  Dear  Mother,  —  I  don't  know  how  it  was,  but  I  cer- 
tainly figured  more  than  I  had  any  wish  or  expectation  of 
doing,  on  the  day  of  Lafayette's  arrival.  In  the  first  place, 
I  was  selected  by  the  committee  of  arrangements  to  super- 
intend the  dress  and  decoration  of  twenty-five  young  ladies 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  167 

representing  the  States  and  District,  and  procure  appro^ 
priate  wreaths,  scarfs,  and  Lafayette  gloves  and  flags  for 
the  occasion,  to  assemble  them  at  my  house,  and  attend 
them  under  my  protection  to  the  Capitol. 

"  I  had  previously  been  influenced  by  various  reasons  to 
present  a  flag  to  the  '  Washington  Guards,'  of  which  Wil- 
liam is  the  proud  Captain ;  and  as  this  was  now  a  duty,  I 
determined  to  make  it  a  pleasant  one,  and  to  avail  myself 
of  the  dear  little  children's  presence  to  render  my  own 
position  less  conspicuous  by  being  thus  surrounded. 

"  At  eight  o'clock  a  crowd  had  assembled  around  the 
house,  and  many  friends  were  within  to  witness  the  cere- 
mony. The  little  girls  were  in  uniform,  long  blue  scarfs, 
hair  curling  down,  and  wreaths  of  eglantine  on  their  pretty 
young  heads.  They  formed  in  double  line^  separating  on 
each  side  of  the  front  steps,  twenty  being  so  disposed, 
while  four  were  selected  —  of  which  J.  represented  North 
Carolina  and  M.  Virginia  —  to  bear  the  flag  to  the  centre 
of  the  stone-platform,  and  forming  a  star,  to  await  the 
Priestess  of  the  ceremonies,  who,  stepping  forth  arrayed  in 
India  muslin  trimmed  with  blue  ribbons  and  lace,  and  with 
a  nodding  but  modest  plume  of  the  same  color,  making 
the  most  of  her  height,  thus,  as  nearly  as  recollected,  ad- 
dressed the  Guards  :  — 

"  '  Friends  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Guards,  —  This 
standard  is  presented  to  the  Washing-ton  Guards  as  a 
tribute  of  respect,  in  the  firm  belief  that  the  gift  will 
never  be  dishonored,  nor  the  motto  which  it  bears  disgraced 
by  the  youngest  brother  of  the  company.  {Dehellaverunt 
over  Lafayette  and  Washington  :  "  They  fought  together." 
Tituhimur  in  the  clouds  :  "We  follow  in  yoiu-  steps.")  The 
deep  interest  which  my  husband  feels  in  your  corps,  and 
the  high  post  with  which  he  is  honored  in  it,  will  always 
inspire  me  with  the  truest  solicitude  for  its  reputation  and 


168  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

success.  Should  the  day  of  trial  come  and  events  call 
them  to  the  field,  I  entertain  the  most  trustful  hope  that 
the  Washington  Guards  will  be  distinguished  by  a  noble 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  their  country,  and  that  in  the 
protection  of  wives,  children,  and  friends  they  will  be 
the  last  to  desert  their  standard.' 

"  Modesty  forbids  my  description  of  the  reception  of  this 
simple  little  address,  and  the  Lieutenant's  glowing  reply ; 
suffice  it  to  say,  that  I  was  formally  petitioned  on  behalf 
of  the  corps  to  allow  its  publication ;  being  unable  to  do 
so,  however,  from  the  circumstance  of  trustino-  to  the  ex- 

7  7  O 

citement  of  the  occasion  and  having  no  notes.  And  so  I 
was  saved  from  the  mortification  of  blazing  at  the  head  of 
the  Gazette  columns,  and  can  say  very  cheerfully,  '  All  's 
well  that  ends  well.'  I  should  have  liked  my  fi-iends  in 
Raleigh  to  see  the  little  States  arranged  around  me ;  it  was 
a  perfect  parterre,  and  Judge  Cranch,  with  other  elderly 
gentlemen  present,  were  affected  by  their  interesting  ap- 
pearance and  delighted  countenances.  The  picture  was 
complete  as  they  moved  off,  surrounded  by  their  escort 
the  'Young  Guards,'  commanded  by  Captain  Augustine 
Seato7i,  preceding  my  guard  of  honor  commanded  by  his 
fitther,  Captain  William  Seaton.  Augustine's  company  has 
eclipsed  even  the  veterans  here,  and  was  declared  to  be  the 
best  drilled  volunteer  corps  at  the  reception  of  Lafayette 
in  Alexandria At  General  Brown's  ball  I  was  pre- 
sented to  Lafayette,  once  by  mine  host,  once  by  my 
husband.  On  both  occasions  my  hands  were  most  affec- 
tionately pressed,  though  I  had  my  suspicions  that  my 
second  introduction  was  like  unto  the  first  in  the  Veteran's 
eyes,  it  being  next  to  an  impossibility  that  he  should  rec- 
ognize all  the  ladies  with  w^hom  he  was  compelled  to  shako 
hands,  amounting  to  thousands  during  his  triumphant 
tour You   ask   what   influence  poHtics  have  upon 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  169 

social  intercourse,  —  positively  none.  No  individual  could 
have  had  more  enjoyment,  or  been  treated  with  more  atten- 
tive politeness  by  the  master  of  the  feast,  than  I,  at  Mr. 
Adams's  ball.  Mr.  Calhoun's  family  and  oiu-selves  are,  and 
always  have  been,  on  terms  of  kindest  intimacy.  Our  cause, 
however,  seems  shivering  in  the  wind,  and  I  would  not 
venture  a  baubee  on  the  Presidential  election  now,  for  one 
candidate  or  the  other,  so  uncertain  does  it  appear  in  the 
perspective.      The  Ultras  now  court  the  people  with  all 

assiduity AVilliam  has  had  the  onus  of  the  banquet 

and  other  civilities  offered  to  the  General,  and  indeed  by  gen- 
eral consent,  the  charge  of  our  illustrious  Guest's  entertain- 
ment has  mainly  devolved  on  him ;  how  acceptably  he  per- 
forms the  social  behest  the  public  voice  proclaims 

"  Your  affectionate  daughter, 

"  S." 

The  form  of  invitation  to  this  historical  festival  was 
characteristic  of  the  simplicity  of  style  then  prevailing, 
the  one  fortunately  preserved  being  as  follows  :  — 

"The  Committee  of  Arrangements  respectfully  request 
the  Secretary  of  War  to  dine  with  General  Lafayette  this 
day  at  the  Franklin  House,  at  five  o'clock. 

"W.  W.  Seaton,  Secretary.''^ 

"October  12,  1824."  > 

The  Franklin  House  was  kept  by  O'Xeale,  being 
one  of  the  row  of  houses  since  knowai  to  the  old  resi- 
dents as  the  "  Six  Buildings  "  ;  and  here  were  gathered 
those  whose  deeds  had  already  given  them  fame,  mth 
others  whose  names  were  to  be  imperishably  Avritten 
in  their  country's  history.  Mr.  Seaton's  toast  on  the 
occasion  was:  "The  United  States  and  France  —  their 
early  friendship  —  may  it  ever  be  maintained  by  mu- 

8 


170  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

tual  acts  of  kindness  and  justice,"  —  the  qualities 
which  so  conspicuously  characterized  the  whole  life  of 
him  who  offered  the  sentiment. 

"December  16,  1824. 
"  Last  evening  we  had  the  high  gratification  of  enter- 
taining and  welcoming  Lafayette  in  our  own  house,  being 
the  only  private  individuals  so  honored,  as  yet.  Three  hun- 
dred and  sixty  persons  took  leave  of  him  last  evening, 
being  within  a  score  of  those  invited  ;  and,  although  a  very 
crowded  party,  I  hope  not  an  unpleasant  one  to  the  old 
General.  He  is  very  lame,  and  we  contrived  to  keep  him 
seated  as  much  as  his  extreme  politeness  would  aUow. 
Those  persons  who  had  never  before  been  so  closely  in 
contact  with  him  were  brought  forward  and  introduced ; 
those  who  aheady  had  been  presented  availed  themselves 
of  their  privilege  to  converse  with  the  hero.  My  chamber 
and  the  large  nursery  were  deranged  and  aiTanged  for  the 
occasion,  serving  as  card  and  supper  rooms.  We  danced  in 
the  dining  and  drawing  rooms,  the  latter  opened  for  the  first 
time,  and  thus  pleasantly  inaugurated.  I  never  saw  a  gayer 
or,  /  think,  a  more  agi'eeable  party.  The  guest  of  the 
evening  was  evidently  gratified,  and  we  were  told  from 
every  source  that  it  was  enchanting.  The  leader  of  the 
Marine  Band  came  up  in  the  ■  morning  and  requested  to 
play  for  us  in  the  evening,  which  added  much  to  the  enjoy- 
ment. All  the  cabinet  were  with  us  except  Mr.  Crawford, 
who  could  not  come,  and  the  Executive,  who  was  not  asked. 
Mr.  J.  Q.  Adams  and  family  seemed  to  enjoy  themselves 
as  much  as  our  other  friends,  notwithstanding  our  wordy 
war.  Every  member  of  the  diplomatic  corps  was  here 
except  Baron  de  Mareuil  and  family,  the  French  Minister,  . 
who  are  en  grand  denil  for  the  King  of  France,  and  by 
court  etiquette  are  precluded  from  society  for  three  months. 
I  regretted  their  absence,  as  Madame  Mareuil  is  an  excel- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  171 

lent  and  very  attractive  woman,  superior  to  the  generality 

of  her  countrywomen  whom  I  have  met There  has 

not  been  such  buoyancy  of  feeling  in  my  heart  for  several 
years  as  I  experienced  last  evening,  and  William  and  Jo- 
seph were  rejoiced  to  see  me  dance  once  more.  All  of  our 
old  friends  were  here,  in  great  glee,  among  the  members, 
except  Mr.  Macon,  who  never  goes  out  at  night La- 
fayette goes  with  us  next  Sunday  to  the  Unitarian  church, 
being  desirous  of  hearing  Mr.  Little,  of  whose  fervid  elo- 
quence he  has  heard  much " 

*' December,  1824. 
"  My  dear  William  is  from  home  for  a  few  days  in  Phila- 
delphia, having  paid  Lafayette  the  compliment  of  accom- 
panying him  as  far  as  Baltimore,  attending  him  to  the 
cattle-show,  and  receiving,  as  proxy  for  Joseph,  a  pair  of 
prize  goblets,  awarded  by  the  committee  and  presented  by 
Lafayette,  for  the  two  finest  hogs  which  were  exhibited, 

and  about  which  Joseph  is  quite  exultant I  was 

privileged  a  few  days  ago  to  enjoy  an  unusual  opportunity 
of  quiet  converse  with  the  '  nation's  guest.'  The  Marquis 
was  very  intimate  with  Joel  Barlow,  and  they  passed  most 
of  their  time  together  during  the  stay  of  the  latter  in 
France  ;  consequently  Mrs.  Bomford  (sister  of  Mrs.  Barlow, 
as  you  know)  is  a  gi'eat  favorite  of  the  Marquis ;  and  I  am 
of  Mrs.  Bomford  ;  and  consequently,  again,  I  received  an 
intimation  that  he  would  spend  a  private  en  famille  evening 
there,  in  which  I  needed  no  pressing  to  participate.  Wil- 
liam and  the  Mayor  were  to  escort  him  there  from  the 
President's ;  and  I  went  solus.  I  found  no  company  but 
the  families  of  Mr.  Cutts  (brother-in-law  of  Mrs.  Madison) 
and  General  Dearborn,  old  friends  of  ours  both;  and  we 
passed  a  most  agreeable  and  charming  evening,  from  whence 
we  accompanied  the  General  to  the  concert.  We  had  much 
plain,  pleasant  conversation,  in  which  the  benevolent  old 


172  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

hero  participated  with  all  the  characteristic  ardor  of  an 

accomplished  Frenchman " 

'•January,  1825. 
"  My  dear  Mother,  —  The  bearer  of  this  note  is  Colonel 
G.  C,  of  Georgia,  whose  name  you  will  perhaps  recollect 

as  pertaining  to  one  of  W.'s  quondam  lovers He  is 

a  decided  Jackson ite,  and  insists  that  I  had  a  design  on  his 
political  principles  '  by  ushering  him  into  the  presence '  of 
Mrs.  Jackson,  at  the  great  ball  given  by  General  Brown  on 
the  eighth  of  January.  I  introduced  him  to  every  one, 
and  he  was  much  pleased  with  the  first  hona  fide  squeeze 
he  has  attended  in  the  metropolis.  The  whole  city  was 
invited  to  celebrate  the  anniversary  of  Jackson's  victory ; 
and  I  wish  it  may  not  be  the  only  victory  at  which  he  may 
have  an  opportunity  of  rejoicing,  though  Mr.  Crawford's 
friends  are  still  sanguine  rather  than  despairing.  Much 
depends  on  Mr.  Clay,  and  he  is  scarcely  to  be  depended  on. 
The  different  candidates  are  very  jocose  with  each  other. 
At  Mr.  Calhoun's  ball  last  week  I  stood  among  the  dancers 
with  Mr.  Adams,  when  Mr.  Clay  passed  in  high  glee,  laugh- 
ing, and  saying  he  was  much  in  the  way  of  the  dancers ; 
or  rather,  they  were  very  troublesome  to  him.  '  0,'  says  J. 
Q.,  '  that  is  very  unkind  ;  you  who  get  out  of  every  body 
else's  way,  you  know.'  This  dry  joke,  so  evidently  allud- 
ing to  his  exclusion  fi'om  the  House  of  Representatives, 
was  received  as  merrily  as  it  was  given,  and  they  both 
*  laughed  long  and  loud.'  Mrs.  Adams  came  to  see  me  this 
morning,  being  the  first  visit  without  invitation  which  has 
been  exchanged  since  that  unlucky  stab  under  the  fifth 
rib.  They  are  all  very  courteous  just  now  ;  but  should 
Mrs.  A.  be  Presidentess,  ....  she,  perhaps,  will  not  for- 
get that  her  husband  was  foiled  in  combat  with  us  even 

with  his  own  weapon,  —  the  pen We  received  a 

letter  from  John  S.  Skinner  yesterday,  saying  :    '  We  are 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  173 

dished!'  but  I  hope  not.  There  is  no  more  reason  for 
despair  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Crawford's  fi'iends  now  than 
heretofore,  and  thej  don't  '  give  up  the  ship.' 

"  We  have  now  completed  our  homage  to  Liberty  in  the 
person  of  Lafayette.  Congress  can  do  nothing  more,  ask- 
ing as  a  favor,  by  resohition  of  the  House,  that  he  will  add 
to  their  obligations  to  him  by  accepting  a  grant  of  two 
hundred  thousand  dollars  and  a  township  of  land.  They 
are  to  give  him,  also,  a  public  dinner  at  a  cost  of  one  thou- 
sand dollars All  w^ell  with  my  little  folk,  and  I  am 

the  happiest  wife,  mother,  and  daughter  in  Christendom. 
With  tenderest  love  to  cm'  father  and  yourself, 

"  Your  dutiful  daughter, 

"Sarah  Seaton." 

*'  February  15,  1825. 
"  Dear  Weston,  —  Lest  our  paper  of  to-morrow  should 
by  aqpident  not  reach  you  in  time  for  Friday's  Register,  I 
use  a  page  of  Sarah's  letter  to  say  that  last  evening,  pur- 
suant to  notice,  a  number  of  the  Republican  members, 
about  sixty-eight  or  seventy,  met  in  the  Capitol  to  recom- 
mend to  their  fellow-citizens  candidates  for  the  Presidency 
and  Vice-Presidency.  -Of  the  number  present,  Mr.  Craw- 
ford received  (including  two  proxies  from  sick  members), 
sixty-four  votes  for  President,  the  rest  scattering  ;  and  the 
old  JefFersonian  Republican,  Albert  Gallatin,  received  fifty- 
seven  votes  for  Vice-President.  About  thirty  members  of 
Congress,  the  friends  of  Mr.  Crawford,  did  not,  from  various 
motives,  attend  the  caucus.  Nearly  one  hundred  members 
of  the  two  Houses  are  the  known  and  avowed  friends  of 
Mr.  Crawford,  —  the  remainder  are  divided  among  the 
other  candidates,  in  about  the  proportion  of  the  follow- 
ing statement,  prepared  for  us  by  the  members  themselves ; 
by  which  is  proven  that  Mr.  Crawford  is  the  second  prefer- 
ence of  nearly  all   Mr.  Adams's  Republican  friends.     You 


174  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

may  easily  perceive  from  this  why  the  partisans  of  the 
others  refused  to  join  in  the  convention.  They  thought  it 
best  to  endeavor  to  put  down  by  a  joint  effort  the  strong 
man  of  the  nation,  and  then  fight  4or  the  prize  amongst 
themselves.  They  will  be  foiled.  I  am  sorry  that  Mr. 
Macon,  and  Courier,  of  your  State,  threw  their  weight  into 
the  scale  of  the  ^fragments,''  by  refusing  to  join  their 
friends  and  party  in  caucus.  The  galleries  were  crowded 
with  not  less  than  one  thousand  persons,  and  a  more  order- 
ly or  dignified  scene  I  never  beheld,  the  splendid  hall 
being  brilliantly  lighted.  The  reporters  were  all  at  their 
places,  and  eveiything  conducted  in  the  most  open  man- 
ner. 

"  The  factionists  are  appalled  at  the  firmness  of  the 
men  who  met,  and  a  purer  or  more  sterling  body  of  Re- 
publicans than  assembled  there  last  night  the  world  can- 
not produce. 

"  General  Lafayette  will  leave  here  for  Raleigh  about  the 
23d,  but  will  not  take  Warrenton  in  his  way,  some  busy- 
body having  put  him  in  such  dread  of  the  stage  road,  and 
fully  persuaded  him  that  he  would  lose  two  days.  He  tells 
me  that  he  will  touch  at  Halifax  and  Enfield,  having  taken 
up  an  idea  that  the  latter  town  is  a  place  of  much  impor- 
tance, perhaps  derived  from  conversations  with  Mr.  Branch. 
"  In  haste,  with  love  to  all, 

"  Your  affectionate  Brother, 

"W.  W.  Seaton. 

*'  Weston  R.  Gales,  Esq," 

"  February,  1825. 

"  .  .  .  .  Having  received  incessant,  though  for  the  most 
part  unaccepted  civilities  from  our  friends,  and  there  be- 
ing an  unusual  number  of  respectable  and  accomplished 
strangers  in  town  from  Baltimore,  Lancaster,  and  Boston, 
from  many  of  whom  we  received  kind  attentions  during 
our  Northern  tour,  we  concluded  to  present  our  return  hos- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  175 

> 
pitality  in  the  condensed  and  most  acceptable  mode  of  a 
party ;  and  taking  advantage  of  the  morning  report  from 
the  nursery,  "  All  well,"  we  invited  a  select  and  agreeable 
circle  of  friends  for  Tuesday.  The  evening  was  boisterous, 
extremely  inclemenjt,  but  not  half  a  dozen  of  the  invited 
neglected  the  summons,  from  the  President's  family  down 
to  common  folk  like  ourselves.  We  had  most  charming 
music  from  Dominick  Lynch,  of  New  York,  whom  we  met 
at  Saratoga,  and  who  is  the  delight  of  every  lover  of  mel- 
odv.  Miss  Davis,  of  Boston,  second  only  to  our  Mrs. 
French,  accompanied  him   in  his  duets,  which  were  sung 

with  entrancing  taste  and  effect Among  our  guests 

I  must  not  forget  to  name  a  Prince,  Achille  Murat,  son  to 
the  late  King  of  Naples,  who  called  with  :Mr.  McKim  of 
Baltimore,  and  was  invited  to  accompany  him.  We  had 
considerable  amusement  in  making  the  young  ladies  desig- 
nate the  Prince  among  other  young  gentlemen  equally 
strangers  to  them,  but  not  one  succeeded,  and  the  reason 
was  evident :  they  associated  nobility  of  appearance  and 
striking  elegance  of  manners  with  the  accident  of  noble 
birth,  and  these  were  not  particularly  characteristic  of  oiu* 
titled  visitor,  son  though  he  is,  of  the  dashing  "  heau 
sabreur.'"  He  has  come  to  this  country  with  the  deter- 
mination to  make  it  his  future  home,  and  has  applied 
for  the  oath  of  allegiance,  —  is  said  to  be  plainly  republi- 
can in  his  principles,  and  is  certainly  so  in  his  manners. 
Old  Mr.  Macon  would  not  attend  the  caucus,  and  did  not 
come  to  our  party,  —  both  very  treasonable  acts  in  the 
eyes  of  his  colleagues,  who  thought  he  ought  to  have  de- 
parted from  all  previous  obstinacy  on  so  important  occa- 
sions  Our  visitors  remain  until  after  the  inaugura- 
tion, and  while  occupied  with  attending  dancing-parties 
every  evening  with  them,  and  sight-seeing  every  morning, 
I  have  been  seriously  apprehensive  of  the  death,  without 
the  glory,  of  a  martyr  in  a  more  noble  cause." 


176  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  February  24,  1825. 

"  The  city  is  thronged  with  strangers,  and  Yaiikees  swarm 
like  the  locusts  of  Egypt  in  our  houses,  our  beds,  and  our  ^ 
kneading-troughs !      Mr.   and   Mrs.    Adams   are   perfectly 

comme  il  faut,  —  Ae  a  little  more  gay  and  polite 

Their  last  drawing-room  for  the  season  was  on  Monday- 
last,  which  we  all  attended,  immediately  after  ascertaining 
our  triumphant  election,  which  spoke  in  a  language  not  to 
be  misunderstood,  the  approbation  of  Congi'ess  generally 
and  individually.  We  were  congratulated  on  every  side, 
and  passed  a  pleasant  evening.  The  powers  that  be,  did 
not  congratulate  us ;  probably  we  had  omitted  the  same 
ceremony  in  regard  to  them  on  a  similar  occasion.  We 
should  at  least  have  been  as  sincere  as  General  Jackson  in 
his  felicitations  on  Mr.  Adams's  accession  to  the  Presidency. 
It  is  now  ascertained,  though  not  announced,  that  Mr. 
Clay  has  accepted  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  and  Mr. 

Southard  remains   in  the  Navy  Department The 

office  of  Secretary  of  War  will  be  accepted  by  Governor 
Barbour,  of  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Richard  Rush  is  to  have  the 
refusal  of  the  Treasury  in  place  of  Mr.  Crawford,  resigned ; 
Governor  Clinton  to  go  to  St.  James*s.  The  great  Hal,  as 
the  Kentuckians  style  Mr.  Clay,  is  not  our  fi'iend  and  prob- 
ably never  will  be,  but  his  friends  are  peculiarly  ours,  so 
that  we  shall  have  probably  a  smooth  path  for  the  next 
four  years,  as  Mr.  Adams  is  evidently  in  a  conciliatory 
mood,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  cabinet  friendly.  They  have 
tried,  and  found  it  rather  inconvenient,  to  do  without  the 
Intelligencer,  which  will  probably  hold  the  same  place  in 
relation  to  the  administration  as  heretofore.  Such  are  the 
present  indications. 

"  General  Lafayette  started  yesterday  towards  Raleigh, 
but  has  taken  the  lower  road,  which  provokes  me,  his  pre- 
viously announced  programme  having  disappointed  W.  of 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  177 

a  pleasant  sojourn  with  us.  "VVe  had,  the  day  previous 
to  his  departure,  an  accidental  assembling  of  notable  people 
at  our  house  as  morning  visitors.  General  Lafayette,  Le- 
vasseur,  General  Bernard,  Major  Poussin,  and  the  Presi- 
dent's fiimily,  all  calling  to  take  leave.  General  Bernard 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting,  animated,  agreeable  old  men 
I  have  ever  yet  seen ;  and  when  his  idol  Bonaparte  is  the 
subject  of  discussion,  his  eyes  flash  with  the  fire  of  youth 
and  his  countenance  is  radiant. 

"  Mr.  Crawford  and  family  are  well,  and  have  sold  their 
furniture  preparatory  to  their  return  to  their  impaired 
prospects  in  Georgia,  which  present  no  enlivening  hope. 
I  most  truly  feel  for  their  disappointed  views,  but  hold 
them  in  increased  respect  from  their  noble  bearing  of  mis- 
fortune  I  send  you  a  characteristic  note  from  Mr. 

Custis,  who  is  as  vivacious  as  usual.' " 

George  Washington  Parke  Custis  was,  as  is  well- 
known,  the  adopted  son  of  General  Washington,  and 
the  grandson  of  Mrs.  Washington  by  her  first  marriage. 
During  the  many  years  in  which  he  lived  at  his 
beautiful  home  of  Arlington,  he  delighted  in  recount- 
ing to  guests  and  pilgrims  from  every  part  of  our  own 
and  foreign  lands  his  personal  participation  in  the 
momentous  days  of  the  Revolution,  and  his  memories 
of  the  social  circle  and  domestic  life  of  Washington. 
Countless  were  the  anecdotes  of  the  ^amp  and  its 
patriot  heroes  ;  of  the  republican  court,  the  beauty  and 
aristocratic  elegance  of  its  belles,  —  wliile  his  mansion 
was  a  treasure-house  of  sacred  relics  of  pater  patrice. 
At  the  foot  of  a  wooded  slope  of  Arlington,  on  the 
banks  of  the  river,  was  the  famous  spring,  a  crystal 
stream  gushing  from  the  root  of  a  noble,  primeval  oak, 

8*  L 


178  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

the  grove  surrounding  wliicli  was,  during  nearly  half  a 
century,  the  resort  of  gay  parties  resting  from- their  sail 
on  the  lovely  Potomac,  and  of  innumerable  celebrities 
seeking  respite  on  the  shaded  lawn  from  the  turmoil 
of  Washington  life.  Hospitable,  kind,  and  easy  in 
manner,  the  presence  of  the  old  man  venerable  was 
eagerly  welcomed  at  the  spring,  to  which  his  vivacity, 
his  violin,  and  exhaustless  reminiscences  lent  an  at- 
traction lonsj  to  be  remembered.  He  was  an  amateur 
American  Vernet,  covering  acres  of  canvas  with  battle- 
pieces,  in  which  his  beloved  Chief  was  depicted  on 
the  inevitable  white  charger;  nevertheless,  these 
efforts,  startling  as  specimens  of  art,  were  of  patriotic 
interest,  as  drawn  by  one  who  had  witnessed  the 
scenes  comrmemorated  by  his  pencil,  and  had  from 
infancy  been  familiar  with  the  heroes  who  had  made 

them  immortal. 

"Arlington  House,  15th  July,  1825. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  Old  John,  the  genius  of  the  spring, 
gave  me  your  card^  I  should  have  had  the  pleasure  of 
seeing  you,  bat  that  my  rheumatic  bones  gave  'note  of 
preparation '  for  rain,  and  I  sat  down  to  finish  Mademoi- 
selle de  Genlis,  and  left  the  farm  to  the  comfort  of  the 
showers,  which  I  hoped  would  fall  upon  it.  I  could  have 
shown  3^ou  much  improvement  in  gi'ass,  better  than  Smith's 
philosopher,  who  only  caused  'two  spears  to  grow  where 
but  one  grew  before,'  whereas  I  have  caused  them^  to 
grow  where  none  grew  before.  You  will  find  the  spring  a 
comfortable  place  for  Aldermen  to  retire  to  from  feasting 
and  fagging  in  the  toils  of  elections  and  great  city  affairs, 
or  for  you  laborers  of  the  type ;  and  if  you  are  not 
'  worthy  of  your  hire,'  't  is  not  because  the  sweat  of  your 
brains  is  less  than  that  of  your  brow,  or  that  you  have  one 


A  BIOGRAPPIICAL   SKETCH.  179 

moment  to  rest  them  for  'lack  of  argument.'  Then 
come  over  to  the  shades  of  Arlington,  where  peace  and 
pleasant  breezes,  good  air,  good  water,  and  a  tolerably  good 
fellow  will  make  you  welcome.  Apropos,  have  you  seen 
the  Bolivar  present?  You  will  find  it  at  Gaither's,  —  a 
most  splendid  specimen  of  miniature  painting  by  Field  • 
a  medal  well  wrought  for  the  state  of  the  arts  in  Virginia 
fifty  years  ago,  and  the  venerated  hair  of  the  old  chief. 
AVill  you  propose  to  the  Literati  an  illustration  of  the 
'Endat  Virginia  primum.'  Of  the  last,  thereby  'hangs  a 
tale.'  I  should  say  hominem,  but  I  am  only  superficial  in  ♦ 
ancient  classics,  not  having  been,  like  Dr.  Johnson,  flogged 
enough  when  at  school. 

"  Adieu,  —  health  and  respect, 

,,„,   _  "George  W.  P.  Custis. 

"W.  W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

"Arlington  Spring,  3d  July,  1848. 
"My  dear  Mr.  Seaton,  — I  do  myself  the  honor  to 
accept  your  most  kind  invitation  to  dinner  to-morrow. 
'  The  sun  is  making  a  golden  set,'  and  'giving  promise  of  a 
goodly  day  to-morrow.'  May  the  auguries  all  be  favorable, 
and  the  'Eagle  fly  on  the  dexter  hand'  on  the  ever- 
glorious  and  venerable  anniversary  of  the  4th  of  July.  If 
my  large  equestrian  painting  of  Washington  will  be  of  any 
service  to  you,  eith-er  in  your  ceremonials  or  in  your 
banqueting-hall,  or  in  any  way,  you  can  procure  it  by 
letter  from  your  very  worthy  townsman  John  C.  Rives, 
who  has  it  in  charge,  to  be  used  on  public  and  patriotic 
occasions.  I  shall  to-morrow  have  witnessed  fifty-eight 
celebrations  of  the  4th  July,  beginning  with  the  first,  under 
the  present  government,  1789.  May  to-morrow's  anni- 
versary, with  the  great  and  patriotic  ceremonies  that  will 
attend  it,  gladden   the  hearts  of  all  Americans,  and  may 


180  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

everything  go  ofif  harmoniously  and  happily,  is  the  sincere 

wish  of  • 

"  Dear  sir,  yours  faithfully, 

"  George  W.  P.  Custis. 

"To  W.  W.  Seaton,  Esq. 

*'  P.  S.     No  wafers  at  the  Spring." 

''Arlington  House,  20th  February,  1853. 

"  My  dear  Gales  &  Seaton,  —  I  send  you  another  of 
the  Recollections,  in  '  The  last  Days  at  Mount  Vernon.' 
This  will  probably  be  the  finale,  as  I  am  hard  pressed  by 
some  of  the  first  men  in  our  country,  including  the  ex- 
cellent Professor  Silliman,  to  bring  out  the  work  entire  in 
book  form ;  and  as  a  man  at  72,  if  he  has  anything  to  do 
should  do  it  as  a  beefsteak  should  be  broiled,  —  quickly, 
I  have  no  time  to  lose.  How  shall  I,  my  dear  sirs,  suf- 
ficiently express  my  grateful  acknowledgments  to  the  press 
of  the  National  Intelligencer,  that  has  published  for  me  so 
long  and  so  well,  and  diffused  my  humble  works  through 
all  parts  of  the  literary  world  1 

"I  am  now  (since  the  death  of  Mrs.  Lewis),  the  sole 
survivor  of  the  domestic  family  of  the  Chief,  and  the  only 
human  being  he  ever  honored  with  the  title  of  adopted 
son  ;  as  such  I  feel  a  bounden  duty  to  transmit  my  recollec- 
tioTis  and  private  memoirs  to  the  posterity  of  the  Americans 
and  the  world  at  large,  as  relations  coming  from  one,  who 
of  much  he  has  told,  may  say  Ut  pars  f 21V  I  am  an  old 
man,  untiring  and  untirable  as  a  speaker,  but  dreadfully 
annoyed  by  penmanship  ;  so  that  I  shall  employ  a  litterateur 
to  arrange  the  work,  and  hope  to  send  you  a  presentation 
copy  before  a  great  while.  As  my  very  voluminous  papers 
are  in  some  confusion,  I  am  not  sure  I  have  sent  you  the 

Revolutionary  letter Accept,    Dear   Sirs,   sahitation 

and  respect. 

*'  From  your  obliged  faithful  servant, 

"George  W.  P.  Custis." 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  181 

"Arlington  House,  21st  Febraary,  1854. 

"  My  dear  Col.  Seaton,  —  ....  The  story  of  the 
Lost  Letters  of  the  Raivlins  Booh  I  have  put  off  to  the 
last.  It  is  a  painful  subject  to  me,  for  it  implicates  one 
who  while  living  was  dear  to  me,  and  whose  melancholy 
end  excited  much  commiseration  many  years  ago.  But  if 
I  loved  my  poor  friend  much,  I  love  the  fame  and  memory 
of  Washington  more  ;  and  it  was  my  duty  as  his  biographer 
and  member  of  his  family,  to  place  this  matter  in  the  only 
light  in  which  it  can  ever  appear  to  the  world. 

*'  I  was  charmed  by  the  visit  of  Mrs.  Kirkland.  What 
a  fine,  handsome  woman !  I  am  not,  therefore,  surprised 
that  you,  my  dear  sir,  '  a  squire  of  dames,'  should  be  so 
eloquent  in  her  favor 

"  Apropos  of  the  railroad  and  national  bridge.     Will  you 

not  go  for  the  Jefferson  route,  as  described  iii  his  letter  to 

me   more   than   forty  years   ago,  ^when    he    made   a   re- 

connoissance  from  the  camp,  now  Observatory  Hill  ? .  .  .  . 

Recollect,  if  j^ou  adopt  the  Jefferson  route,  the  land  requisite 

for  the  western  abutment  of  the  bridge,  at  the  northern 

extremity  of  the  Arlington  estate,  will  cost  you  nothing. 

My  love  to  Gales.     Believe  me,  my  dear  sir, 

"  Faithfully  yours, 

"  George  W.  P.  Custis. 
**CoL.  Seaton." 

"  September,  1825. 
"  My  dear  Mother,  —  We  had  yesterday  a  most  kind 
note  from  Lafayette,  proposing  to  spend  half  an  hour  with 
us  during  the  last  day  of  his  stay  here.  The  half-hour 
passed  quickly  in  the  most  interesting  conversation,  and  he 
protracted  the  visit  until  the  hour  had  also  fled.  He  spoke 
to  me  much  of  North  Carolina,  of  your  kmd  hospitality  to 
him,  of  Washington's  statue  by  Canova,  which  he  says  is 
a  splendid  monument  of  the  sculptor's  genius,  but  is  the 


182  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

most  inexcusable  action  of  his  life,  as  he  sinned  both 
against  light  and  knowledge  in  making  it  as  much  like  me 
as  the  great  Washington  !  But  mum  to  the  Raleighites. 
He  dwelt  on  the  magic  changes  which  a  few  short  years  had 
made  in  our  cities,  our  arts,  our  wealth,  and  above  all  in  our 
population,  and  in  the  most'  touching  strain  spoke  of  the 
spring-time  of  his  youth  w^hen  visions  of  hope  ^were  strong, 
and  which  in  age  he  had  the  singular  felicity  of  seeing 
realized. 

''  Our  friend  Mr.  John  Lee,  of  Maryland,  the  representa- 
tive in  Congress  from  Frederick,  was  one  of  the  committee 
to  accompany  Lafayette  on  his  visit  to  that  place,  and 
relates  the  hero's  sang  froid  on  the  occasion  of  the  car- 
riage being  overturned,  when  he  was  rolled  over  and  over 
down  a  bank,  but  exhibited  the  utmost  composure,  and 
laughingly  resumed  his  seat  and  conversation." 

"  July  12,  1826. 
"•.  .  .  .  You  will  see  noted  in  the  Intelligencer,  Mr. 
Little's  intention  of  answering  General  Smyth's  and  Mr. 
Shultz's  proposed  substitutes  for  the  Christian  Code  which 
happily  rules  our  land.  He  has  during  three  successive 
Sunday  evenings  preached  to  the  most  crowded  congrega- 
tions we  have  ever  witnessed  in  our  church,  and  many  of 
those  ^  who  went  to  scoff  remained  to  pray.'  His  argu- 
ments were  unanswerable,  his  eloquence  most  admirable. 
He  has  now  taken  his  undisputed  pre-eminence  among  the 
learned,  the  pious  and  wise  men  of  our  community,  which 
has  hitherto  been  churlishly  withheld  by  the  spirit  of  big- 
otry. He  preaches  a  sermon  on  Sunday  next,  commemora- 
tive of  the  death  of  the  two  illustrious  sages  who  have  j  ust 
preceded  him  through  the  dark  valley  of  the  shadow  of 
death.  On  last  Sunday  he  announced  from  the  pulpit  the 
singular  coincidence  of  the  decease  of  John  Adams  on  the 
same  day  with  the  illustrious  Virginia  patriot,  the  first  re- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  183 

ceived  intelligence  of  which  event  Joseph  handed  to  him 
after  service  ;  and  in  the  most  delicate  and  touching  man- 
ner Mr.  Little  alluded  to  the  mistaken  opinion  entertained 
by  many  of  our  countrymen  regarding  Mr.  Jefferson's  deis- 
tical  opinions,  which  he  disproved  absolutely  by  reading  two 
original  letters  from  this  great  man  to   our   famous  Dr. 
Priestley,  when  the  latter  first  arrived  from  England,  dated 
AVashington,  inviting  the  Christian   apostle  of  liberty  to 
visit  this   city  and    confer  with  him  on  religious  topics; 
avowing  his  entire  belief  in,  and  reverence  for,  the  Scrip- 
tures, and  announcing  himself  a  Christian  Unitarian.     Mr. 
Little  then  dwelt  on  the  warm  and  uniform  faith  in  Unita- 
rianism  professed  by  the  great  and  venerable  John  Adams, 
and  very  cogently  expressed  the  consolation  and  encourage- 
ment which  Unitarians   must  feel  in  the  knowledge  that 
in  all  ages  the  greatest,  wisest,  and  holiest  men  have  been 
found    professing   and  acting  on  this  faith.     There  were 
High  Churchmen,  Blue  Calvinists  and  Presbyterians,  Meth- 
odists and  rigid   Catholics    composing    his  auditory;  and 
what  with  astonishment  at  the  coincident  deaths,  Jeffer- 
son's letters,  and  the  deductions  drawn  by  Mr.  Little,  they 
were  '  plussed,  —  I  may  say  non-plussed.'  .... 

''  You  see  that  Commodore  Porter  is  actually  in  the  Mex- 
ican service.  Mrs.  Porter,  one  of  my  most  intimate  friends, 
came  to  show  me  the  articles  which  the  Mexican  govern- 
ment have  entered  into  with  him.  Imjorimis,  they  guaran- 
tee the  payment  of  a  claim  on  the  old  :Mexican  government 
of  $50,000  or  $60,000  for  destroying  privateers;  they 
put  the  navy  under  the  absolute  control  of  Commodore 
P.,  he  selects  all  his  officers;  he  locates  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  land  where  he  pleases  ;  to  be  made  an  admiral  at  the 
next  session  of  Congress  ;  to  have  a  specified  liberal  salary, 
his  pay  to  be  continued  in  all  cases  of  illness  or  necessary 
absence  in  the  United  States,  and  a  pension  to  his  family  in 


184  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

case  of  accident  or  death.  These  are  the  leading  features 
of  the  agreement Remembering  father's  amused  in- 
terest in  David  Crockett's  eccentricities,  I  send  him  verba- 
tim et  literatim  some  extracts  from  a  letter  William  brought 
me  to  read,  ft'om  the  odd  but  warm-hearted  old  pioneer. 

"  '  Dear  Friends,  — ....  I  consider  the  time  has  come 
when  every  man  aught  to  do  his  duty  I  hope  the  time 
will  soon  come  when  this  man  worship  will  cease.  I  am 
grattifyed  that  I  can  informe  you  that  I  beat  in  nine  Coun- 
ty s  out  of  eighteen  and  I  beat  103  votes'  in  the  County 
that  Fitz  and  myself  both  live  in.  and  I  beat  him  up- 
wards of  six  hundred  in  the  Countys  that  will  compose  the 
district  when  divided  and  of  course  I  will  hold  myself  in 
readiness  for  the  next  race,  by  that  time  the  people  will 
see  the  purity  of  my  motive  all  the  people  wants  is  infor- 
mation and  they  will  do  right  This  little  Thing  has  been 
blowed  into  Congress  by  lying  and  huzzawing  for  Jackson 
in  fact  I  had  to  run  against  Jackson  as  well  as  this  mean 
puppy  .  ...  he  is  ready  to  taike  the  coller  with  my  dog  on 
it  and  the  name  of  Andrew  Jackson  on  the  Coller  he  will  have 
the  name  of  beating  me  on  General  Jacksons  poppularity 
but  this  is  not  true,  he  beat  me  by  writing  down  wilful 
lies  and  publishing  to  the  world  that  which  ought  to  sink 
every  honorable  man  into  insignificants  I  would  rather  be 
beaten  and  be  a  man  than  to  be  elected  and  be  a  little 
puppy  dog     I  must  close  with  great  respects  I  remain 

"  '  your  obt  servt 

"  '  David  Crockett  — 
"Joseph  Gailes 

and 
William  Seaton. 

*'  ^  P  S  please  to  correct  errs  and  publish  this  letter.  You 
know  me  DC—'" 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  185 

The  laborious  and  unintermitting  duties  of  an  edito- 
rial career  allowed  Mr.  Seaton  during  his  prolonged 
life  comparatively  few  opportunities  for  relaxation 
away  from  home,  other  than  the  shooting  excursions 
in  which  he  delighted,  and  which  mainly  contributed 
to  the  health  and  vigor  enjoyed  by  him  to  a  very  ad- 
vanced age.  This  is  now  doubly  to  be  regretted,  as  the 
results  of  his  keen  observation,  candid  spirit,  and  intel- 
ligent investigation  would  be  an  invaluable  picture  of 
men  and  manners ;  while  the  tenderness  of  his  nature, 
the  endearing  sweetness  of  his  domestic  affections,  would 
be  mere  forcibly  portrayed  by  his  own  unguarded  pen. 
During  a  visit  to  New  England  he  thus  writes  :  — 

*'  PoRTSMOTiTH,  N.  H.,  August,  1826. 
"  .  .  .  .  You  will  be  not  a  little  surprised  to  find  that 
I  have  penetrated  so  far  towards  the  extreme  point  of  the 
New  England  coast ;  but  you  will  be  glad  that  I  had  an 
opportunity  of  doing  so  without  delaying  the  longed-for 
period  of  my  return  to  my  dear  wife.  I  accepted  yester- 
day the  proposition  of  Mr.  Harrold  (an  old  English  fac- 
tor resident  in  Philadelphia,  well  known  to  our  English 
friends),  to  come  down  with  him.  Though  sixty  odd 
miles  from  Boston,  such  is  the  excellence  of  the  roads 
and  conveyances  that  the  journey  is  performed  in  seven 
hours.  1  have  been  exceedingly  interested  by  the  ride,  as 
the  road  lies  through  Beverly,  Newburyport,  and  numerous 
beautiful  villages.  This  morning  I  spent  an  hour  with 
Mr.  Parrott  and  his  amiable  family,  who  I  find  had  heard 
that  report  that  is  everywhere  given  of  you,  and  which 
so  often  makes  my  heart  swell  with  pride  and  happiness. 
Before  dinner  I  walked  about  a  mile  across  the  Piscataqua 
bridge  into  the  State  of  Maine,  where  at  a  farm-house  I 
obtained  a  glass  of  the  New  England  beverage,  hard  cider. 


186  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

and  drank  it  in  celebration  of  my  first  visit  to  the  eastern- 
most State  of  the  Union.  Returning,  I  found  the  bridge- 
keeper  fishing  from  the  bridge  for  cod,  the  water  being 
there  sixty  feet  deep,  and  taking  his  line  had  the  lack  in  a 
few  minutes  to  haul  up  a  fine  large  codfish,  much  to  the 
surprise  of  Mr.  Harrold,  who  accompanied  me,  and  who, 
by  the  by,  is  even  a  greater  walker  than  your  excellent 
father.  This  you  will  credit  when  I  tell  you  that  after 
dinner  we  walked  three  miles  to  the  fortress  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  and  passed  an  hour  on  the  rocky  shore  of  the 
great  deep,  whose  boundless  expanse  lay  before  us,  contem- 
plating its  ceaseless  surges  as  they  rolled  in  and  broke  on 
the  clifi's.  I  do  not  think  that  any  one  not  living  (5n  the 
ocean  can  view  its  vast  bosom  and  heaving  billows  with- 
out experiencing  feelings  of  solemnity  and  awe,  that  soften 
the  heart  and  awaken  all  its  best  impulses.  And  if  the 
heart  have  anything  to  love  in  the  world,  with  how  much 
force  does  the  tide  of  feeling  turn  at  such  moments  to  the 
objects  of  its  affection.  It  is  not  worth  the  while,  even  if 
time  did  not  fail  me,  to  endeavor  to  imravel  and  describe 
those  complicated  impressions  which  the  sublime  view  be- 
fore me,  and  consciousness  of  absence  from  all  that  my 
soul  holds  dear,  at  the  same  time  inspired,  but  while  I 
gazed  my  lips  involuntarily  almost  repeated  blessings  on 
you  and  yours  and  mine,  and  rendered  absence  more  sor- 
rowful  Captain  Watson,  of  the  Marine  Corps,  and 

other  gentlemen,  have  called  on  me,  and  pressed  me  to  re- 
main ;  but  I  must  resist  their  kind  and  pleasant  induce- 
ments  Having  finished  the  day,  I  give  you  its  his- 
tory, before  I  go  to  bed  to  pray  for  your  happiness  and  to 
dream  of  my  own." 

"Northampton,  August  16,  1826. 
"We  reached  this  beautiful  town  last  evening,  and  I 
must  give  my  dearest  wife  a  brief  narrative  of  the  journey 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  187 

and  its  transactions.  .....  I  shall  never  be  satisfied  until 

I  take  the  ride  up  the  lovely  valley  of  the  Connecticut  in 
your  sweet  company.  Charming  as  it  is,  I  could  not  enjoy 
its  beauties  fully  without  you ;  and  this  place,  the  most  lovely 
of  all,  would  be  enchanting  if  viewed  in  your  presence.  As 
it  is,  I  feel  it  selfish  to  enjoy  what  my  beloved  wife  is  not 
at  my  side  to  partake.     But  I  am  writing  of  myself  when 

you  want  to  hear  of  your  son I  find  Mr.  Cogswell 

and  Mr.  Bancroft  very  kind,  the  former  having  been  in 
Washington,  he  tells  me,  two  winters  ago,  where  he  knew 
both  you  and  myself.  ....  I  found  this  morning,  from  the 
number  of  strangers  in  town,  that  something  was  on  foot ; 
and  behold,  the  pastor  of  the  new  and  only  Unitarian  church 
here  was  to  be  ordained.  The  church  is  a  very  chaste  and 
beautiful  specimen  of  Greek  architecture.  Several  clergy- 
men from  Boston  were  present,  among  them  old  Dr.  Ware, 
to  all  of  whom  Mr.  Bancroft  introduced  me.  My  being 
known  as  a  member  of  the  Unitarian  congregation  at 
Washington  increased  whatever  of  interest  I  might  have 
claimed  of  their  politeness,  and  I  was  treated  with  a  good 
deal  of  attention.  Everything,  you  know,  ends  in  New 
England  with  a  dinner ;  and  after  I  returned  to  the  hotel 
from  the  church  services,  which  lasted  fom-  hours,  I  was 
waited  on  by  some  gentlemen  and  taken  to  the  public 
dinner  at  the  Masonic  Hall.  All  the  clerg}-men  and  repre- 
sentatives of  churches  were  present,  and  I  was  placed  near 
the  head  of  the  table.  The  repast  was  as  cheerful  as  other 
dinners;  and  what  would  you,  or  what  would  any  raw 
Southerner  have  thought,  had  he  entered  after  the  cloth 
had  been  removed,  and  the  wine  had  circulated  a  short 
time,  to  see  a  large  company  standing  up  at  a  public 
dinner,  and,  with  one  voice,  singing  a  hymn  to  the  tune  of 
Old  Hundred  !  I  declare  to  you,  I  never  was  so  impressed 
in  my  life.      The  spirit  of  devotion  which  among  these 


188  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

descendants  of  the  Pilgrims  enters  into  their  festivities  and 
evinces  the  moral  basis  of  their  character,  has  in  it  some- 
thing that  commands  respect.  After  the  hymn  the  com- 
pany separated.  I  was  pressed  by  Judge  Lyman  and  other 
gentlemen  to  accept  hospitality  at  their  homes,  but  I 
declined  for  the  pleasure  of  writing  to  you " 

"Boston,  1826. 
"  ....  I  came  up  yesterday  from  Salem,  the  ancient 
theatre  of  witchcraft  and  of  faith  in  sea-serpents,  both  of 
which  are  cardinal  points  of  belief  with  the  good  people  of 
the  place.  Mr.  Crowninshield,  seeing  me  on  the  stage-box 
as  we  passed  down  the  street,  called  on  me,  took  me  to  his 
family,  who  were  very  earnest  in  their  inquiries  for  you, 
and,  with  Mr.  Silsbee,  has  been  exceedingly  kind  and 
attentive,  showing  me  everything  worth  notice  in  the  place, 
several  of  which  deserve  very  particular  mention,  but  are 
reserved  until  I  have  the  happiness  to  embrace  my  beloved 
wife.  I  am  impatiently  waiting  the  return  of  Mr.  Webster, 
whom  I  saw  at  Ipswich,  the  oldest  settlement  in  America, 
where  we  stopped  for  an  hour.  Mr.  Webster  was  attending 
court,  and  made  me  promise  to  meet  him  here.  ....  To- 
day I  heard  our  great  Channing.  0,  how  I  wished  you 
could  be  by  my  side  to  listen  with  me  to  his  inspired 
accents,  as  his  rapt  soul  seemed  to  ascend  on  high,  and 

his  vision  to  penetrate  to  the  very  presence  of  God 

Good  night,  my  dearest  wife  ;  may  all  good  angels  watch 
over  you  and  my  dear  little  ones. 

"  Your  affectionate  husband, 

"W.  W.  Seaton." 

Mrs.   Seaton  writes  to  her  mother,  under  date  of 
October,  1826:  — 

"  You  will  see  that  William  is  to  be  orator  on  the  occa- 
sion of  laying  the  corner-stone  of  the  new  Masonic  Hall,  the 


A   BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  189 

ceremouies  attending  which  are  to  be  especially  interesting 
and  imposing,  President  Adams  and  other  dignitaries  to 
take  part  in  them." 

The  following  extracts  from  the  eloquent  address 
then  delivered  show  how  exalted  was  Mr.  Seaton's 
estimate  of  the  true  aims  of  ]\f  asonry,  the  handmaid  of 
Christianity,  of  the  almost  ideal  perfection  exacted 
from  its  sons  ;  the  virtues  thus  glowingly  depicted  and 
held  up  for  attainment  being  nobly  illustrated  in  the 
life  and  character  of  him  who  paid  this  tribute  to 
the  beneficent  brotherhood  :  — 

"You  have  laid  the  first  stone  of  a  temple  to  be  dedi- 
cated to  the  most  noble  and  the  most  venerable  of  all  the 
institutions  of  human  origin.  Founded  in  an  early  age  of 
the  world,  by  men  whose  wdsdom  and  sagacity  were  equalled 
only  by  their  virtue  and  benevolence,  this  institution  has 
survived  through  successive  ages  the  various  revolutions  of 
mankind.  Empires  have  risen,  and  flourished,  and  crum- 
bled into  dust ;  other  institutions  have  one  after  another 
sunk  into  oblivion ;  while  Masonry,  miraculously  kept 
alive,  even  during  the  long  night  in  which  civilization 
itself  was  extinct,  and  the  world  lay  for  centuries  wrapt 
in  the  gloom  of  profound  barbarism,  as  if  rendered  inde- 
structible by  the  eternal  principle  of  good  which  its  im- 
mortal founders  infused  into  its  constitution,  yet  survives 
the  lapse  of  thirty  centuries,  in  all  its  pristine  vigor,  in 
all  its  sublime  principles,  in  all  its  mysterious  rites,  and 
all  the  loveliness  of  its  first  creation 

"I  assert,  then,  that  to  be  a  perfect  Mason  implies  little 
less  than  to  be  a  perfect  man.  The  perfection  of  its  char- 
acter comprises  within  itself  the  whole  circle  of  virtues, 
and  the  whole  duty  of  man,  both  to  his  Creator  and  to  his 
fellow-man.     That  these  virtues  impose  an  obligation  on 


190  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

the  conscience  independent  of  any  social  institution  is 
admitted.  But  we  sometimes  neglect  our  duty,  not  be- 
cause we  are  disposed  to  violate  it,  but  because  the  obliga- 
tion it  imposes  is  imperfectly  felt,  or,  for  a  time,  forgotten. 
....  Those  institutions,  therefore,  which  enjoin  and  en- 
courage the  performance  of  our  moral  duty  ;  which  cultivate 
the  social  temper ;  which  soften  the  asperities  of  the  human 
character,  and  awaken  into  activity  the  native  philanthropy 
of  man,  have  a  peculiar  and  happy  influence  upon  society 
in  general.  Of  this  exalted  natm-e,  these  excellent  princi- 
ples, and  this  philanthropic  tendency  is  the  masonic  insti- 
tution. Its  solemn  rites,  its  visible  emblems,  its  peculiar 
symbols,  its  mystic  language,  were  all  designed  to  illustrate 
and  to  inculcate  our  duty  to  God,  to  our  brethren,  and 
ourselves ;  and  while  they  serve  to  distinguish  Masons 
from  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  make  them  known  to  each 
other  throughout  the  globe,  they  are,  at  the  same  time, 
ever-present  monitors  that  at  once  command  and  instruct 
us  in  the  discharge  of  those  high  and  sacred  duties  to  which 
all  Masons  stand  pledged  by  the  most  solemn  sanctions. 
Did  I  say  that  these  monitors  are  never  disobeyed  1  Alas  ! 
we  cannot  lay  that  flattering  unction  to  our  hearts.  In 
this  respect  (I  repeat  the  admission).  Masonry  shares  the 
lot  of  all  other  institutions.  But  if  it  sometimes  fails  to 
make  a  bad  man  good,  it  never  fails  to  make  a  good  man 
better. 

"  The  leading  attributes  of  Masonry  are  faith,  hope,  and 
charity ;  but  the  greatest  of  these  is  charity.  Charity  is 
emphatically  the  great  duty  which  Masons  owe  to  each 
other,  and  is  one  of  those  virtues  which  Masons,  above  all 
others,  are  enjoined  to  cherish  and  exercise.  Those  vota- 
ries of  Masonry  who  have  not  this  virtue  ought  never  to 
pollute  her  sanctuary.  If  we  approach  her  altar  without  it 
we  act  impiously  against  the  cause  we  profess. 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  191 

"  ....  It  is,  in  short,  a  compact  between  certain  men 
throughout  the  world  to  perform  towards  each  other,  and 
to  "each  other's  famihes,  the  offices  of  charity  and  friend- 
ship, whenever  the  vicissitudes  of  fortune  place  them  in 
a  situation  to  require  it.  The  same  principle  extends 
through  other  relations  of  society.  Citizens  are  bound  to 
allegiance;  but  the  oath  is  superadded.  Christians  are 
,  bound  to  obedience  to  the  Gospel,  but  they  unite  in  soci- 
eties and  obligations  for  the  observance  of  their  duties. 
Thus  Masons  are  subject  to  the  common  duties  of  social 
life ;  but  they  have  added  special  obligations  to  each  other, 
as  the  citizen  to  his  country,  and  the  Christian  to  his 
church. 

*'  Masonry,  elevated  by  the  nobleness  of  its  precepts, 
derives  not  mere  interest  from  its  venerable  antiquity  and 
surprising  preservation,  than  it  does  from  the  land  of  its 
birth.  In  speaking  of  this  ancient  institution,  the  mind 
involuntarily  recurs  to  the  interesting  region  in  which  it 
had  its  origin.  How  pre-eminent  have  been  the  destinies 
of  that  remarkable  portion  of  the  globe  to  which  poetry 
and  religion  and  history  and  Masonry  are  continually  sum- 
moning the  thoughts  of  civilized  man.  Thence  flow  alike  the 
primitive  streams  of  our  sacred  and  profane  history,  in  the 
writings  of  the  lawgiver  of  the  Hebrews,  and  those  of  the 
venerable  historian  of  Assyria.  Nay,  where  but  there  was 
the  Garden  of  Eden,  in  all  the  virgin  glory  of  fresh  creation, 
planted]  Where  but  there  did  the  sire  of  the  human 
family  first  inhale  the  breath  of  life  ]  There,  too,  was  the 
elected  spot  of  earth  which  bore  the  footsteps  of  Eve,  in 
that  primeval  hour,  when 

'  Grace  was  in  all  her  ^eps,  heaven  in  "her  eye, 
In  eveiy  gesture  dignity  and  love.' 

There,  also,  Chaldean  sages  uplifted  those  '  lighthouses  of 
the   skies,'  from  which  they  scanned    the  march   of  the 


192  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

planets,  and  assigned  the  stations  of  the  heavenly  constel- 
lations. There  was  the  land  of  the  patriarchs.  And  thither 
the  chosen  people  of  God  were  guided  by  Moses  to  estab- 
lish a  theocracy  taught  them  amid  the  thunders  of  Mount 
Sinai,  and  to  build  up  the  holy  city  of  Jerusalem,  towards 
which  the  devotee,  in  whatever  distant  land  he  lives,  bows 
his  head  in  reverence.  There,  too,  was  erected  the  splen- 
did temple  of  Solomon,  upon  which  all  the  skill  and  taste  , 
and  wealth  of  the  East  were  piled  in  gorgeous  prodigality. 
The  same  fortunate  land  witnessed  the  birth,  the  life,  and 
death  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  the  miracles  which  he  wrought 
in  attestation  of  his  divine  mission.  And  when  the  glory 
of  that  land  was  faded  away,  and  the  ploughshare  had 
passed  over  the  palaces  of  Jerusalem,  the  sanctity  of  the 
soil  hallowed  by  every  religious  recollection-  made  it  the 
arena  on  which  Christian  and  Saracen  hosts  contended  for 
the  mastery, — the  bravest  and  the  best  of  Christendom  flock- 
ing thither,  in  the  elevated  enthusiasm  of  Chivalry,  to  pour 
out  their  blood  like  water  for  the  rescue  of  the  sepulchre 
from  its  infidel  masters.  This  land,  sanctified  by  so  many 
recollections,  and  ennobled  by  events  of  such  moment  to 
the  whole  family  of  man,  —  this  was  the  native  land  of 
Freemasonry." 

Mrs.  Seaton  writes  under  date  of  January  8, 1827  :  — 

" .  .  .  .  You  will  see  by  the  Intelligencer  that  person- 
alities are  the  order  of  the  day,  and  that  the  '  honorable, 
excellent,  worthy,  high-minded,  and  amiable '  editors  there- 
of have  had  their  full  share  of  eulogium.  'T  is  rather  an 
amusing  position  in  which  they  are  placed,  attending  Con- 
gress daily  in  the  line  of  their  duty  as  stenographers,  and 
laboring  in  their  vocation,  to  4isten  to  praises  from  every 
side  of  the  House  on  a  subject  in  which  they  are  not  at  all 
interested  except  as  '  lookers  on  in  Vienna.'  The  resolu- 
tion introduced  by  General  Sanders  was  entirely  unadvised 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  193 

and  unexpected  by  your  sons,  and  rather  deprecated  by 
them.  .  ."  .  .  Mr.  Clay  sits  rather  uneasy,  no  doubt,  to 
have  the  propriety  of  his  reasons  and  causes  doubted, 
when  he  only  exercised  his  sovereign  pleasure.  You  see 
that  William  is  accounted  a  Carolinian,  and  since  poor 
Virginia  and  her  state  rights  have  been  so  conspicuously 
wrong,  I  suppose  he  will  brook  the  aftront.  We  want  no 
fussing  (I  believe  a  legitimate  Yorkshire  word) ;  if  the 
members  choose  to  quaiTel  among  themselves  they  must 
use  their  own  discretion.  The  Bankrupt  Bill,  the  Tariff, 
woollens  and  all,  have  not  excited  a  tithe  of  the  attention 
and  interest  which  this  merely  personal  question  has  given 
rise  to.  It  is  not  expected  that  the  bankrupt  bill  will  ex- 
perience a  better  fate  by  being  reconsidered  after  its  rejec- 
tion in  the  House,  which  on  every  score  is  a  subject  of 
regi-et.  Parties  will  wax  hot  as  the  session  advances,  as 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  anger  and  ill-nature  in  some  of  the 
members  opposed  to  the  administration ;  but  we  feel  san- 
guine that  the  fair  course  pursued  by  the  Intelligencer 
will  carry  us  safely  through  the  ordeal.  Dr.  Floyd  has 
become  the  warm  friend  of  Calhoun,  and  hates  Adams  and 
everybody  who  thinks  differently  from  himself;  but  then 
he  says  he  loves  Mrs.  Seaton  so  weU  !!....  Mrs.  Everett 
and  manv  of  the  members'  wives  have  been  to  see  me  :  but 
Mrs.  Webster  is  not  here,  I  regi'et  to  say,  as  she  is  one  of 

the  strangers  whose  society  I  most  enjoy Guns  are 

firing  from  every  point,  and  great  demonstrations  of  re- 
joicing are  made  to  celebrate  the  anniversary  of  Jackson's 
victory,  and  to  give  eclat  to  the  dinner  to-day,  which  has 
become  an  entire  party  matter,  and  will  draw  the  line  of 
demarcation*  in  social  as  well  as  political  circles  more  dis- 
tinctly than  hitherto " 

''March,  1827. 
" .  .   .  .1  have  received  a  long  letter  from  Mrs.  Porter, 

9  M 


194  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

who  sends  her  kind  love  to  you.  She  is  with  her  parents, 
and  wields  a  graphic  pen  ;  but  my  heart  bleeds  for  her  in 
the  state  of  incertitude  to  w^hich  she  may  be  condemned 
for  weeks  or  months.  The  Commodore  is  blockaded  by  so 
superior  a  force  as  renders  his  escape  next  to  impossible  ; 
though, 

*  What  man  dare  do,  he  '11  dare  ;  who  dares  do  more  is  none.' 

"  In  that  state  of  mind  which  rejects  desultory,  miscella- 
neous reading,  as  being  insufficient  to  ward  off  recollections 
and  poignant  feelings  which  every  sense  of  duty  warned 
me  to  struggle  with  and  overcome,  ere  they  destroyed  my 
peace  and  health,  I  applied  myself  indefatigably  to  the 
study  of  Spanish,  by  which  I  have  benefited  myself  and 
gratified  William.  I  have  already  found  it  useful  in  trans- 
lating Mexican  documents,  Spanish  papers,  etc.,  for  the 
Intelligencer,  and  it  may  be  that  my  interest  in  everything 
concerning  poor  Porter  is  increased  by  tracing  his  prepara- 
tions and  movements. 

"You  will  perceive  that  the  Senate  election  has  gone 
against  us,  and  that  some  of  our  old  friends  have  deserted 
us  in  our  hour  of  need.  Branch,  Eaton,  and  other  smnmer 
friends,  we  did  not  expect  to  support  us.  There  was  great 
excitement  in  both  House  and  Senate,  and  Mr.  Webster 
came  up  after  balloting,  to  ask  what  they  could  do  in  the 
House  to  counterbalance  the  spite  of  the  Senate ;  that  they 
•were  mortified  and  angry,  and  would  do  anything  consist- 
ent with  propriety  and  principle  for  our  benefit.  This  is 
the  temper  of  our  friends,  and  an  entire  proscription  of  the 
course  of  our  enemies,  —  i.  e.  the  Jackson  men.  Van  Bu- 
ren  of  New  York  is  the  master  spring  of  all  the  mischief, 
though  working  entirely  under  ground.  Party  spirit  is 
now  fiery  hot,  and  will  increase  every  day.  We  have  never 
been  so  much  aware  of  it,  not  even  in  war  and  embargo 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  195 

times,  as  it  has  severed  the  most  intimate  hnks  of  friendship 
and  good-will.  Mr.  S.,  among  our  other  old  acquaintances 
is  decidedly  inimical  to  oiu'  interests,  his  high  collective 
and  individual  eulogium  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 
This  morning  the  line  is  distinctly  drawn  for  the  first  time 
in  the  Intelligencer,  and  was  unavoidable.  It  will  make 
Bome  of  the  Senators  a  leetle  uneasy  in  their  relative  jour- 
neys home  ;  but  you  have  no  conception  to  what  lengths 
they  went  in  other  things,  as  well  as  the  sacrifice  of  old 
friends.  General  Ban-inger  appears  to  be  unsettled,  if  not 
entirely  changed,  in  his  political  opinions,  and  abused  the 
factions  here,  and  eulogized  Daniel  Webster  in  a  strain  that 
would  have  been  music  to  the  ear  of  our  friend  Lewis  Wil- 
liams, in  the  last  evening  he  spent  with  me.  I  say  me,  be- 
cause, in  sooth,  William  turns  all  this  kind  of  visitors  over 
to  me  in  fee  simple,  if  he  should  chance  to  be  in  the  house, 
which  at  this  exciting  and  busy  season  he  has  rarely  been 
until  near  midnight.  On  parting,  the  General  expressed 
much  fear  of  not  coming  again,  and  hoped  that  Weston  would 
vote  this  year,  and  that  father  would  not  vote  against  him. 
He  was  fiery  red-hot  for  Jackson  when  he  came,  and  quite 
the  reverse  when  he  went  away.  You  will  see  that  our 
friend  McLean,  Postmaster-General,  is  always  exempted 
from  crime  or  the  imputation  of  crime,  in  the  sweeping 
denunciations  against  the  cabinet  in  one  of  the  city  Gazettes. 
Mr.  McLean  is  a  worthy  man  we  think,  though  led  away 

by  partialities Colonel  John  Williams  is  here,  and 

as  usual  spends  all  his  leisure  time  with  us.  He  returns 
in  a  few  days  to  Tennessee,  to  hard  work  at  the  law,  being 
compelled  to  bend  to  the  fury  of  the  storm,  and  leave 
public  life  until  a  more  tolerant  spirit  shall  prevail,  as  Gen- 
eral Jackson  and  he  divide  the  State,  but,  unfortunately  for 
him,  not  equally.  In  om-  opinion.  General  Jackson  is  in- 
finitely superior  in  magnanimity  and  other  good  qualities 


196  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

to  his  fi-iends.  They  are  outrageous,  and  would  wilhngly 
trample  under  foot  and  massacre  all  who  do  not  bow  the 
knee  to  Baal 

"  Mrs.  Governor  Barbour  has  just  called  m  her  carriage 
on  her  way  to  Virginia,  to  entreat  and  so  strenuously 
insist  on  my  visiting  her  for  a  few  weeks,  and  accompany- 
ing the  Governor  and  herself  to  the  White  and  Warm  Sul- 
phiu"  and  Bedford  Springs,  that  I  could  not  avoid,  without 
appearing  insensible  to  such  urgent  kindness,  saying  that 
I  would  consider  of  it.  She  says  that  if  William  cannot 
leave  Washington,  her  husband  shall  come  for  me,  and  we 
can  arrange  under  their  roof  our  plans,  which  she  certainly 
painted  in  pleasant  colors,  if  I  could  feel  interested  in 
paying  a  visit  anywhere  unaccompanied  by  all  my  chil- 
dren  

"  Our  friend  Swift,  you  see,  has  sunk  under  the  storm, 
and  his  family  must  be  the  sufferers  from  his  indiscretion, 
for  of  nothing  more,  we  are  certain,  could  he  be  found 
guilty.  We  were  surprised  and  glad  yesterday  to  see  him 
alight  at  our  door  from  New  York.  He  is  utterly  in  the 
dark  as  to  the  cause  of  his  dismissal,  but  supposes  it  the 
result  of  party  feelings,  as  he  was  always  devoted  heart 
and  soul  to  Mr.  Calhoun,  and  needed  prudence  in  the  ex- 
pression of  his  prepossession.  We  felt  affected  at  seeing 
him  a  bankinipt  in  fortune,  and  that  he  asserts  to  be  the 

least  bitter  of  his  trials He  fears  that  his  good 

name  may  suffer  by  being  superseded  at  this  moment.  He 
and  his  excellent  wife  have  suffered  much  in  a  short  period, 
their  eldest  child,  a  lovely  girl,  having  died  dm^ing  his  trial. 
You  will  be  interested  in  this,  as  I  know  how  much  you 

liked  him With  William's  and  my  own  miited  love 

to  yourself  and  our  honored  father, 

"  Your  dutiful  and  affectionate  daughter, 

"Sarah  Seaton." 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  197 

The  domestic  affliction  to  which  Mrs.  Seaton  alludes 
was  the  sudden  death  of  a  lovely  son  of  six  years, 
interesting  in  all  promise  of  character,  beautiful  and 
engaging  in  person,  who  was  brought  home  from  his 
morning  canter  on  his  pony,  dragging  at  the  stirrup, 
fatally  injured,  lingering  on  earth  but  a  few  hours. 
This  blow,  so  cruel  to  the  parents,  was  one  of  tlie 
many  wliich  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seaton  were  called  to  endure 
through  their  long  life,  and  which  —  in  the  simple 
faith  and  resignation  to  the  Divine  Will,  the  added 
tenderness  of  the  tie  imiting  them  to  each  other  and 
to  those  remaining  to  their  love  and  care,  wrought  for 
them  through  the  chastening  —  seemed  to  bring  still 
nearer  to  perfection  the  Clnistian  graces  that  crowned 
their  character. 

Joseph  Gardner  Swift,  born  in  Massachusetts,  1783, 
was  a  civil  and  military  engineer  of  great  distinction 
in  the  United  States  service.  In  1807  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Academy  at  West 
Point,  of  wliich  school  of  brilliant  soldiers  he  had 
been,  in  1802,  the  first  graduate.  He  succeeded  Colo- 
nel Jonathan  Williams  as  chief  of  the  corps  of  topo- 
graphical engineers,  distinguishing  himself  highly  in 
the  war  of  1812,  especially  in  the  defence  of  Xew 
York,  for  which  grateful  services  that  city  paid  him 
various  flattering  marks  of  approval  and  thanks.  The 
work  for  which  he  will  be  specially  remembered  was 
the  skilful  and  ingenious  construction  of  the  railroad 
from  New  Orleans  to  Lake  Pontchartrain  through  an 
imfathomable  swamp,  the  rails  of  which  he  laid  on  the 
mass  of  fossil  shell  remains  found  in  the  depths  of  the 
morass ;  and  of  this  shell  dehris  he  also  formed  the 


198  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

famous  "  shell  road,"  now  the  favorite  drive  near  ISTew 
Orleans. 

General  Swift  was  possessed  of  unusual  scientific 
and  literary  attainment;  was  charming  in  manners, 
genial  in  temper,  strong  in  domestic  and  social  affec- 
tions, an  excellent  art  critic,  a  devotee  to  music,  sing- 
ing an  admirable  song  in  a  rich  bass  voice,  and  a  keen 
sportsman.  From  early  years  a  friendship  had  sub- 
sisted between  himself  and  Mr.  Seaton,  congenial  in 
so  many  points  of  taste  and  tone  of  character,  which 
matured  in  middle  age  to  the  intimate  affection  that 
lasted  to  the  end  of  life ;  and  of  which  tlie  following 
note  is  one  of  the  many  similar  pleasant  records  pre- 
served in  the  family. 

*'  Geneva,  March,  1848. 

"Very  dear  Friend  Seaton,  —  Thomas  March,  Esq.,  of 
Brooklyn,  has  proposed  an  excursion  to  the  south  side  of 
Long  Island,  early  in  May,  to  renew,  as  we  sexagenarians 
may,  the  joy  of  days  gone  by.  He,  Major  Tucker,  and  myself 
hope  you  will  smoke  a  pipe  with  our  party  of  four.  I  am 
mournfully  aware  of  the  inevitable  relation  that  subsists 
between  Congi-ess  and  the  Intelligencer,  and  especially 
now  in  these  piping  times  of  prospective  peace,  that  may 
run  debate  into  summer.  But  we  hope  that  the  speed  of 
the  political  car  may  allow  you  to  dip  a  line  into  this  water, 
and  help  us  to  broil  a  trout  d,  la  Colonel  Hawkins.  So 
think  well  of  this  bid  to  the  reel Mrs.  Swift's  re- 
spects to  Mrs.  Seaton,  and  mine  also. 

"  Ever  yours, 

"  J.  G.  Swift. 

"Hon.  W.  AV.  Seaton." 

In  1818  General  SA\ift  resigned  his  commission  in 
the  army,  as  did  other  officers,  from  dissatisfaction  and 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  199 

wounded  pride  at  the  appointment  by  President  Mon- 
roe of  General  Bernard  to  the  charge  of  the  coast 
defences.  This  etc  facto  supersedure,  by  a  foreigner,  of 
General  Swift  in  the  position  in  which  he  had  earned 
such  distinction  created  naturally  a  strong  feeling  of 
resentment  throughout  the  army,  so  sensitively  gen- 
erous in  its  esprit  de  corps.  Subsequently,  General 
Swift's  actions  were  subjected  to  the  crucible  of  polit- 
ical misrepresentation,  from  which  they  emerged  unal- 
loyed metal ;  and  it  was  to  that  persecution  that  Mrs. 
Seaton  referred  in  her  letter,  and  of  wliich  General 
Swift  so  clearly  disposes  in  the  following  note  :  — 

♦'  February  18,  1827, 
^'  Dear  Seaton,  —  My  name  appears  with  no  good  ob- 
ject or  aspect  in  the  congressional  matter  of  the  9th  inst. 
Mr.  Forsyth  calls  up  the  uncandid  Report  on  the  Mobile 
Fort,  and  enters  an  extract  therefrom  on  the  Journals  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  for  the  use  or  abuse  of  pos- 
terity. That  report  —  falsely  and  in  my  opinion  inten- 
tionally to  injure  —  asserts  that  I,  as  United  States  Agent, 
was  to  divide  a  profit  with  Mr.  T.  and  others  !  The  facts  : 
In  May,  1818,  I,  as  United  States  Agent,  contracted  with 
B.  W.  Hopkins  to  build  the  Mobile  Fort.  In  November, 
1818,  I  resigned  my  army  commission  and  of  course  agen- 
cy. In  August,  1819,  B.  W.  Hopkins  dies  of  yellow-fever 
at  his  work.  In  1820  the  executor  sells  B.  W.  H.'s  con- 
tract to  Colonel  Hawkins,  who  comes  to  me  and  offers  me 
one  fourth  of  the  profits  for  my  advice  and  ii;istructions  as 
engineer  how  to  execute  his  work.  I  agree  to  give  them. 
Am  I  in  this  any  species  of  United  States  Agent,  or  in 
any  manner  or  degree  censurable  ]  Think  a  moment  on 
the  object  and  effect  of  these  cuts  and  thrusts,  and  think 
on  the  humiliating  truth  that  nobody  cares  for  any  attempt 


200  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

to  justify'?  So  mucli  does  love  of  detraction  overbalance 
inclination  to  render  justice.  Compare  the  eager  reading 
of  an  accusation  with  the  apathy  which  a  refutation  ex- 
cites !  It  is  quite  probable  that  Mr.  Forsyth's  extract  may 
be  republished  or  referred  to,  to  prove  that  I  am  —  any- 
thing. I  had  thought  that  the  asperity  of  political  feeling 
on  the  Presidential  question  had  long  subsided,  so  far  as  it 

related  to  persons  not  filling  prominent  places 

"  As  ever,  your  friend, 

"  J.  G.  Swift. 
"W.  W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

General  Simon  Bernard,  born  at  Dole,  France,  in 
1779,  was  one  of  the  many  illustrations  of  the  distinc- 
tion achieved  in  the  French  service  by  unassisted  merit. 
He  was  educated  by  charity  at  the  famous  Polytechnic 
school,  to  which  he  was  making  his  way  on  foot,  when, 
overcome  by  cold  and  starvation,  he  would  have  per- 
ished on  the  road  but  for  the  succor  afforded  by  a  poor 
woman,  who  gave  him  shelter  and  saw  him  safely  to 
his  destination.  The  boy  soon  showed  unusual  talent, 
fostered  by  such  masters  in  military  science  as  La- 
place and  Monge ;  and,  winning  the  position  of  second 
lieutenant  of  engineers,  served  on  the  Ehine,  under 
E'apoleon,  by  whom  he  was  promoted  to  a  captaincy. 
The  Emperor,  eagle-eyed  to  discern  capacity,  and  quick 
to  employ  it,  confided  to  the  young  ofificer  an  important 
commission,  rewarding  his  success  in  its  fulfilment  by 
a  coveted  appointment  to  his  staff.  During  the  "  hun- 
dred days,"  General  Bernard  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  Topographical  Bureau,  and  after  Waterloo  came 
to  this  country  with  a  high  reputation  and  strong  let- 
ters from  Lafayette.  His  appointment  as  Engineer 
in  Chief  of  the  United  States  Army,  although  certain- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  201 

ly  an  injustice  to  our  native  talent,  and  an  undeserved 
slight  to  the  distinguished  Swift,  was  not  without  good 
fruit ;  and  the  able  Frenchman  rendered  good  service 
to  the  country  in  his  mihtary  capacity,  one  of  the  best 
known  monuments  of  his  skill  being  Fortress  Monroe. 
After  the  "  three  days  of  July,"  he  returned  to  France, 
where  he  was  received  with  honor  and  high  preferment, 
being  appointed  Aide-de-Camp  to  Louis  Philippe,  and 
subsequently  Lieutenant-General  of  Engineers,  and 
Minister  of  War,  remaining  in  office  until  the  downfall 
of  the  Ministry  in  1837.  In  1839  he  closed  his  varied 
and  honorable  cureer.  During  his  fifteen  years'  service 
under  the  United  States  government  he  won,  together 
with  his  interesting  and  amiable  wife  and  daughters,  the 
esteem  and  affection  of  the  society  of  Washington,  the 
relations  of  himself  and  family  being  especially  intimate 
with  ]\Ir.  and  Mrs.  Seaton,  in  whose  home,  graced  by 
refined  intelligence  and  open  hospitality,  strangers, 
during  half  a  century,  found  a  welcome  atmosphere 
of  kindness  and  congeniality.  When,  at  Louis  Phil- 
ippe's accession.  General  Bernard  returned  finally  to 
France,  his  departure  was  the  signal  for  many  part- 
ing compliments  and  testimonials  of  regard  from  the 
citizens  to  the  worthy  Frenchman ;  and  it  was  on 
one  of  these  occasions  that  the  honored  guest  paid 
a  graceful  tribute  to  the  virtues  of  Mrs.  Seaton,  the 
scene  being  thus  described  by  one  who  was  privi- 
leged to  be  present:  — 

"At  a  large  dinner  at  the  hospitable  mansion  of  Eck- 
ington,  after  the  dessert  was  served  and  the  guest  had 
been  toasted,  and  had  replied  in  warm  terms  of  gratitude 
and  respect  to  our  country,  he  was  called  on  for  a  toast, 

9*  L 


202  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

and  rising  said  :  *  I  will  give  you,  gentlemen,  a  sentiment 
which  will  be  echoed  in  the  hearts  of  all  present,  as  it 
would  be  by  the  society  of  Washington  and  all  the  good 
and  great  of  foreign  courts  who  have  resided  in  this  city, 
—  I  give  you,  gentlemen,  Madame  Seaton,  the  accom- 
plished lady,  wife,  and  mother.' 

"Edward  Livingston,  then  Secretary  of  State,  immedi- 
ately rose  and  said  :  '  He  would  relieve  his  friend,  Mr. 
Seaton,  and  also  their  friends,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gales  (the 
hosts),  from  the  embaiTassment  of  acknowledging  this  per- 
sonal compliment,  so  beautiful,  so  just,  and  in  such  accord 
with  the  feelings  of  all  present,  by  taking  the  pleasure  of 
that  task  on  himself,  on  his  own  behalf  and  that  of  his 
family.'  He  then  proceeded  in  a  strain  of  delicate  and 
exalted  eulogy  of  Mrs.  Seaton,  which  called  forth  a  burst 
of  applause  from  the  distinguished  company  present." 

"Washington,  December,  1830. 
"General  Bernard  has  the  honor  to  present  all  his  re- 
spects to  Mr.  Seaton,  and  to  inform  him  that,  having 
obtained  a  furlough  to  visit  Europe,  he  will  do  himself  the 
honor  to  call  on  Mr.  Seaton  to  receive  his  commands  for 
France.  General  Bernard  has  just  received  the  enclosed 
article  relating  to  the  American  claims  fi'om  the  Constitu- 
tionnel,  transmitted  to  him  from  General  Lafayette,  whose 
desire  was  that  the  article  should  be  known  to  the  Ameri- 
can public. 

"  Very  respectfully, 

"  Bernaed." 

It  was  during  this  absence,  thus  announced,  that 
the  General  visited  his  native  town  of  Dole,  where 
a  triumphant  reception  awaited  the  once  penniless 
boy,  now  the  renowned  soldier  who  conferred  honor 
by  his  presence.     This  interesting  incident  is  alluded 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  203 

to  by  M.  Poussin,  —  also  a  Frenchman,  who  won  high 
position,  professional  and  diplomatic,  in  the  new 
Eepublic,  —  in  the  folloAving  note  to  Mr.  Seaton :  — 

"May  14,  1831. 

"  Dear  Sir,  —  You  will  no  doubt  learn  with  pleasure 
that  this  excellent  man,  General  Bernard,  who  has  resided 
so  long:  amonor  us  as  to  be  considered  as  one  of  our  most 
distinguished  officers,  is  about  to  return  to  his  adopted 
country  to  resume  his  highly  useful  occupations  as  an 
engineer.  Previous  to  leaving  his  country  the  General 
visited  his  aged  father  residing  in  his  native  town,  of 
which  occasion  the  National  makes  -the  following  men- 
tion :  — 

"  They  write  to  us  from  Dole  (department  of  Jura, 
Franche-Comte),  —  '  The  arrival  in  our  town  of  the  brave 
General  Bernard  of  the  engineers,  who  has  come  to  us  after 
an  absence  of  fifteen  years,  has  been  the  occasion  of  a  pa- 
triotic celebration.  The  National  Guard,  the  Sappers,  Fire- 
men, the  Artillery  with  a  band  of  musicians  at  their  head, 
marched  spontaneously  to  meet  and  greet  this  worthy  citi- 
zen.' 

"  General  Bernard  begs  to  be  particularly  remembered 
to  you  and  your  family. 

"  Most  sincerely  yours, 

"  W.  T.  Poussin." 

William  Tell  Poussin,  a  young  French  engineer, 
came  to  this  country  with  letters  of  introduction 
from  Lafayette,  commending  his  professional  abilities 
to  our  government,  by  whom  he  was  employed  in 
various  works  of  engineering,  in  which  he  showed 
undoubted  skill.  Possessed  of  talent  and  many  amia- 
ble traits  of  character,  he  won  the  esteem  of  officials 
and  society ;  and  when  the  French  government  ap- 


204  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

pointed    him    Minister    to    the    United   States,   the 
deserved  promotion  met  with  signal  approbation. 

M.  Poussin  continued  to  represent  France  until  a 
change  of  ministry  recalled  him  home,  being,  however, 
reappointed  to  the  same  honorable  post  during  the 
Presidency  of  the  EmjDcror  Napoleon  III.  He  was 
kind-hearted,  and  gratefully  devoted  to  those  who 
showed  him  friendship ;  to  Mr.  Seaton,  especially,  tes- 
tifying an  almost  filial  affection.  "I  was  blind,"  he 
used  to  say,  "  and  Mr.  Seaton  made  me  to  see ;  dumb, 
and  he  made  me  to  speak ;  a  stranger,  and  he  gave 
me  home." 

Unfortunately,  his  native  impulsiveness  had  not 
been  calmed  down  in  the  reticent  school  of  diplomacy, 
and  betrayed  him  finally  into  an  indecorous  warmth 
of  correspondence  with  the  State  Department,  which 
eventuated  in  his  virtual  dismissal  from  our  shores  ; 
the  second  occasion  in  the  history  of  our  government, 
on  which  a  want  of  the  respect  due  from  a  foreign 
minister  in  his  official  intercourse  had  resulted  in  the 
presentation  of  his  passports  to  the  offending  digni- 
tary. 

The  circumstances  attending  the  cessation  of  M. 
Poussin's  diplomatic  relations  with  this  country,  were 
in  substance  as  follows  :  — 

Wliile  ]Mr.  Clayton  was  Secretary  of  State,  he  re- 
ceived from  M.  Poussin  a  note  calling  the  attention 
of  the  department  to  the  case  of  a  French  resident  in 
Mexico,  on  whose  behalf  he  desired  to  appeal  from  the 
sentence  of  a  military  court  held  previously  at  Puebla, 
by  which  the  Frenchman  had  suffered  in  property. 
After   careful    investigation   into   the   merits   of  the 


A   BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  205 

case,  ]\Ir.  Clayton  was  unable  to  perceive  any  legal 
or  equitable  grounds  for  reversing  the  decision  of 
the  tribunal,  and  so  he  courteously  informed  the 
French  Minister.  To  this  communication  on  the 
part  of  the  Secretary  M.  Poussin  replied  in  a  very 
acrimonious  note,  in  which  he  impugned  the  in- 
tegrity of  the  Court,  and  more  particularly  the 
evidence  of  Colonel  Churchill.  To  this  rude  note 
Mr.  Clayton,  impelled  by  courtesy  and  ofiicial  consid- 
eration for  M.  Poussin,  replied,  although  liis  first  note 
to  the  Minister,  sustaining  the  decision  of  the  Court, 
was  a  finality,  beyond  which  he  was  not  really  bound 
to  take  further  action.  After  defending  Colonel  Chur- 
chill from  the  aspersions  of  M.  Poussin,  and  adducing 
in  his  favor  the  approval  of  General  Scott,  Mr.  Clay- 
ton proceeded  to  controvert,  in  the  most  respectful 
manner,  some  of  the  positions  assumed  by  M.  Poussin. 
This  drew  from  M.  Poussin  a  communication  so  dis- 
respectful and  intemperate  in  language,  so  insulting  in 
its  tenor  towards  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
that  Mr.  Clayton  was  compelled  to  lay  it  personally 
before  the  President,  in  obedience  to  whose  directions 
the  Secretary  of  State  informed  M.  Poussin  that 
thenceforth  the  government  of  the  United  States 
must  decline  to  recognize  him  as  the  representative 
of  France.  The  French  government  was  promptly 
informed  of  our  action  in  the  premises,  the  polite 
suggestion  being  made,  that  every  facility  for  INI. 
Poussin's  departure  would  be  afforded  him,  whencA^er 
he  should  be  pleased  to  make  known  his  desire  to 
return  to  France. 

M.  Poussin's  last  insulting  note  was  dated  Washing- 


206  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

ton,  although  he  was  in  ISTew  York  at  the  time  it  was 
written.  Mr.  Clayton  politely  requested  his  prompt 
appearance  at  Wasliington,  to  afford  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  retracting  the  objectionable  language;  but 
no  retraction  or  "explanation  was  ever  made,  and  the 
French  government  seemed  for  a  while  to  sustain  the 
action  of  its  representative,  characterizing  Mr.  Clay- 
ton's note  as  "  an  imperious  summons." 
'  The  intercourse  of  the  French  government  with  Mr. 
Eives,  the  United  States  Minister,  was  interrupted  by 
a  refusal  to  receive  him  at  Court,  which  action  Mr. 
Clayton  met  by  instructions  to  Mr.  Eives  to  discon- 
tinue his  relations  with  the  French  government  should 
his  exclusion  be  persisted  in,  or  any  explanation  be 
demanded  prior  to  his  reception  at  Court.  Our  gov- 
ernment, added  Mr.  Clayton  in  his  able  despatch  to 
Mr.  Eives,  was  the  sole  guardian  of  its  honor  and  dig- 
nity, and  would,  in  its  estimate  of  what  was  disrespect- 
ful and  insulting,  submit  to  no  judgment  save  its  own  ; 
and  in  like  manner  the  government  of  France  was  at 
perfect  liberty  to  act  in  any  manner  consistent  with 
its  own  ideas  of  dignity.  This  -  Mr.  Clayton  expressed 
with  an  aptness  and  propriety  that  elevated  it  above 
the  range  of  retort. 

The  following  is  one  among  the  numerous  letters 
addressed  to  Mr.  Seaton  during  many  years  by  the 
impulsive,  warm-hearted  Frenchman. 

**No.  2  Rue  de  la  Ferme  des  Mathurins. 
Paris,  28tli  March,  1832. 

"  Dear  Sir,  —  I  long  wished  to  inform  you  in  what  part 
of  the  old  continent  I  were,  and  that  amidst  the  multi- 
plicity of  attractions  the  two  rival  metropolis,  London  and 


A    BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  207 

Paris,  offered  to  a  pilgrim  from  the  New  World,  I  were  not 
unmindful  of  my  friends,  and  of  none  less  so  than  the  gi'ate- 
fully  remembered  members  of  your  amiable  family.  I  have 
been  constantly  in  the  hope  of  hearing  some  gratifying 
news  which  I  could  send  you  relative  to  our  dear  and  wor- 
thy friend,  the  good  General  Bernard.  As  yet,  nothing  is 
done  ;  hope  we  have,  however,  that  ere  long  that  profoundly 
scientific  and  useful  man  will  at  last  be  in  position  to  con- 
tribute something  towards  the  improvement  of  this  Old 

Society. 

"I  had  17  days  only  to  Liverpool,  and  a  most  de- 
lio-htful  trip  over.  I  travelled  through  North  and  South 
Wales,  and  some  of  the  most  famous  and  beautiful  English 
counties ;  buf  English  weather  growing  too  intolerable  even 
for  a  Franco-American  to  bear,  I  decided  on  leaving  John 
Bull,  and  arrived  in  the  gay  metropolis  of  the  French  in 
]\Iarch.  T  was  much  pleased  indeed  with  Old  England,  highly 
gratified,  gi'eatly  amused  and  benefited  by  the  journey,  dur- 
ing which  I  met  with  many  courteous  and  hospitable  recep- 
tion. Having  good  letters  of  introduction,  I  found  myself 
quite  at  home  in  the  drawing-rooms  of  the  gentry  and  nobil- 
ity. My  name,  (Poussin,  should  you  have  forgotten  that  I 
am  a  true  lineal  descendant  of  that  eminent  painter !)  my 
profession,  and  my  character  of  an  American  smoothed  down 
all  asperities  and  strong  English  prejudice.  My  task  was 
one  of  the  most  pleasing  of  narrating  the  wonderful  achieve- 
ments of  civilization  in  America  ;  and  such  eyes  !  and  such 
wonders !  at  all  which  I  would  say  touching  the  state  of 
our  society  ! !  Never  in  my  life  have  I  met  with  so  igno- 
rant people  respecting  the  possibility  of  the  existence  of 
another  societv  as  much  advanced  and  refined  as  theirs,  to 
say  the  least ;  and  that  in  America,  that  savage  country  to 
the  saying  of  Basil  Hall  &  Co.  ! !  By  the  way,  I  met  one 
day  with  this  truly  John  Bull  at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal 


208  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATOK 

Society.  '  Ah  !  is  that  you  1  I  thought  you  could  not 
long  live  amongst  those  Yankies.'  'No!'  said  I,  'that  is 
the  reason  I  am  just  going  back,  for  I  have  found  nothing 
as  yet  so  much  to  my  taste  as  Yankie  habits  and  laws.' 
And  there  we  parted,  neither  foe  nor  friend ;  for  'pon  my 
soul !  I  would  not  be  either.  I  found  scientific  men  more 
liberal  j  indeed,  these  are  of  no  country.  John  Bull,  Johnny 
Crapeau,  and  Brother  Jonathan  all  agree  well  when  they 
have  this  freemasonry  to  cement  them.  Take  this  away, 
and  '  /Sacre  bleu  !  !  God  dem,  Bos  hif,  Soiqoe  maigre,  and 
"molasses  and  water"  '  are  the  best  epithets  they  have  for 
each  other.  The  civil  engineers  assisted  me  to  witness 
and  explain  the  mechanical  wonders  of  that  immense  work- 
shop, as  it  has  been  aptly  styled.  In  the  paths  of  science 
France  bears  the  palm,  but  in  the  useful  though  more 
humble  task  of  applying  the  light  of  modern  science  to  the 
wants  and  uses  of  man,  England  and  our  own  United  States 
will  dispute  the  prize  with  the  combined  world.  I  think  the 
experience  of  time  will  establish  the  fact,  that  the  inventive 
genius  of  America  can  bear  more  than  a  successful  compar- 
ison with  all  other  countries.  Stevens  and  others  prove 
the  fact  as  to  its  application  to  boats,  and  when  locomo- 
tives become  familiar  there  it  cannot  remain  a  doubt  that 
the  Americans  will  contribute  to  the  improvement  of  this 
new  mode  of  land  travel  in  a  commensurate  manner  with 
that  of  steamboats. 

"  France  has  remained  much  behind  either  nation  in  the 
application  of  this  new  power.  No  country  is  more  in  need 
of  improved  communication,  and  should  peace  be  main- 
tained, public  confidence  restored,  she  will  take  an  aston- 
ishing start  in  industry.  All  elements  of  prosperity  exist 
within  France,  only  let  her  get  out  of  this  terrible  incer- 
tainty,  and  she  will  again  be  La  belle  et  graiuLe  France.  I 
speak  like  an  American  who  knows  France,  ^nd  not  from 
the  blood  which  runs  through  my  veins. 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  209 

"  The  venerable  General  Lafayette  is  in  perfect  health, 
and  happy  in  the  settlement  of  his  children.  His  devoted 
son  is  well.  Our  excellent  General  Bernard  very  well,  his 
dear  flimily  also,  and  regretting  much  America  and  our 
Washington  friends.  You  have  no  doubt  seen  the  noble  and 
generous  part  he  took  in  common  with  our  distinguished 
novelist,  Cooper,  to  sustain  the  excellence  of  American  legis- 
lations, in  comparison  wdth  the  elaborated  and  purposely 
perplexed  administration  of  the  French.  The  excellent 
General  proved  beyond  all  doubt  that  '  an  American  pays 
his  personal  tax  with  the  labor  of  less  than  four  days'  work  ; 
whereas  the  Frenchman  must  work  twelve  days  to  pay  his  ! ' 

"  AVe  expect  Mr.  Van  Buren  here  from  London  on  the 
6th  April,  on  his  way  to  the  United  States,  by  Havre. 

"  Mr.  Rives  speaks  of  returning  home  in  the  autumn. 

*'  Pray  to  remember  me  most  particularly  to  Mrs.  Seaton, 
Mrs.  Gales,  and  her  worthy  husband,  to  your  good  neigh- 
bor, M.  St.  Clair  Clark  and  his  lady ;  and  never  doubt  the 
sentiments  of  lasting  regards  and  friendship  of  your  obliged 
and  devoted  friend  and  servant, 

"  W.  T.  PoussiN,  Major  U.  S.  Top.  Engs. 

"To  W.  W.  Seaton,  Esquire." 

With  the  advent  of  Jacksonism  was  inaugurated 
proscription  for  opinion's  sake,  and  a  state  of  party 
hostility  ensued  which  not  only  strictly  separated 
political  opponents,  but  pervaded  social  relations  and 
severed  friendly  ties.  It  was  indeed  a  dark  era  in  the 
hitherto  aristocratic  circles  of  the  capital,  which  had 
been  characterized  by  elegance  of  manners  and  the 
charm  of  high-breeding  :  but  now  came  upon  the  aston- 
ished and  exclusive  citizens  the  reign  of  the  "  masses." 
Notwithstanding,  however,  the  extreme  bitterness  of 
party  spirit  ruling  political  and  social  events  during 


210  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

this  "  reign  of  terror,"  General  Jackson  himself  had  the 
power  of  appreciating  the  talent,  dignity  of  character, 
or  individual  influence  to  be  found  in  the  ranks  of 
the  opposition ;  and  with  the  sagacity  characterizing  a 
great  general,  appropriated  to  his  own  service  what- 
ever in  the  enemy's  camp  could  enhance  the  reputa- 
tion of  his  administration  or  subserve  his  ends.  Bitter, 
therefore,  as  was  the  war  between  the  Intelligencer 
and  the  President,  the  latter  respected  the  editors  of 
that  powerful  journal,  their  virtues  and  abilities,  and 
deprecated  their  censure  ;  magnanimously  manifesting 
his  sense  of  Mr.  Seaton's  position  in  the  community 
and.  high  personal  qualities,  by  appointing  him  one  of 
the  Visitors  to  West  Point. 

A  short  time  preceding  the  inauguration  of  General 
Jackson,  Mr.  Eobert  Little,  the  eloquent  Unitarian 
pastor,  preached  a  remarkable  sermon,  the  text  of 
which  was  :  "  When  Christ  drew  near  the  city  he  wept 
over  it."  Thirty-eight  years  afterwards,  Mr.  Seaton 
spoke  of  this  effort  as  "  a  grand  sermon,  depicting  with 
prophetic  force  the  evil  effects  of  General  Jackson's 
election,  —  that  triumph  of  demagoguism,  ignorance, 
and  radicalism  in  its  worst  form,  which  then  deluged 
the  country,  defeating  Adams,  sweeping  away  Conserva- 
tive and  Tory,  gentlemen,  and  the  highest  standard  of 
honor,  in  the  tide  of  unlettered,  unmannered  vulgarity, 
from  which  the  country  has  not  recovered  ;  whose  fruits 
are  still  beheld  in  this  second  upheaval  of  society, 
when  the  refined,  the  wise,-  must  retreat  before  the 
untutored  empirics  who  sit  in  the  places  of  the  giants 
of  our  Eepublic." 

The  amazing  contrast  between  the  stately  dignity 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  211 

attending  tlie  induction  into  office  of  the  earlier  Pres- 
idents, and  the  scenes  occurring  at  the  inauguration 
of  the  "  Hero  of  the  People/'  is  vividly  portrayed  by 
Mrs.  Samuel  Harrison  Smith,  whose  sketch  graphically 
presents  the  new  order  of  things,  which  saddened  and 
terrified  the  circles  accustomed  to  the  elegant  decorum 
of  previous  ceremonies. 

Mrs.  Smith  was  a  lady  of  unusual  intellect  and  cul- 
tivated literary  tastes,  whose  active  pen  painted  numer- 
ous sprightly  and  characteristic  pictures  of  Washington 
society  in  the  days  of  Jefferson  and  Madison ;  whose 
charming  conversational  gift  and  benevolence  of  heart 
won  the  affection  of  all  who  came  within  their  in- 
fluence, and  whose  hospitable  home  was  the  resort  of 
all  who  were  distinguished  for  talent  or  worth. 

"  Wlien  the  President's  address  was  concluded,"  thus 
proceeds  Mrs.  Smith's  account,  "the  barricades  gave 
way  before  the  multitude,  who  forced  a  passage  to 
shake  hands  with  the  choice  of  the  people.  General 
Jackson  mounted  his  horse,  having  walked  to  the  Capi- 
tol, and  then  such  a  cortege  foUowed !  Countrymen, 
laborers,  —  white  and  black,  —  carriages,  wagons,  and 
carts,  all  pursuing  him  to  the  President's  house.  .... 
The  closing  scene  was  in  disgusting  contrast  with  the 
simphcity  of  the  impressive  drama  of  the  inaugiiral  oath  ! 
The  President  was  literally  pursued  by  a  motley  con- 
course of  people,  riding,  running  helter-skelter,  striv- 
ino-  who  should  first  crain  admittance  into  the  Executive 
mansion,  where  it  was  understood  that  refreshments 
were  to  be  distributed.  The  haUs  were  filled  with  a 
disorderly  rabble  of  negroes,  boys,  women,  and  children 
scramblinc^for  the  refreshments  designed  for  the  draw- 


212  "WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

ing-rooms !  tlie  people  forcing  their  way  into  the 
saloons,  mingling  with  the  foreigners  and  citizens  sur- 
rounding the  President China  and  glass  to  the 

amount  of  several  thousand  dollars  were  broken  in 
the  struggle  to  get  at  the  ices  and  cakes,  though 
punch  and  other  drinkables  had  been  carried  out  in 
tubs  and  buckets  to  the  people ;  but  had  it  been  in 
hogsheads  it  would  have  been  insufficient  besides  un- 
satisfactory to  the  mob,  who  claimed  equality  in  aU 

things The  confusion  became  more  and  more 

appalling.  At  one  moment  the  President,  who  had 
retreated  until  he  was  pressed  against  the  wall  of  the 
apartment,  could  only  be  secured  against  serious  dan- 
ger by  a  number  of  gentlemen  linking  arms  and  form- 
ing themselves  into  a  barrier.  It  was  then  that  the 
windows  were  thrown  open  and   the   living   torrent 

found  an  outlet It  was  the  People's  day,  the 

People's  President,  and  the  People  would  rule ! " 

The  policy  of  rotation  in  office  and  party  proscrip- 
tion, inaugurated  by  General  Jackson,  is  interestingly 
discussed  in  the  following  letter  from  Mr.  Eichard  Push, 
who  speaks  as  one  having  authority.  This  distinguished 
statesman  and  diplomatist,  whose  career  is  familiar 
to  every  intelligent  American,  who  filled  with  honor  to 
himself  and  country  the  positions  of  Attorney-General, 
Secretary  of  State,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Minister 
to  France  and  to  England,  was  noted  for  his  elegance 
of  manner  and  his^h-breedinof,  his  charminsr  conversa- 
tion,  replete  with  instructive  and  fascinating  reminis- 
cences, a  tact  and  vivacity  somewhat  French,  and  the 
finished  grace  acquired  by  so  long  a  residence  at  Courts, 
in  the  days  when  diplomacy  was  a  high  art,  even  sci- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  21 


o 


ence,  —  ^vhell  the  partition  of  empires  aud  the  over- 
throw of  kingdoms  hinged  perhaps  on  the  success  of 
an  ambassadorial  banquet,  a  Ion  mot  over  the  snufi-box, 
or  a  game  of  whist,  the  players  being  Castlereagh  and 
Talleyrand,  a  Canning  or  a  ^letternich,  who,  with  their 
cards,  dealt  out  crowns  for  trumps.  Mr.  Eush  was 
very  successful  in  his  negotiation  of  several  treaties 
with  England,  especially  the  important  one  of  1818, 
with  Lord  Castlereagh,  relative  to  the  fisheries  and  our 
Northwestern  Boundary.  And  it  was  said,  that  only 
by  the  influence  of  his  personal  qualities  and  the 
friendship  entertained  for  him  by  the  British  Cabinet, 
was  a  war  averted  with  England,  then  imminent  in 
consequence  of  General  Jackson's  execution  of  two 
British  subjects,  with  his  usual  defiance  of  constitu- 
tional law  and  international  comity  ;  being  guided  by 
the  rashness  of  conceited  ignorance,  not  enlightened 


courage. 


"Sydenham  near  Philadelphia,  September  30,  1853. 

"  Dear  Sirs,  —  A  short  absence  over  in  Jersey  has  pre- 
vented a  more  prompt  answer  to  your  letter,  but  I  take  the 
first  chance  opening  to  me  since  my  return  to  enclose  a 

little  notice  of  Mr.  Trescot's  letter You  could  have 

done  it  yourselves  much  better.  What  I  say  of  his  secre- 
taryship at  London,  Mr.  Everett  himself  told  me  the  day  I 
dined  there  last  winter,  when  you,  Mr.  Seaton,  were  there. 
After  you  have  published  this,  his  diplomatic-reform  letter,  I 
may  possibly  be  led  to  make  it  the  occasion  of  some  remarks 
on  our  whole  diplomatic  system,  though  I  rather  fear  not ; 
they  would  be  so  revolutionary ;  not  radical,  however. 

"  I  should  go  against  all  turnings  out  of  our  foreign  minis- 
ters or  consuls,  except  for  downright  misbehavior  or  inca- 
pacity, and  could  give,  as  I  almost  dare  to  persuade  m.yselfj 


214  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

sufficient  and  solid  reasons  for  adopting  that  course,  or 
rather  coming  hack  to  it,  for  we  had  it  in  efifect  formerly. 
The  opposite  course  is  intrinsically  unwise.  It  has  done 
mischief,  will  continue  to  do  it,  and  finally  produce  results 
entangling  and  disgraceful  to  us.  But  our  public  have  got 
so  thoroughly  wrong-headed  about  the  necessity  of  each 
new  President  choosing  his  own  foreign  ministers,  that 
an  elementary  discussion  would  be  required  to  bring  back 
right  thoughts,  if  even  that  could  ever  in  the  least  be 
hoped  for.  You  Whigs  are  as  bad  as  we  Democrats,  each 
side  gi'owing  worse  with  time,  in  this  battle  for  the  spoils 
as  the  four  years  come  round ;  so  that  the  subject  would 
be  ticklish  and  staggering,  though  not  unmanageable,  if 
resolutely  taken  up.  Washington  even  thought  that  there 
was  no  need  of  choosing  the  heads  of  department  on 
party  grounds.  He  put  Jefferson  at  the  head  of  one,  and 
Hamilton  of  another,  when  parties  were  more  distinctly 
marked  on  principle  than  now,  or  have  ever  been  since  his 
day.  Jackson  advised  Mr.  Monroe  to  call  to  his  adminis- 
tration two  Republicans  or  Democrats  and  two  Federalists, 
the  latter  name  still  existing  in  his  time.  Washington's  prac- 
tice and  Jackson's  theory  were  right,  under  the  true  theory 
of  our  government.  The  very  idea  of  a  cabinet  is  out  of 
place  with  us,  and  the  notion  that  it  should  be  a  unit  still 
more  so.  This  is  for  constitutional  monarchies,  where 
ministers,  not  the  monarch,  are  responsible,  but  it  has  no 
legal  or  constitutional  existence  here.  The  very  tenn  cah- 
inet  is  of  party  coinage.  The  republicans  of  '98  com- 
plained of  it  as  monarchical,  as  the  old  columns  of  the 
Philadelphia  Aurora  might  show  if  searched. 

"  The  utmost  with  us  is,  that  the  President  may,  if  he 
choose,  require  the  opinion  in  writing  of  any  one  of  his 
officers;  but  all  are  to  do  their  duty  under  his  direction. 

*'  Yet  we  have  arrived  at  a  code  of  universal  partisan  pro- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  215 

scription,  which  each  party  seems  equally  to  approve  and 
practise,  under  a  supposed  necessity  that  every  new  Presi- 
dent is  morally  and  wisely,  if  not  politically,  bound  to  em- 
ploy as  officers  from  A  to  Z,  abroad  and  at  home,  those 
only  who  hold  his  own  opinions  !  This  now  estabhshed 
practice  of  universal  change  every  four  years,  and  the  ter- 
rible contests  and  corruptions  to  which  it  will  give  birth 
in  our  presidential  elections,  the  ratio  of  each  increasing, 
geometrically,  as  offices  and  emoluments  grow  more  nu- 
merous and  tempting  under  the  prodigious  growth  of  our 
country,  must  end  in  breaking  the  government  to  pieces. 
So  it  is  that  the  choice  of  the  Chief  Magistrate  has  ever 
been  the  gi'eat  test  of  popular  government.  Thus  much  I 
have  been  incited  to  say  in  thinking  of  Mr.  Trescot's  vain 
hope  of  bringing  about  permanent  appointments  in  our 
diplomatic  service I  did  not  intend  to  let  Septem- 
ber run  out  without  thanking  you,  as  now  let  me  do,  for 
your  acceptable  favor.  No.  1654  of  the  Intelligencer,  and 
your  more  curious  number  eight,  as  certainly  it  is.  I  will 
bring  the  latter  safely  with  me  to  Washington,  where  I  shall 
probably  be,  on  Smithsonian  business,  before  January  comes 
round.  I  do  not  quite  like  to  trust  the  precious  little  relic 
to  the  mail  a  second  time.  In  the  Intelligencer  of  Septem- 
ber 3d  I  read  Randolph's  old  unpublished  speech  against 
the  war,  with  unusual  avidity,  for  the  sake  of  calling  up  old 
matters ;  and  the  more,  as  I  heard  it  in  part.  The  fifth 
paragraph,  a  short  one  of  five  lines,  should  end  with  the 
word  pity,  I  think.  That  sentence  struck  upon  my  ear 
from  the  threefold  alliteration.  '  I  ask  its  (the  House's) 
patience,  its  pardon,  and  its  pity.''  What  says  Mr.  Gales's 
short-hand  manuscript,  w^hich  I  also  remember  when  it  was 
'  solitary  and  alone  '  %  It  would  be  odd  if  that  third  little 
word  was  in  the  speech,  as  delivered,  and  struck  out  after- 
wards !      I  consider  the  notes  appended  to  the  speech  as 


216  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

better  than  the  speech  itself.  I  did  not  think  as  much  as 
others  of  Randolj^h's  genius,  and  liked  his  character  still 
less.  There  was  too  much  malignity  about  him,  for  me,  and 
pretension.  The  note  about  Mr.  Monroe  is  all  true,  as  I 
could  abundantly  confirm,  in  many  things.  He  was  the 
main  propeller  of  the  war  in  the' executive  councils,  and  its 
main  prop  there  afterwards And  now  in  conclud- 
ing, I  pray  you  to  believe  me  in  old  friendship  and  esteem, 

"  Yours  ever  very  faithfully, 

"  Richard  Rush." 

The  Monroe  doctrine,  which,  fifty  years  ago,  as  Mr. 
Rush  in  the  following  note  says,  "  surprised  "  European 
diplomacy,  again  agitates  and  controls  the  policy  of  a 
continent,  and  by  its  tyrannous  "  law  of  force  "  precip- 
itated and  sheltered  the  mournful  Mexican  tragedy, 
over  which  the  civilized  world  still  shudders  and 
weeps,  —  the  murder  of  the  gallant  Maximilian,  the 
madness  of  a  widowed  Empress. 

"Philadelphia,  22d  March,  1857. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  remember  the  Mr.  Stapleton  who 
signs  the  enclosed  slip  from  the  Albion.  He  was  Canning's 
private  secretary  in  the  days  of  my  negotiations,  and  a  very 
clever  man  he  was.  He  is  right  in  what  he  savs.  Mr. 
Canning  did,  explicitly  and  repeatedly,  deny  the  '  Monroe 
Doctrine.'  He  denied  it  in  a  solemn  protocol,  and  other- 
wise, in  my  negotiation  of  1824,  he  being  then  Foreign 
Secretary  of  England.  Russia  denied  it,  as  did  France. 
You  may  say  all  Europe  was  surprised  at  it.  They  could 
not  comprehend  it,  except  as  a  threat,  and  holding  up  the 
law  of  force  as  soon  as  we  were  able.  This  may  be  plainly 
enough  seen  in  the  second  volume  of  the  work,  '  Residence 
at  the  Court  of  London,'  which  I  published  in  1845,  a  copy 
of  which  I  understand  is  in  the  Congress  Library.     I  refer 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  217 

you  to  it  only  as  presenting  the  matter  in  a  nutshell  in 
place  of  hunting  through  public  documents,  should  you 
wish  to  see  the  record  of  it.  Stapleton  wrote  the  '  Politi- 
cal Life  of  Canning,'  in  three  volumes,  v;hich  I  have,  but 
not  at  hand,  as  I  am  staying  with  a  son  in  town.  In  one 
of  the  volumes  you  will  find  the  account  of  the  part  Mr. 
Canning  took  in  that  whole  Spanish-American  question, 
when  the  European  Alliance  was  for  falling  foul  of  the 

Spanish  Colonies. 

"  Ever  yours  faithfully, 

"Richard  Rush. 
"Me.  Seaton." 

In  the  summer  of  1834  Mrs.  Seaton  writes  to  a 
member  of  her  family  :  — 

"  .  .  .  .  During  the  past  two  days  we  have  been  in  an 
alarming  state  of  disorder  from  a  dread  of  insurrection,  or 
rather  a  dread  of  the  illegal  hanging  of  instigators  to  mis- 
chief. A  white  man  was  put  in  jail  a  few  days  since  on 
the  charge  of  circulating  incendiary  pamphlets.  This  was 
the  beginning  of  the  disturbance.  Mobs  have  collected 
to  break  open  the  jail,  and  hang  him  without  trial.  Ma- 
rines are  stationed  in  and  around  the  jail,  but  there  is  great 
apprehension  felt,  the  soldiers  from  Point  Comfort  having 
gone  to  Baltimore,  so  that  we  have  no  means  of  suppressing 
the  riot.  Snow  will  certainly  be  torn  to  pieces  by  the  me- 
chanics if  he  be  caught,  and  they  are  in  full  pursuit  of 
him.  Unfortunately,  several  hundred  mechanics  of  the 
navy  yard  are  out  of  employment,  who,  aided  and  abetted 
by  their  sympathizers,  create  the  mob,  —  the  first  I  have 
ever  seen,  not  recollectmg  those  of  Sheffield,  and  it  is  truly 
alarming.  I  tremble  for  the  consequences  of  any  encoun- 
ter with  mistaken,  infuriated  men  who  have  set  the  laws  at 
defiance,  and  must  now  be  put  down  by  force.  The  post- 
office  is  guarded,  but  they  threaten  the  Mayor ;  and  you 

10 


218  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

will  understand  all  my  fears  when  I  tell  you  that  your  dear 
father  has  been  out  during  the  last  two  nights,  exerting  his 
influence  to  quell  the  storm.  We  have  only  a  handful  of 
troops  here,  but  a  company  from  Annapolis  is  expected  to- 
night. Last  night  the  rain  poured  heavily,  and  probably 
prevented  much  mischief,  though  we  hope  that  the  elements 
of  disturbance  are  somewhat  quieted.  General  Jackson 
arrives  to-morrow  and  will  be  prompt  to  suppress  all  disor- 
ders  Midnight.     Your    father    has   just   returned 

home,  and  reports  that  all  is  tranquil." 

This  man  Snow  was  a  mulatto,  at  the  very  head  of 
the  respectable  colored  population,  keeping  a  restau- 
rant much  frequented  by  the  good  society  of  Washing- 
ton. It  being  reported  that  he  had  s^Doken  disrespect- 
fully of  the  wives  of  the  mechanics  as  a  class,  using 
very  coarse  and  insulting  language  with  regard  to  their 
virtue,  a  mob,  a  white  mob  ensued,  and  the  city  during 
several  days  and  nights  was  at  its  mercy.  All  the 
gentlemen  of  the  city  protected  Snow  so  far  as  they 
could,  not  ■  believing  him  guilty,  and  even  had  such 
been  the  case  they  were  the  friends  of  law  and  order, 
and  willing  that  Snow  should  be  dealt  with  accord- 
ingly, but  not  by  the  hands  of  Judge  Lynch.  Mr. 
Seaton  was  not  mayor,  but  of  course  was  called  on  for 
aid  and  counsel ;  for  none  ever  lived  who  could  offer 
more  prompt  service  and  wiser  words,  and  he  possessed 
pre-eminently  the  qualities  to  gufde  a  popular  storm,  — 
mildness,  reason,  and  decision.  In  this  instance  it  was 
mainly  through  his  personal  efforts  that  order  was 
restored,  through  the  respect  with  which  the  people 
regarded  him,  and  the  unflinching  courage  with  which, 
bareheaded  and  unarmed,  he  threw  himself  into  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  219 

midst  of  the  mob,  controlling  by  his  presence,  and  the 
undaunted  bearing  that  finds  a  responsive  chord  in  the 
heart  of  every  really  brave  man,  a  crowd  of  excited, 
maddened  men,  touched  on  the  most  sensitive  nerve 
of  honor. 

Mr.  Seaton  had  a  high  esteem  for  the  mechanics  of 
Washington,  believing  that  no  community  possessed  a 
more  order-loving,  intelhgent,  self-respecting  body  of 
citizens.  He  was  proud  of  the  confidence  of  the 
working  classes,  sympathized  in  their  needs,  protected 
their  interests,  and  enjoyed  the  interchange  of  thought 
with  their  practical  minds  ;  his  constant,  respectful 
kindness  to  them  springing  from  an  appreciation  of  all 
intrinsic  worth  and  good  citizenship,  and  being,  not  the 
condescension  for  an  especial  object,  to  obtain  their 
suffrages  during  an  election,  but  the  gracious  habit  of 
his  hfe.  While  no  man  had  less  of  that  spurious 
"  pride  wliich  apes  humility,"  no  one  more  valued  the 
honors  of  an  ancient  lineage  than  Mr.  Seaton.  It  was 
indeed  a  controlling  sentiment  of  his  nature  ;  but  a 
citizen  of  a  land  where  ancestral  distinctions  and 
privileges  are  opposed  to  the  spirit  of  the  government 
and  people,  his  perfect  taste  forbade  all  vain  boast  of 
such  possession,  leading  him  to  cherish  it  in  its  true 
sense,  as  a  hostage  to  the  world  so  to  emulate  the  vir- 
tues of  those  who  had  preceded  him,  that  in  his  hands 
their  escutcheon  should  suffer  no  stain. 

In  1838  Mrs.  Seaton,  being  in  ISTew  York,  had  the 
privilege  of  once  more  hearing  in  the  pulpit  Dr.  FoUen, 
the  learned,  evangelical,  and  beloved  Unitarian,  whose 
life,  so  exquisitely  in  accordance  with  the  pure  and 
lovely  truths  he  taught,  was  sadly  closed  by  the  burn- 


220  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

ing  of  the  steamer  Lexington  on  the  Sound,  he  being 
one  of  those  who  perished.  Mrs.  Follen  was  also 
widely  knoA\Ti  for  various  valuable  works,  principally 
on  education. 

Mrs.  Seaton  thus  writes  of  this  eminent  divine :  — 

"....'  All  of  our   party   went    to  the  sea-side  this 
morning,  as  the  weather,  being  a  little  tempestuous,  ren- 
dered it  even  more  desirable  to  those  who  have  never  wit- 
nessed the  majesty  of  the  ocean,  than  a  bright,  sunny  day. 
I,  in  despite  of  the  uncomfortable  morning,  found  my  way 
to  Dr.  Follen's  church.     He  appeared  to  better  advantage 
personally  than  when  with  us.     The  light  came  down  on 
his  guileless  countenance  from  above,  and  his  simple  ges- 
tin^es  and  earnest  eloquence,  heightened  by  the  effect  thus 
produced,   went  right  to  the    heart,  and  I  am  sure  came 
from  it.     He  is  scarcely  old  enough  to  be  called  patriarchal, 
but  he  has  the  wisdom  and  fervor  of  one  of  the  Apostles. 
The  music  is  very  unpretending,  but  soft  and  sweet,  calcu- 
lated, as  all  church  harmony  should  be,  to  prepare  the  mind 
for  serious  impressions.     It  was  Communion  Sunday,  and 
Dr.  Follen  spoke  of  the  mysterious  dread  experienced  by 
many  persons  of  '  eating  and   drinking  unworthily,'   and 
cautioned  them  against   entertaining  superstitious  notions 
of  the  Eucharist.     '■  What ! '  said  he,    '  is  it  necessary  to 
entitle  you  to  partake  of  this  comforting  sacrament  that 
you  should  be  able  to   say,    "  I  am  pure  in  the  sight  of 
God."     "  Can  any  man  convict  me  of  sin  ? "     "  Am  I  not 
exemplary    even  as    Christ    was  V      No !  my  brethren ; 
were  this  so,  few  would  participate,  none  dare  administer 
it ;  this  sacred  rite  would   cease.     It  is  intended  to   en- 
courage us  to  persevere    in    that  self-sacrificing  principle 
W'hich  guided  our  Master  on  earth,  and  deserted  him  not 
in  death  :  to  comfort,  to  console,  to  encourage  us  to  follow 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  221 

the  example  of  Christ.'  I  listened  with  reverence  as  'truths 
divine  came  mended  from  his  tongue,'  and  accepted  Mrs. 
Follen's  invitation  to  go  forward  w^ith  her  to  the  table. 
The  ceremony  was  shorter  than  with  us,  but  highly  impres- 
sive  I  appointed  an  hour  to  receive  Dr.  and  Mrs. 

Foil  en,  and  to  accompany  them  to  see  Mrs.  Jameson,  the 
celebrated  English  authoress,  who  is  now  in  New  York. 

"  I  did  not  tell  you,  I  think,"  continues  Mrs.  Seaton, 
"  that  before  leaving  home  I  had  much  gTatification  in  the 
perusal  of  the  journal  kept  by  Mrs.  John  Quincy  Adams 
during  her  journey  to  Russia,  which,  despite  the  depreca- 
tory tone  of  her  accompanying  note,  I  found  interesting 
from  the  novelty  of  the  scenes  described,  and  the  sprightly 
cleverness  of  this  record  of  her  impressions.  I  had  previ- 
ously been  indebted  to  her  for  the  manuscript  letters  of 
John  Adams  to  his  sons,  which  were  so  valuable  for  their 
condensed  instruction  and  parental  wisdom  that  I  obtained 
permission  to  copy  them  for  the  benefit  of  my  own 
children." 

The  note  from  Mrs.  Adams  was  as  follows  :  — 

"  My  dear  Madam,  —  I  do  not  know  why  I  should  inflict 
such  a  penance  on  you  as  the  reading  of  my  prosy  and  un- 
interesting detail  of  a  journey  which,  in  itself,  yielded  little 
to  amuse  the  mind  or  excite  the  fancy,  although  it  was 
productive  of  much  unnecessary  anxiety,  and  some  serious 
apprehension  diu-ing  a  few  short  but  trying  hours.  Such 
as  it  is,  I  ofi'er  it  to  your  perusal :  and  as  it  was  written  in 
great  haste  and  without  any  pretence  of  literary  merit,  you 
must  be  merciful  in  your  judgment,  and  lenient  in  your 
criticism  of  the  silly  attempts  of  your  friend, 

"  Louisa  C.  Adams. 
"7  May. 
To  Mrs.  Seaton." 


222  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  You  are  welcome,  dear  Mrs.  Seaton,  to  take  copies  of 
the  papers  which  I  had  so  much  pleasure  in  lending  you, 
and  which  I  trust  will  prove  a  real  benefit  to  your  children. 
Early  impressions  are  the  most  durable,  and  children  in- 
sensibly imbibe  principles,  which  though  they  may  not 
apparently  produce  any  effect,  gi^adually  expand  the  mind, 
and  operate  most  favorably  on  their  future  conduct.  That 
they  may  derive  all  the  advantage  from  these  letters  which 
yom-  exertions  for  their  improvement  so  eminently  merit 
is  the  sincere  wish  of  your  friend, 

"  L.  C.  Adams. 

"  I  request  you  will  not  hurry  the  copy." 

Mrs.  Seaton's  own  letters,  and  those  of  her  husband 
to  their  children,  are  in  many  points  unsurpassed  even 
by  the  famous  ones  of  Pitt  and  the  elder  Adams  : 
but  being  precluded  the  gratification  of  lifting  for 
the  public  the  veil  of  family  reserve,  a  few  extracts 
must  suffice  to  show  the  strength  of  parental  tender- 
ness and  wisdom  of  admonition  bestowed  by  Mr. 
Seaton  on  his  sons,  and  which  are  striking  as  evidences 
of  his  own  delicate,  honorable  nature.  This  sentiment 
of  honor  indeed,  fastidious,  almost  overstrained,  being 
the  pervading  essence  of  his  life,  —  a  religion  in  its 
sanctity. 

'*My  dear  Son, —  ....  I  was  a  little  mortified  at 
what  I  conceived  to  be  indifference  to  that  virtue,  punctu- 
ality, in  not  reaching  West  Point  on  the  day  ordered,  after 
the  great  indulgence  extended  to  you.  It  is  not  enough 
that  you  escape  censure,  but  you  should  endeavor  to  obtain 
approbation  from  your  superiors.  But  on  this  head  I  will 
not  dwell  further.  Parents,  from  their  great  anxiety,  may 
appear  to  their  children  fastidious,  and  I  would  not  wish 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  223 

to  evince  an  unreasonable  sensitiveness  at  any  slight  dere- 
liction from  rule,  and  shall,  without  further  admonition, 
leave  it  to  your  affection  for  us  and  just  pride  in  yourself 
to  attain  a  high  standing.  When  your  steadiness  and  good 
conduct  have  been  sufificiently  manifested  to  Colonel  Thayer 
to  pave  the  way  for  sush  an  application,  I  will  write  to  him 

on  the   subject  of  your  promotion Your  brother, 

you  know,  is  at  Georgetown  College,  and  I  feel  every  day, 
as  his  mind  and  qualities  develop,  a  stronger  hope  that 
he  will  do  well,  even  distinguish  himself. 

"  It  is  in  truth  a  happiness  to  your  mother  and  myself 
to  witness  the  promise  of  his  opening  character ;  and  more 
happy  am  I  to  observe  it,  for  it  has  pleased  Providence  to 
afflict  her  so  severely,  that  I  rejoice  doubly  in  the  prospect 
she  derives  of  consolation  from  the  good  and  honorable 
career  of  her  remaining  children.  That  you  will  yourself, 
my  dear  son,  prove  an  added  source  of  this  comfort  to  your 
dear  and  incomparable  mother,  I  ardently  hope,  and  confi- 
dently trust.  •  Remember,  my  dear  son,  that  we  are  always 
thinking  of  you,  and  every  day  talking  of  you.     God  bless 

you. 

"  Your  affectionate  father, 

"  W.  W.  Seaton." 

"  Your  letter,  my  son,  has  diffused  pleasure  through  the 
family,   as  it  assures   us  of  your  determination  to  labor 

steadily  during  the  two  months  previous  to  June 

Do  not  be  lulled  into  a  false  security ;  if  persevering  effort 
can  insure  your  going  through,  do  not  fail  to  try  your  utmost. 
You  speak  of  various  novels  and  romance-w^riters,  as  if  you 
consumed  your  precious  time  in  reading  them.  Pray  cast 
aside  henceforth  everything  that  can  divert  your  mind 
from  the  one  great  object,  and  resolve  to  achieve  it  at 
every  sacrifice  of  ease  and  amusement.  You  make  us  very 
happy  by  the  standing  already  acquired  in  your  studies. 


224  WILLIAM  \AaNSTON   SEATON. 

Persevere,  my  dear  son,  and  add  this  quality  to  your  amia- 
bility and  integrity  of  character,  and  you  will  have  the 
felicity  of  knowing  that  your  parents  bless  the  day  of  your 
birth,  and  your  excellence  will  be  to  them  a  source  of  con- 
solation under  all  the  trials  which  may  yet  await  them. 
....  You  have  now  too  many  correspondents,  and  I  wish 
that  you  would  write  to  them  less  often  and  with  more  care. 
You  should  not  have  mentioned  to    any  one  that    young 

H was  dismissed.     Never  spread  even  confidentially, 

much  less  voluntarily,  anything  to  the  disparagement  of  an- 
other, especially  a  friend.  It  will  spread  fast  enough.  You 
meant  no  harm  in  this  instance,  and  no  one  has  said  a  word 
about  it ;  my  remark  is  spontaneous ;  but  remember  it  as 

a  hint  for  the  future You  have  our  daily  blessings 

and  prayers.  Take  not  time  to  write  home  more  than  a 
line,  and  win  the  prize  of  success  at  all  hazards." 

"1834. 

"My  dear  Son,  —  .  .  .  ."  There  is  no  altenaative,  with- 
out a  show  of  favoritism,  but  for  you  to  join  your  regiment. 
To  grant  your  request,  the  Secretary  thinks  would  too  ob- 
viously savor  of  making  the  ser-sdce  bend  to  personal  favor. 
His  reasons  were  fair  and  rational,  and  not  being  able  to 
controvert  them  I  was  obliged  to  acquiesce  in  their  just- 
ness. So  that  we  must  submit,  my  son,  and,  so  far  from 
repining  at  the  inevitable,  must  be  thankful  that  you  were 
permitted  to  be  so  long  with  us.  .  .  .  .  There  was  a  heavy 
blow  the  day  after  you  sailed,  and  though  perhaps  not 
altogether  welcome,  you  had  an  opportunity  of  witnessing 
the  most  sublime  of  nature's  work,  — '  the  ocean  into 
mountains  tossed.'  ....  And  now,  my  dear  son,  farewell. 
You  are  fully  embarked  on  the  career  of  life,  with  no  guide 
save  your  own  sense  of  right,  and  your  own  firmness  in 
pursuing  it.  I  fervently  trust  and,  hope,  I  believe,  that 
these  will  be  sufficient  guides  so  long  as  you  abstain  from 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  225 

two  rocks  on  which  so  many  sanguine  hopes  have  been 
wrecked  ,  namely,  cards  and  conviviality.  They  are  sunken 
rocks,  not  fully  discerned  till  they  are  struck.  The  first  leads 
to  pecuniary  embarrassment,  then  obligation  and  slavery  to 
others,  —  the  second  to  intemperance  and  ultimate  disgrace. 
I  ask  of  you,  my  son,  a  resolution  -vvhich  will  preserve  you 
through  life  from  sleepless  nights  and  anxious  days,  at  least 
ft'om  one  of  their  most  prolific  causes,  —  never  to  incur  a 
debt  unless  it  be  under  the  most  pressing  exigency.  A  man 
in  debt  is  no  longer  a  fi'eeman ;  he  loses  his  erect  caniage, 
his  mind  sinks  under  the  degrading  pressm'e.  Cards  would 
soon  run  away  with  the  largest  fortune,  and  are  the  besetting 
mischief  of  the  young  officers  of  the  army,  involving  them  in 
drink  and  ruin.  Under  all  pressure  and  persuasion,  shun 
touching  them  as  you  would  dishonor  and  death.  Touch 
them  for  pastime,  and  the  taste  will  grow  with  fearful  rapid- 
ity. You  may  think  that  I  repeat  these  admonitions  unne- 
cessarily often,  but,  my  dear  son,  if  you  had  seen  the  num- 
ber whom  I  have,  in  thirty  years,  swept  into  the  vortex  by 
these  enticing  pleasures,  and  ultimately  lost  to  themselves, 
their  families,  and  society,  you  would  think  my  anxiety 
natural. "  Idleness  so  naturally  resorts  to  amusement,  and 
amusements  so  easily  run  into  excess,  ijiat  officers  in  the 
army  are  peculiarly  exposed  to  danger.  These  are  truths 
of  the  greatest  moment,  my  son ;  keep  them  in  mind,  and 
in  time  to  come  you  will  appreciate  their  value  more  highly 
than  you  can  do  now.     But  I  will  not  pursue  the  ungi'ate- 

ful  theme May  a  gracious  Providence  preserve  and 

direct  you,  and  may  you  be  worthy  of  that  direction, 
prays 

"  Your  affectionate  father, 

"  W.  W.  Seaton." 

Augustine  Fitzwhylsson  Seaton,  the  eldest  child  of 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seaton,  to  whom  were  addressed  these 

10*  o 


226  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

striking  exhortations  to  virtue,  fulfilled  the  brightest 
hopes  of  his  parents  in  all  that  forms  an  honored  man- 
hood. Eich  in  talent,  inheriting  especially  his  father's 
gift  of  graceful  oratory  as  well  as  beauty  of  presence, 
and  possessed  of  the  most  endearing  traits  of  charac- 
ter, his  gallant  youug  spirit  was  quenched  as  its  light 
began  to  brighten  the  career  upon  which  he  had  so 
hopefully  embarked.  After  graduating  at  West  Point, 
he  was  ordered  to  that  charnel-house,  Fort  Gibson, 
tlien  far  beyond  the  limits  of  civilization,  where  with 
so  many  other  brave  hearts  his  life  was  sacrificed  in 
barren  conflicts  with  savages.  During  an  expedition 
in  1835  against  the  Indians,  far  into  the  wilderness  on 
the  plains  of  the  Ozark,  suffering  intense  privations,  the 
health  of  this  gallant  young  Seaton  gave  way,  and  in 
a  few  weeks  the  grave  closed  over  a  life  of  brilliant 
promise.  Eespected  by  his  command,  beloved  by  his 
comrades,  he  died  in  the  discharge  of  liis  duty,  —  a 
soldier's  noblest  epitaph. 

During  the  summer  of  1838  Mr.  Seaton  indiilged  in 
one  of  the  rare  holidays  of  his  busy  life,  in  a  flying 
jaunt  to  Canada,  joining  a  quartette  of  friends  who 
dul)bed  themselves  the  Pickwick  Club,  of  which  Mr. 
Seaton  of  course  personated  the  benevolent  and  im- 
mortal President.  The  respect  entertained  for  Mr. 
Seaton's  reputation  and  character  was  most  agreeably 
evinced  in  the  attentions  he  received  from  private 
and  official  hospitality.  The  Earl  of  Durham,  then 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  whose  political  services 
and  talent  as  Mr.  Lambton  had  been  rewarded  by  the 
peerage,  and  who  showed  great  ability  and  tact  dur- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  227 

ing  the  alarming  complications  between  England  and 
the  United  States  arising  from  the  "  Caroline  "  and 
"  McLeod  "  imbroglio,  was  of  somewhat  reserved,  even 
haughty  demeanor,  though  of  a  truly  kindly  nature, 
and  Avas  noted  for  the  high-bred  tone  of  his  social 
circle,  the  charm  of  which  was  enhanced  by  the  gentle 
presence  and  grace  of  Lady  Durham,  a  daughter  of 

Earl  Grey. 

Lord  Durham  seemed  at  once  to  appreciate  Mr. 
Seaton's  wide  intelligence,  knowledge  of  political  his- 
tory, and  distinction  of  manners  ;  expressing  subse- 
quently to  various  persons  the  opinion  that  he  was 
"  the  most  charming  American  he  had  ever  met,"  while 
the  acquaintance  then  formed  by  Mr.  Seaton  with 
several  civil  and  military  members  of  his  Excellency's 
household  ripened  into  warm  regard  and  frequent 
correspondence.  A  few  extracts  from  the  details 
sketched  by  Mr.  Seaton  for  the  domestic  circle  wdll 
indicate  the  impression  made  by  him  on  these  critical 
foreigners.   . 

Mr.  Seaton  AATites  from  '^  Toronto,  July,  1838":  — 

"  ....  A  run  of  four  hours  this  morning  across  Lake 
Ontario  brought  us  to  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada.  I 
begin  to  be  quite  anxious  to  reach  the  end  of  our  journey, 
for,  truth  to  say,  I  am  quite  tired  of  the  jaunt,  and  would 
gladly  turn  my  face  homewards  if  I  were  not  ashamed. 
.....  We  crossed  over  yesterday  morning  to  the  British 
side  of  the  Falls,  the  first  time  I  ever  set  foot  on  a  foreign 
soil ;  and  it  was  not  with  indifference  that  I  saw  the 
British  flag  flying  on  its  own  ground,  and  surrounded  by 
British  troops.  At  the  Falls  there  are  about  600  of  the 
4.3d  Infantry,  and  at  dinner,  who  should  sit  opposite  to 


228  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

me  but  Mr.  W ,  who  is  here  with  his  regiment.     I  was 

at  first  not  able  to  identify  his  famihar  face,  he  being  in 
uniform ;  he,  however,  at  once  recog-nized  me,  and  during 
the  hour  that  intervened  before  my  departure  he  was  ex- 
ceedingly civil,  among  other  marks  of  it  tendering  me  a 
letter  to  his  friend  Captain  Arthur,  the  son  and  Aide  to 
the  Governor  here,  as  well  as  letters  to  some  officers  of  the 
Guards  at  Quebec.  There  is  a  regiment  of  foot  here,  which 
I  shall  see  parade  to-morrow,  Sunday  being  in  camp  a  grand 
parade  day,  and  shall  embrace  the  opportunity  of  going  to 

church." 

"  Ogdensbitrg,  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 

"  ....  I  have  got  so  far  on  my  road  to  Quebec,  and 
through  the  task  which  for  my  sins  I  undertook  of  coming 
from  home  alone  on  a  jaunt  of  curiosity.  Mr.  G 's  let- 
ter commanded  from  Captain  B ,   of  the  Guards,  at 

Toronto,  very  great  politeness,   as  did  also  Mr.  W 's, 

from  Captain  Arthur.  This  latter  called  on  me  on  Sunday, 
though  not  here  a  visiting  day,  and  invited  me,  in  his 
father's  name,  to  see  him  the  next  day,  which  I  did.  Sir 
George  Arthur,  a  fine  gentlemanly  looking  man  of  sixty, 
received  me  with  much  civility,  expressing  regi'et  that  my 
early  departure  prevented  the  attentions  he  would  have 
been  glad  to  show  me.  I  spent  fifteen  minutes  with  him 
very  pleasantly,  and  went  immediately  on  board  the 
steamer,  which  reached  Kingston  at  sunrise  this  morning. 
While  waiting  for  the  Montreal  boat,  I  have  run  over  here 
to  send  you  this  hasty  note,  with  love  and  blessings  for  the 
household,  and  prayers  for  your  safety  in  my  absence." 

"  Quebec,  August,  1838. 
"  .  .  .  .    To-night  I  set  out  on  my  most  welcome  home- 
ward route,  — though  the  two  days  I  have  passed  here  have 
been  most  agreeably  occupied  in  viewing  the  fine  city,  and 
in  the  enjoyment  of  kind  hospitality On  Saturday 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  229 

morning,  shortly  after  my  arrival,  I  received  a  card  of 
invitation  to  dinner  from  the  Governor-General  and  the 
Countess  of  Durham,  for  four  o'clock  of  the  same  day,  —  no 
visiting  or  company  among  the  English  on  Sunday,  I  find. 
There  were  present  about  fifteen  persons,  military  and 
ofiicial,  but  no  American  except  myself.  After  a  most 
agreeable  dinner,  and  coffee,  his  Lordship  invited  me  to 
drive  with  him ;  so  I  took  a  seat  in  the  barouche  with 
Lord  and  Lady  Dm'ham,  and  Mr.  Charles  Buller,  to  whose 
kind  attentions  I  have  been  so  much  indebted.  We  drove 
eight  or  nine  miles  up  the  beautiful  banks  of  the  St. 
Charles,  —  a  good  deal  of  chat  of  course.  The  next  day  I 
went  to  church  alone,  my  companions  declining To- 
day I  called  to  pay  my  parting  respects  to  the  Earl  of 
Durham,  and,  though  engaged  with  a  member  of  the  Coun- 
cil (the  famous  Mr.  Turton  by  the  w^ay),  he  put  him  aside 
to  give  me  an  audience  ;  and  so  full  was  he  of  his  ofl&cial 
objects  here,  and  of  our  question  and  delicate  relations  with 
Great  Britain,  that  I  could  hardly  get  away  in  decent  time, 
knowing,  as  I  did,  that  Turton  was  waiting  to  resume  his 
business.  ^  This  afternoon  I  have  spent  in  visiting  the 
striking  works,  citadel,  etc.,  under  the  guidance  of  one  of 
the  aides-de-camp,  who  tendered  his  services  for  that  purpose 
at  Lord  Durham's  table  on  Saturday.  I  have  an  hour  now 
in  which,  to  take  tea  with  Mr.  Buller,  —  and  then  on  board 

the  boat  for  Montreal But  in  all  this  gratification 

my  heart  lies  in  me  like  lead  at  my  ignorance  of  home 
events ;  but  I  must  still  my  anxious  thoughts  as  best  I 
may Lord  Clarence  Paget,  I  regret  to  say,  is  ab- 
sent on  a  tour  for  the  benefit  of  his  health." 

"Washington,  August,  1838. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  Learning  from  ]Mr.  Gales  that  you  are 
expecting  to  wing  me  on  my  flight  homeward,  I  send  you  a 
word  to  apprise  you  of  my  return  last  evening  to  this  quiet 


230  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATOX. 

metropolis,  where  I  wish  with  all  my  heart,  selfish  as  it  is, 
that  I  could  have  found  you  still  sojourning.  I  passed  New 
Brighton  on  Saturday,  and  while  looking  with  admiration 
at  its  delightful  position  and  beautiful  edifices,  little  dreamed 
that  you  were  one  of  its  inmates.  I  could  have  run  over 
to  you  instead  of  sweltering  in  the  fourth  story  of  the 
Astor  House. 

"  I  have  had  a  fatiguing  but  most  interesting  joinrney, 
and  was  fortunate  in  meeting  old  acquaintances  (among 
them  Lieutenant  West,  of  the  43d,  a  son  of  Earl  De  la 
AVan-e,  with  his  regiment,  now  stationed  at  the  Falls)  and 
making  new  ones,  which  gave  me,  in  addition  to  your  own 
letters,  a  key  to  all  desirable  society  at  Toronto  and  Quebec. 
At  the  former  place  I  saw  Sir  George  Arthur,  a  fine-looking, 
dimified  old  officer  ;  and  at  the  latter  I  saw  and  conversed 
a  good  deal  with  the  Governor-General,  whose  manner,  both 
at  his  table  and  in  his  bureau,  was  altogether  diff'erent  from 
that  described  by  AVillis  in  the  last  Mirror.  I  found  him 
anything  but  reserved,  —  not  only  exceedingly  conversible, 
but  frank  to  a  degree  that  rather  surprised  me,  —  this,  how- 
ever, was  when  tete-cL-tete.  The  Countess  of  Durham  is  a 
handsome,  not  beautiful,  unaff'ected,  and  apparently  ami- 
able woman,  who,  with  some  aid  of  the  imagination,  might 

come  up  to  Byron's  portrait  of  her From  Quebec  I 

travelled  home  with  great  rapidity,  my  anxiety  to  obtain 
news  of  my  family  having  become  painful.  Think  of  doing 
the  distance  between  Montreal  and  New  York  in  forty-three 
hours  !  I  am  stunned  by  the  incessant  jostle  and  loss  of 
sleep  of  the  trip,  and  feel  pretty  much,  I  suppose,  as  if  I 
had  been  shot  fi'om  a  mortar  ! 

"  I  received  every  civility  from  Captain  Baddeley,  and 
dined  with  him  at  his  beautiful  cottage  on  the  bank  of  Lake 
Ontario.  I  am  gi'eatly  your  debtor  for  bringing  me  ac- 
quainted with  so  clever,   intelligent,  and  guileless  an  old 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  231 

soldier.     Adieu.     Have  the  goodness,  when  you  have  an 
hour  on  your  hands  which  you  cannot  kill,  to  write  to  me. 
"  Yours  faithfully,  and  sincerely, 

''W.  W.  Seaton." 

Mr.  Charles  Buller,  mentioned  in  Mr.  Seaton's  let- 
ter, a  member  of  Lord  Durham's  council,  was  already 
distinguished  in  Parliament,  being  regarded  as  the 
foremost  among  the  rising  British  statesmen ;  and  such 
weight  had  he  already  attained  in  the  estimation  of 
government  and  in  popular  confidence,  as  to  bid  fair 
soon  to  fill  the  great  position  of  Premier  of  England. 
Unfortunately  for  his  country  he  was  cut  off  in  the 
fulness  of  his  talent  and.  usefubiess,  to  the  universal 
regret  of  the  nation.  The  following  note^  from  Mr. 
Buller  and  the  fine  old  officer  of  the  Guards  show  their 
appreciation  of  Mr.  Seaton's  attractive  powers,  their 
mutual  regard  being  subsequently  cemented  by  pleas- 
ant intercourse  in  Washington. 


'O' 


^      "Quebec,  October  22,  1838. 

"Dear  Sir,  —  Your  letter  of  the  1st,  coming  at  the 
leisurely  and  dignified  pace  of  an  officer  of  the  Guards, 
reached  me  only  two  or  three  days  ago.  I  am  much  in- 
debted to  you  for  the  very  interesting  papers  you  sent  me, 
and  Lord  Durham  desires  me  to  express  his  thanks  to  you 
for  the  really  valuable  paper  which  you  were  so  good  as  to 
forward  to  him. 

"  I  am  much  obliged  to  you  for  your  words  of  comfort  to 
us  in  our  fallen  fortunes,  and  I  must  say  for  our  friends  in 
the  United  States,  that  we  receive  very  much,  both  public 
and  private.  I  have  been  much  gratified  by  your  notice  of 
our  proceedings  in  the  Intelligencer.  The  American  Whig 
Press  has  been  of  great  service  to  Lord  Durham,  and  acted 
a  most  o-enerous  part. 


232  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON.    • 

"  I  need  not  now  enter  into  the  propriety  of  his  return- 
ing home,  as  he  has  explained  the  necessity  of  it  in  his 
Proclamation.  I  wish  he  could,  as  he  at  first  proposed, 
have  gone  through  the  States  and  visited  New  York  and 
Washington.  But  on  second  thoughts  he  determined  that, 
in  the  present  alarming  state  of  the  Province,  it  was  neces- 
sary that  he  should  go  home  forthwith,  to  try  if  his  presence 
can  do  any  good. 

"  I  remain  a  short  time  behind,  and  shall  go  home  in  the 
Great  Western  from  New  York.  Whether  I  shall  be  able 
to  get  to  Washington  I  know  not,  but  shall  make  the  en- 
deavor. I  am  really  sorry,  in  spite  of  all  my  ultra-democ- 
racy, to  see  Van  Burenism  triumphing  in  these  elections. 
"  Believe  me,  dear  sir,  yours  very  truly, 

"Charles  Buller,  Jr." 

"Glasgow,  April  5,  1841. 
"  My  dear  Colonel  Seaton,  —  Your  kind  letter  and  pres- 
ent have  been  following  me  from  place  to  place The 

fac-simile  of  General  Washington's  writing  was  particularly 
welcome  ;  for,  although  I  cannot  be  supposed  to  be  so  great 
a  worshipper  at  the  shrine  of  that  truly  great  man  as  you 
must  be,  yet  the  cosmopolitan  reverence  we  bear  on  this  side 
of  the  water  to  his  memory  is  scarcely  less  warm  than  the 
patriotic  one  which  electrifies  the  Union ;  among  men  at 
least  who  have  read  his  life, —  and  who  has  not  ?  The  plans 
on  the  Boundary  question,  that  knotty  point,  are  very  ac- 
ceptable. On  this  subject  I  am  somewhat  disposed  to  think 
privately,  that  you  have,  in  point  of  law,  as  much  in  your 
favor  as  ourselves ;  but  how  infinitely  you  fall  short  of  us 
on  the  score  of  equity  !  !  Look  at  the  encroachment,  and 
think  of  the  object  of  this,  as  of  all  similar  portions  of 
treaties,  —  to  remove  as  much  as  possible  all  inducements 
to  an  unfriendly  interference.  If  you  succeed  without  war, 
I  will  give  you  credit  for  diplomatic  skill,  but  not  for  mag- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  233 

naniraitj.  War,  however,  I  trust  is  out  of  the  question,  — 
men  are  too  wide  awake  at  this  day  to  deal  with  its  horrors 
until  every  other  means  have  been  had  recourse  to  to  avert 
itj  —  and,  above  all,  a  war  with  America  !  No  !  I,  for  one, 
would  rather  see  you  usurp  the  land,  and  if  you  can  keep  it 
gracefully^  do  so.  If  the  foregoing  political  tirade  should 
not  settle  the  question  in  our  favor,  it  will,  I  trust,  induce 
you  to  reply  to  it,  and  thus  I  shall  get  another  letter  from 

you,  if  not  the  Disputed  Territory Have  you  read  the 

Quarterly  for  March  ]  There  is  a  good  article  on  this  sub- 
ject, the  impossibility  by  the  words  of  the  Treaty  of  showing 
which  is  the  northwest  angle  of  Nova  Scotia.  This  is  more 
curious  than  useful,  —  proving,  however,  what  a  blundering 
Commission  drew  it  up.  Indeed,  I  think  the  men  who 
composed  it  have  much  to  answer  for,  no  less  than  for 
all  the  blood  that  may  be  spilled  in  the  dispute. 

"  As  to  the  McLeod  affair,  we  do  not  dream  of  it  beino'  a 
source  of  bloodshed,  unless,  indeed,  3'ou  allow  Lynch  law 
to  prevail,  as  you  have  done  in  too  many  instances.  One 
thing  I  have  to  propose  ;  namely,  that  if  ever  you  and  I  do 

meet  in  deadly  collision,  we  will  spare  each  other 

"  Faithfully  and  devotedly  3'ours, 

"  T.  W.  Baddeley,  Col.  R.  E." 

The  following  extracts,  referring  pleasantly  to  the 
impression  made  by  ]\Ir.  Seaton  in  Canada,  are  from 
the  letters  of  an  English  gentleman  in  the  British  -ser- 
vice. So  unusually  clever  and  witty  are  his  sketches 
of  men  and  current  events  as  to  cause  rcOTct  at  the 
impossibility  of  presenting  them  unmutilated  for  peru- 
sal ;  but  this  is  forbidden  touchingly,  though  tacitly, 
by  Mr.  Seaton  liimself;  for  in  his  remaining  corre- 
spondence and  papers,  all  that  is  malicious,  —  the  sting 
of  a  story  propagating,  however  unintentionally,  some 


234  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

unkind  gossip,  —  the  name  of  the  hero  of  an  anecdote 
implicating,  perhaps,  not  very  creditably  some  of  the 
most  prominent  men  of  the  day,  —  all  are  found  care- 
fully erased ;  presenting  an  example  of  reticence  that 
must  be  faithfully  observed, —  a  delicacy  characteristic 
of  Mr.  Seaton's  benevolence  and  kindliness  of  nature, 
which  never  inflicted  a  wound  on  the  heart  or  even 
the  vanity  of  another,  which  shielded  even  an  adver- 
sary from  misrepresention  or  ridicule. 

"  New  Brighton,  August,  1838. 

"My  dear  Sir,  —  How  you  managed  to  get  from  Mont- 
real to  Washington  in  forty-three  hom's  must  be  an  affair  be- 
tween you  and  the  Great  Western.  I  shall  take  the  liberty 
of  communicating  the  fact  to  Captain  Hoskins.  Pray  offer 
your  services  to  the  Hon.  Amos  Kendall.  But  what  I  am 
most  concerned  about  is  having  missed  you.  You  would 
have  passed  a  pleasant  evening  at  this  delightful  place. 
We  have  lofty  and  clean  bedrooms,  a  good  table,  delicious 
breezes,  half  an  hour's  trip  to  New  York  offering  itself  every 
hour,  besides  the  National  Intelligencer,  which  I,  and  only 
I,  have  the  good  taste  to  go  to  New  York  for  once  a  day. 
The  funny  old  fellow  at  the  P.  0.  who  delivers  the  mail 
always  talks  to  me. 

" '  This  is  not  the  worst  paper  in  the  world,'  says  he. 
*  You  mean  it  is  the  best,'  says  I.  '  You  don't  take  the 
Globe'?'  says  he.  'Not  I,'  said  I.  'I  should  be  surprised  if  you 
did,'  says  he.  '  I  once  saw  Joe  Gales,'  he  began  again, 
'  but  I  never  saw  the  t'  other  fellow.  What  is  he  like  1 ' 
'  Just  figure  to  yourself  a  scalded-to-death  corpse  walking 
about,'  I  replied.     '  Ecod,  I  can  just  see  him,'  says  he. 

"  I  wrote  you  a  note,  and  every  day  did  I  hope  to  see 
you,  but,  like  yourself,  jo\i  preferred  seeing  your  wife  and 
children.     I  congratulate  them  on  j'our  safe  return.     This 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  235 

place  has  become  quite  an  appendage  to  New  York.  The 
night  before  last  we  had  an  Italian  concert,  —  Fornasari,  la 
Maroncelli  (wife  of  the  fellow-sufferer  of  Silvio  Pellico,  who 
lives  here),  and  others.  The  company  leaving  New  York 
at  seven  p.  m.,  and  returning  at  eleven.  And  last  night  a  par- 
ty from  New  York  came  out,  and  had  a  regular  ball,  bringing 
their  own  fiddlers.  Think  of  that !  In  old  times,  before 
the  reign  of  steamers,  this  would  never  have  been  attempt- 
ed. They  might  have  been  driven  ashore  at  Bedlow's  Isl- 
and, or  some  other  country  inhabited  by  cannibals,  or  all 
shut  up,  men  and  maidens  in  their  dancing  gear,  in  the  tin 
castle  of  some  Connecticut  giant.  Here  am  I,  writing  at 
my  ease  in  the  morning,  going  quietly  to  New  York  at  two 
p.  M.,  to  put  my  letters  on  board  the  Great  Western, 
which  sails  at  four,  not  forgetting  a  letter  to  W.  W.  Seaton, 
by  the  great  Amos  !  What  revolutions  !  I  had  the  satis- 
faction of  finding  all  my  old  friends  here,  after  an  absence 
of  eight  years,  looking  a  great  deal  older  than  myself.  Two 
or  three  are  here  taking  Brandreth's  Pills.     Many  are  dead, 

nothing  but  odd  volumes  left I   am  off  to  J^Iont- 

real  for  the  races.  I  was  sure  it  was  enough  for  you  to  pre- 
sent yourself  to  be  well  received  by  the  society  there.  I  shall 
hear  of  you.     Adieu  for  the  present,  being  unfeignedly 

"  Your  friend  and  servant, 

"  G." 

Quebec,  September,  1838. 
"  My  dear  Seaton,  —  I  shall  confound  my  enemies  with 
the  glorious  National  Intelligencer  which  Charles  Buller 
has  just  shown  me.  I  '11  tell  you  what  I  think  of  you  when 
we  meet.  But  what,  under  Heaven,  has  caused  you,  from 
whom  I  expected  other  things,  to  disappoint  me  so  per- 
fidiously'?  I  know  nothing  that  could  give  me  more 
pleasm-e  than  a  letter  from  you,  and  yet  you  don't  write, 
you  gallant,  malicious  Colonel,  you  hero  of  Bladensburg ! 


236  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

Take  that  as  the  heaviest  denunciation  of  my  resentment. 
....  I  have  just  got  into  circulation  here,  and  find 
it  pleasant  enough.  Lord  Durham  speaks  in  the  kindest, 
most  flattering  manner  of  you,  and  Charles  Buller  likes 
you  better  than  any  American  he  has  yet  seen.  I  break- 
fasted  with  the   latter  this  morning I  find   Lord 

Durham's  dinners  very  pleasant,  nothing  awful  in  them. 
A  good  cuisine,  attentive  servants,  and  perfect  ease.  What 
delicious  ices !  how  superior  to  Kinchy's  greasy  contrivances ! 
The  day  before  yesterday  we  had  a  charming  dinner  there. 
I  had  an  hour's  talk  in  the  morning  with  his  Lordship, 
who  is  in  good  health  and  good  humor  just  now,  as  Lord 
Brougham  and  others  have  been  got  the  better  of  He  is  a 
man  of  accurate  information  and  fine  judgment,  a  little  like 
Mr.  Fox  in  some  things, — with  whom,  by  the  way,  and  with 
Turton,  he  was  at  Eton.  We  were  about  fifty  that  day  at 
table.  His  Lordship  had  Mrs.  T.,  a  very  accomplished 
woman,  on  his  right ;  I  was  on  her  right ;  opposite  we 
had  Lady  Durham  betwixt  two  Catholic  Bishops  in  their 
rochets  and  paraphernalia.  I  happened  to  be  in  a  very 
talkative  mood,  and  told  Mrs.  T.  and  Lord  Durham  so 
many  ridiculous  stories,  and  there  was  so  much  laughing, 
that  the  lots  of  Guardsmen  present  could  not  choose  but 
stare.  After  dinner  we  had  some  good  music,  and  a  couple 
of  rubbers  with  Sir  John  D.,  and  I  won, — which,  you  know 
is  pleasant.  I  know  of  no  more  agreeable  way  of  winding 
up  the  day  than  dining  with  a  lord  w^ho  keeps  a  good  table, 
and  winning  money  afterwards  from  good  fellows  who  have 
the  grace  to  pay.  Last  night  we  all  went  to  the  theatre, 
Miss  Tree  playing  "by  command."  Audience  rising  on  the 
entrance  of  the  Governor-General  and  his  family,  orchestra 
pla^'ing  God  save  the  Queen,  curtain  rising,  and  the  act- 
ors and  actresses  coming  forward  to  sing  the  same  most 
abominably.     You  don't  do  things  in  that  style  with  Mar- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  237 

tin  Van  Biiren  !  .  .  .  .  May  my  enemies  get  all  they  de- 
serve, but  may  all  happiness  and  prosperity  and  fame  be 
with  you  and  your  generation  in  secula  seculorum  !  We 
are  all  mad  here  about  mesmerism,  or  animal  magnetism. 
The  other  evening  we  had  a  private  exhibition  at  Charles 
Buller's  before  Lord  Durham.  Two  Canadian  w^omen,  one 
stone  blind,  were  put  into  the  arms  of  Morpheus  in  a  mo- 
ment. A  young  Englishwoman,  a  servant-maid,  was  fre- 
quently put  to  sleep,  and  upon  trial  it  was  found  that  I  had 
the  power  over  her.  I  witnessed  the  influence  it  produced 
upon  some  officers  of  the  Guards,  —  one  of  whom  was  taken 
with  spasms,  quite  sea-sick.  It  is  an  odd  affair,  —  I  don't 
know  what  to  think.  The  Eoyal  Society  of  London  has 
taken  it  up,  and  we  are  to  have  a  report.  .  .  .   .  " 

"Quebec,  December,  1839. 
"  My  dear  Seaton,  —  I  have  not  forgotten  you,  and 
never  shall,  nor  anything  about  so  worthy  a  fellow  as  you 
are.  I  sent  you  lately  an  address  which  it  was  hoped  might 
serve  to  conciliate  the  feverish  people  on  both  sides  the 
frontier.  I  hope,  if  the  National  Intelligencer  notice  the 
Boundary  question,  it  will  strongly  point  out  the  wicked- 
ness of  any  individuals,  or  Provincial  or  State  govern- 
ments interfering  when  they  are  not  called  to  do  so,  in 
the  management  of  a  question  which  by  treaty  and  law  be- 
longs solely  to  the  governments  of  the  two  nations 

Help  us  to  settle  this  grave  question  in  a  friendly  way,  I 
beseech  you.  I  regard  the  bad  and  unprincipled  in  all 
countries  w4th  detestation,  but  there  is  no  reason  why  I 
should  dislike  the  countries  they  disgrace,  or  cease  to  love 
and  honor  those  whose  probity  and  excellence  I  know,  and 
whom  a  cruel  fate  threatens  to  render  powerless  to  raise 
your  country  to  the  honest  eminence  it  ought  to  have " 

"London,  February,  1840. 
**  My  dear  Seaton,  —  I  cannot  permit  the  British  Queen 


238  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

to  sail  without  assuring  you  that  I  remember  you,  and  with 
undiminished   affection.     No   time  will   efface  the  sincere 

friendship  I  feel  for  you  and  those  most  dear  to  you 

Some  of  the  rabid  Opposition  papers  ride  over  every  pub- 
lic man  in  order  to  damage  the  Ministers.  This^  has  been 
carried  to  such  extremes  that  it  scarce  does  harm  any 
longer.  The  safe  rule  is  to  take  no  notice  of  such  attacks. 
A  man  named  Westmacott,  the  editor  of  the  Age,  a  very 
scurrilous  paper,  aspersed  the  character  of  a  daughter  of 
Charles  Kemble,  upon  which,  taking  a  horsewhip  to  repre- 
sent judge  and  jury,  the  father  went  to  the  fellow's  office, 
and  laid  the  damages  on  his  shoulders  in  a  manner  that  was 
'a  caution  to  Crockett.'      He  got  sixpence  damages,  and 

the  offence  was  not  repeated I  entertain  the  kindest 

feelings  towards  '  Yankeedonia,'  as  the  Turks  call  your  coun- 
try, and  neglect  no  occasion  of  doing  justice  to  the  wise  and 
good  I  havie  left  there.  At  the  same  time,  when  the  occa- 
sion arises,  I  express  myself  in  strong  terms  of  what  I  have 
never  approved  of  in  the  United  States.  I  do  not  blame 
individuals  so  much  as  I  condemn  the  laws,  which  have 
made  many  men  less  good  and  wise  than  others.  The 
frightful  effects  produced  by  unrestrained  democracy,  the 
demoralizing  effects  produced  by  universal  suffrage,  never 
appeared  to  me  so  odious  or  so  striking  as  they  do  now,  by 
contrast  with  the  good  breeding,  the  integrity,  the  order 
and  mutual  support  which  all  give  to  each  other  in  this 
country,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest.  Existence  is  really 
a  continual  luxury  to  me.  The  houses  are  so  commodious, 
so  clean ;  the  furniture  so  apt  to  every  purpose ;  the  food 
and  the  art  of  preparing  it  so  perfect ;  the  servants  so  hon- 
est, so  methodical,  so  obedient,  and  well  dressed,  that  one 
almost  regrets  the  passing  over  of  every  day,  and  would  do 
so,  but  for  the  pleasure  which  is  sure  to  be  reproduced  the 
next.       Then  society  is  so  admirably  conducted,  there  is 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  239 

such  universal  good  breeding,  intelligence,  ana  ease  to 
characterize  it,  that  one  cannot  conceive  of  anything  more 
perfect  amongst  human  beings.  This  city,  with  its  two 
millions  of  inhabitants,  is  a  miracle  of  order  and  tranquil- 
lity. I  walked  home  at  two  o'clock  this  morning  from  a 
dinner  at  least  a  mile,  and  saw  no  one  but  the  respectable 
policemen  walking  about.  The  establishment  of  the  pres- 
ent police  does  great  honor  to  Sir  Robert  Peel.  In  the 
daytime  no  disorder  ever  does  or  can  take  place.  The  po- 
liceman appears  to  be  looking  at  nothing,  yet  has  his  eye 
on  everything.     So  that  the  good  walk  with  confidence,  and 

the  bad  commit  no  disorders The  idea  that  there  is 

a  strong  Administration  faction  in  the  United  States  seek- 
ing to  embroil  the  two  countries  in  order  to  enrich  them- 
selves by  war  expenditures  has  attracted  great  attention. 
All  deprecate  it,  but  all  know  that  political  considerations 
are  often  the  cause  of  weakness  in  the  Federal  Government, 

rendering  it  the  minister  of  selfish  political  cabals 

Mr.  Calhoun's  influence  would,  I  trust,  be  directed  against 
it,  for  a  war  would  be  especially  injurious  to  the  cotton- 
planters No  doubt  is  entertained  here  that  if  the 

two  national  governments  are  permitted  to  come  to  an 
understanding,  everything  can  be  arranged  consistent  with 
w^hat  is  due  to  justice,  and  the  reverence  civilized  men  owe 
to  treaties.  But  if  the  frontier  people  will  not  obey  the 
laws  of  the  country,  and  you  cannot  enforce  your  laws,  it 

will  be  a  great  public  misfortune I  pray  that  Maine 

may  remain  quiet.  Justice  will  in  the  end  be  done.  No 
English  Minister  could  retain  his  place  one  day  who  would 
incur  the  risk  of  leading  England  into  a  war  with  you  for 

the  sake  of  enforcing  an  unjust  claim People  here 

have  not  the  time  to  make  themselves  acquainted  with  the 
structure  of  the  Federal  government,  and  that  it  is  not 
directly  responsible  for  so  much  hrutim  fulmen  by  a  State 


240  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON.. 

government  like  Maine,  and  when  questions  are  asked  of 
those  who  know  America,  it  requires  a  long  story  which 

nobody  cares  to  listen  to Society  is  an  old,  quiet, 

reflecting  animal  here,  and  believes  that  a  cause  defended 
by  abuse  must  be  inherently  weak The  Royal  mar- 
riage keeps  London  in  a  magnificent  bustle  yet.  It  is  im- 
possible to  get  a  chance  to  dine  at  home.  I  had  the  honor 
of  kissing  the  Royal  bride's  hand  at  the  first  levee,  down  on 
my  knee,  all  in  toggery,  and  she  has  a  beautifully  small 
hand.  Prince  Albert  is  a  fine-looking  young  fellow,  and 
likely  to  be  popular  in  England,  as  he  is  believed  to  be 
uncorrupt,  amiable,  and  honest.  Sir  Charles  Vaughan  was 
at  the  levee,  and  looking  very  well.  We  often  talk  of  Wash- 
ington, and  he  frequently  speaks  of  you.  I  met  Charles 
MuiTay,  your  friend,  the  other  day  at  Catlin's  Exhibition, 
with  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland  upon  his  arm.  I  also 
sometimes  get  a  chance  of  talking  about  America  with  the 
Marchioness  of  Wellesley,  who  is  attached  to  her  native 
country.  I  see  Mr.  Stevenson  now  and  then  and  his  wife, 
who  is  much  liked  here.     And  Joseph  Bonaparte  also  likes 

to  talk  about  America 

"  Ever,  dear  Seaton,  yours  most  faithfully." 

"London,  July,  1840. 
"My  dear  Seaton, —  ...  .1  read  your  letter  with 
gi'eat  interest,  and  your  observations  on  the  proneness  of 
governments  purely  democratic  to  get  into  collisions  with 
foreign  nations  appeared  to  me  so  just,  and  were  so  admira- 
bly expressed,  that  I  took  occasion,  when  talking  over  such 
matters  with  Lord  Palmerston  the  other  dav,  to  read  the 
passage  over  to  him,  and  he  expressed  his  admiration  for  it. 
....  When  I  first  knew  your  fine  country,  a  dishonest  or 
a  dirty  action,  whether  public  or  private,  was  frowned  down 
at  once  by  the  stern  face  of  the  universal  moral  public 
opinion.     Universal  suffrage  was  introduced  in  the  name 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  241 

of  liberty,  and  then  demagogues  began  openly  to  use  the 
many  for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  the  few.  But  from  what 
class  were  the  few  drawn  11  I  \  In  countries  where  there  is 
no  distinction  but  that  created  by  wealth  or  political  power, 
men  will  take  the  shortest  road  to  wealth ;  and  so  it  arrives 
that  in  a  generation  or  two,  the  old  examples  of  honesty 
and  moderation  in  conduct  and  action  become  so  far  a  dead 
letter  that  they  are  seldom  referred  to,  and  in  time  the 
ethics  of  the  Old  Bailey  come  to  supplant  them.  How  is 
a  nation  in  such  a  deplorable  position  to  be  disenthralled 
from  such  influences  1  It  is  this  insane  desire  to  acquire 
wealth  which  has  injured  Americans  so  much  in  Europe 
that  enterprises  of  the  most  promising  kind  are  no  longer 
looked  at  by  capitalists.  You  might  as  well  ask  a  man  to 
take  a  share  in  the  small-pox  as  in  an  American  coal-mine. 
...  r  As  to  a  war,  it  almost  amounts  to  wickedness  to  talk 
about  it.  Maine  has  not  risen  in  the  estimation  of  this 
country  by  her  blustering.     "VVe  do  not  deem  that  tone  an 

evidence  of  honest  conviction  of  being  in  the  right 

I  congratulate  you,  or  rather  your  good  city,  in  its  worship- 
ful choice  of  Mayor.  My  only  objection  is  that  the  honors 
so  long  declined  by  your  Lordship  may  postpone  that  con- 
stantly promised  trip  to  see  how  you  like  old  England.    No 

doubt  about  her  liking  you " 

♦'LoxDOX,  1841. 
"  My  dear  Seaton,  —  ....  The  peaceful  relations  be- 
tween our  two  countries  have  been  further  menaced  of  late, 
and  Boundary  matters  seem  to  be  subordinate  to  the  im- 
prisonment of  McLeod,  and  to  the  singular  fermentation 
which  the  bellicose  report  of  Squire  Pickens  (as  the  Times 
calls  him)  has  temporarily  produced.  The  Legislature  of 
Maine,  too,  with  its  lofty  resolves  to  "  remove  the  Queen's 
troops  from  Madawasca,"  and  its  splendid  appropriation  of 
a  miUion  of  dollars  (since  whittled  down  to  one  man  paid 

11  ■  p      . 


242  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

and  maintaiued  at  the  joint  expense  of  Maine  and  Massa- 
chusetts), all  these  things  have  fairly  dumbfoundered  the 
people  on  this  side.  They  are  beginning  to  ask,  seeing  so 
many  big  words  followed  by  such  small  consequences, 
whether  Sam  Slick  is  a  romance  or  not.     But  their  effect 

on  American  securities  is  terrible The  true  way  to 

remove  every  obstacle  quo  ad  hoc  is  to  liberate  McLeod.  I 
should  hope  that  the  Federal  government  will  begin  its 
administration  by  frowning  upon  this  irreverence  done  to 

justice A  sentiment  of  abhorrence  for  war  meets 

one  here  at  every  turn.  We  do  not  like  Frenchmen,  and, 
having  no  affinities  with  the  other  Continental  powers,  have 
little  partiality  for  them ;  but  the  colonies  founded  by  John 
Bull,  and  the  colonists  sprung  from  his  loins  are  dear  to  him. 
It  will  require  great  provocation  to  make  him  strike  the 

first  blow  at  them Mr.  Forsyth  and  Fox  have  not 

liked  each  other  for  some  time  past.  They  are  both  men 
of  talent,  and  when  they  are  in  the  humor,  you  can  get  as 
good  tincture  of  myn-h  from  them  as  you  can  at  the  worthy 
Dr.  Gunton's.  Let  us  pray  that  our  hearts  high  and  low 
may  be  disposed  to  do  each  other  all  the  good  we  can, 
and  to  avoid  every  occasion  of  raising  the  arms  of  Ameri- 
cans and  Englishmen  against  each  other.  General  Harri- 
son's cabinet  I  know  personally,  and  can  bear  testimony  to 
their  fitness  for  the  important  stations  they  occupy.  Gen- 
eral Harrison  I  have  met  more  than  once.  He  was  a  very 
handsome  man,  and  a  very  pleasing,  well-informed  gentle- 
man. How  thankful  you  must  be  for  having  such  a  true- 
hearted  man  at  the  head  of  such  a  cabinet !  IVIay  Heaven 
prosper  them  and  your  country  in  peace,  and  make  us  all 
what  you  and  I  are,  —  friends  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word. 

"  Ever  yours." 

"LoNDOx,  1841. 
"  My  dear  Seaton,  —  ....  Since  the  very  unequivo- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  243 

cal  declarations  made  by  some  of  Mr.  Van  Buren's  friends, 
that  the  American  people  ought  not  to  be  -gTOund  down  to 
enrich  the  English  holders  of  American  securities,  it  has 
become  impossible  to  inspire  confidence  in  any  securities 
whatever.  Such  declaration  is  considered  equivalent  to 
a  proposition  to  confiscate  eveiy  security  held  by  British 
subjects,  and  for  the  moment  the  effect  is  prostrating.  That 
the  gentlemen  now  administering  the  government  of  the 
United  States  will  always  be  opposed  to  such  flagitious 
propositions,  and  that  they  will  produce  a  restoration  of 
American  credit  here,  I  sincerely  believe ;  but  it  must  of 

necessity  be  slow For  the  last  fortnight    all  who 

take  an  interest  in  America  have  had  a  gloom  upon  their 
minds  in  consequence  of  the  non-appearance  of  the  steamer 
President.  She  left  New  York  on  i\Iarch  11,  and  has  not 
yet  been  heard  of.  The  only  hope  entertained  is  that 
she  was  disabled  in  a  storm,  and  has  either  gained  Ber- 
muda, or  is  slowly  wending  her  way  under  sail  and  in  a 
crippled  state,  "Who  comes  here  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Ste- 
venson 1  .  .  .  .  Such  a  man,  for  instance,  as  Colonel  —  what 
the  deuce  is  his  name  1  —  would  be  worth  millions  to  your 

country.     I  met  j\Ir.  G some  weeks  ago,  looking  as  St. 

John  the  Baptist  would  do  in  a  wig  and  new  clothes.  He 
has  rum  manners,  although  I  dare  say  a  very  good  man. 
Such  men  are  only  fit  to  keep  company  with  the  four-and- 

twenty  elders  in  Revelations We  have  reached  a 

political  crisis  here  ;  a  division  will  probably  take  place  to- 
night on  a  motion  of  '  Want  of  Confidence  '  brought  forward 
by  Sir  Robert  Peel.     A  dissolution  will  probably  take  place 

and  a  new  general  election I  am  happy  to  say  that 

the  wise  act  of  the  Maryland  Legislature  in  taxing  their 
people  for  the  interest  of  a  debt  created  for  their  own  ben- 
efit will  produce  a  corresponding  wholesome  effect  here. 
.    ...     It   is   Jackson-Van-Buren-republican-democratic- 


244  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

universal  suffrage  philosophy  that  has  done  all  the  mis- 
chief, and  now  that  you  have  an  opportunity  you  must 
repair  it.  Is  it  possible  for  that  monstrous  combination  of 
horrors  ever  to  overpower  you  again  1  .  .  .  ." 

"  SCARBOEOUGH,    1842. 

"  My  dear  Seaton,  —  ....  When  your  Senate  shall 
have  ratified  the  arrangements  Lord  Ashbiu-ton  has  made 
with  the  Washington  government,  I  shall  most  sincerely 
return  your  congratulations.  I  see  that  a  very  strong  op- 
position will  be  made,  but  pei'ceive  with  pleasure  that  the 
American  Press  advises  a  ratification.  Lord  Ashbuiton  is 
not  yet  arrived ;  at  least,  we  have  not  heard  of  it  at  this 
remote  watering-place.  Lord  Aberdeen  is  at  present  with 
the  Queen  in  Scotland,  and  my  holiday  lasts  until  the  de- 
cision of  the  Senate  is  known,  wheii  we  shall  all  make  our 

way  to  Downing  Street Providence  has  favored  Sir 

Robert  Peel  by  giving  lis  a  most  abundant  harvest,  and  one 
of  the  most  splendid  summers  "I  ever  saw.  The  disturb- 
ances in  the  manufacturing  districts  no  longer  give  trouble. 
The  income  tax  is  submitted  to  with  the  best  grace,  and 
will  produce  an  immense  sum,  and  money  is  plentiful.  The 
Queen  and  Prince  are  universally  popular,  and  nothing  is 
wanting  towards  rendering  the  satisfaction  more  perfect, 
but  the  establishment  of  a  regular  and  mutually  prosper- 
ous intercourse  with  your  country " 

"Novemher,  1842. 
"  ....  I  have  been  during  this  season  making  a  round 
of  autumnal  visits  at  various  countiy-seats  in  many  of  our 
Eno-lish  counties  as  far  west  as  Devonshire  and  Cornwall, 
and  a  few  days  ago  I  left  the  Grange,  a  highly  embellished 
place  belonging  to  Lord  Ashburton,  where,  with  some  prom- 
inent persons  who  take  an  interest  in  American  affairs,  we 
had  a  full  discussion  of  the  Treaty  made  by  him.     You 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.    ^  245 

know  what  magnificent  gardens  are  kept  up  at  these  family 
places,  hot-houses,  pineries,  &c.  There  is  a  very  great  fancy 
just  now  for  the  introduction  and  cultivation  of  foreign 
grapes,  of  which  singular  fine  varieties  exist,  brought  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  and  some  of  which,  as  you  may  im- 
agine, are  very  delicious ;  but  at  no  place  have  I  met  with 
an  American  grape.  I  wish,  therefore,  to  introduce  them 
here,  especially  the  Catawba  and  Isabella.  I  have  prom- 
ised cuttings  in  various  quarters,  especially  to  Lady  Ash- 
burton,  who,  you  know,  is  an  American  by  birth,  and  at 
whose  table  I  met  with  boiled  Indian  corn  on  the  cob,  waf- 
fles, and  other  American  dishes.  Lord  Ashburton  often 
talks  to  me  of  you  in  high  terms,  and  Mr.  H.  M.  is  very 

much   your   friend The    respectable   and   prudent 

men  in  America  are  very  much  pitied  here,  and  it  afflicts 
me  that  the  demagogues  and  politicians  seem  to  menace 
you  with  still  fiuther  embroilments  for  an  indefinite  time. 
I  have,  always  thought  that  if  you  could  only  have  one 
Presidential  term  under  that  excellent  person,  Mr.  Clay, 
with  a  friendly  Congress,  that  such  examples  of  well-con- 
sidered measures  might  arise  that  the  people  would  become 
enamored  of  them,  and,  feeling  the  prosperity  they  would 
create,  would  at  length  give  to  such  men  and  measm-es  a 

steady  support How  happily  we  have   got  out  of 

our  Indian  and  Chinese  wars  !  Mr.  John  Bull  has  at  length 
his  belly  full  of  satisfaction,  and  expects  a  reg-ular  supply 
of  ammunition  for  his  teapot  hencefoi-ward.  Your  com- 
merce will  benefit  by  it,  for  that  Nankin  treaty  will  open 
China  to  the  whole  of  Christendom " 

''London,  April,  1843. 
"  My  dear  Seaton,  _ ....  The  grape-vines  so  kindly 
,sent  by  you  have  been  distributed  in  the  vineries  of  noble- 
men and  gentlemen  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom.     I 
hope  the  Catawba  grape  will  be  considered  a  valuable  ad- 


246  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

dition  to  the  best  grapes  now  known  in  England.  I  have 
principally  sent  them  into  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  which 
I  think  are  our  most  sunny  counties.  Some  of  them  are  at 
Lord  Mount  Edgecumbe's,  Sir  Charles  Leman's,  and  Sir 
Thomas  Dyke  Acland's.  I  also  gave  Lady  Ashburton  a 
couple  at  her  desire,  and  a  couple  of  roots  to  the  Marquis 
of  Lansdowne,  who  has  a  celebrated  gardener  a,t  Bowood. 
If  you  ever  come  to  England  in  my  time,  I  hope  it  may  be 
.  in  the  season  when  you  can  judge  for  yourself  of  the  fruits 
of  your  kindness.  If  it  is  convenient  for  you  to  visit  us 
now,  you  ought  not  to  be  deterred  by  the  considerations  to 
which  you  allude.  We  here  understand  that  the  honorable 
and  good  of  America  are  not  to  be  blamed  for  those  evils 
they  have  had  no  share  in  bringing  about,  and  rest  assured, 
you  would  have  no  occasion  to  feel  yourself  slighted,  but 

would  be  well  received We  are  all  delighted  with 

Mr.  Tyler's  message  on  the  subject  of  the  Right  of  Visi- 
tation. Your  navy  has  always  practised  the  right  of  visit- 
ing suspected  vessels,  whether  of  slavery  or  piracy,  and 
this  country  will  always  practise  it.  I  see  by  a  late  speech 
of  Mr.  Cushing's  that  he  is  as  Anti-English  as  ever,  and 
that  his  opinions  on  the  Right  of  Visitation  do  not  har- 
monize with  those  laid  down  in  Mr.  Tyler's  message  of 
February,  which  I  take  for  granted  are  Mr.  Webster's  opin- 
ions adopted  by  Mr.  Tyler " 

The  Sir  Thomas  Dyke  Acland  mentioned  above  was 
a  nephew  of  a  brave  officer,  Colonel  John  Dyke  Acland, 
of  Pictou,  of  the  British  army,  who  fought  during  our 
Ee volution,  and  died,  eventually,  of  the  effects  of 
wounds  received  at  Saratoga.  His  wife  -was  the  Lady 
Caroline  Fox,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Ilchester,  and 
cousin  of  the  celebrated  Charles  James  Fox.  She 
married  Sir  John  in  1770,  followed  him  to  this  country, 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  247 

and  passed  heroically  througli  many  dangers  in  the 
wilderness  for  the  purpose  of  nursing  her  husband, 
whom  she  long  survived.  Her  history  has  been  writ- 
ten as  one  of  the  celebrated  women  of  those  heroic 
days. 

**  August,  1846. 
"My  dear  Seaton, — I  know  how  difficult  it  is  to  get  a 

letter  from  you.     Mr.  M says  sometimes  in  his  letters, 

'Mr.  Seaton  is  going  to  write  to  you  by  the  next  steamer,' 
which  always  enables  me  to  say  accurately  to  my  wife, 
'^Ir.  Seaton  was  not  going  to  write  to  me  by  the  next  steam- 
er.' .  .  .  .  The  death  of  Harrison  was  a  fatal  blow  to  you 
all,  and  led  the  way,  step  by  step,  to  the  present  order  of 
things,  from  which  I  hope  you  will  soon  be  relieved.  Many 
years  ago  I  was  thrown  famiharly  with  General  Z.  Taylor, 
now  in  Mexico.  You  cannot  do  better  tiian  make  him  your 
President.  I  think  I  never  knew  one  more  likely  to  tread 
in  the  footsteps  of  the  great  Washington  than  General  Tay- 
lor. I  think  there  is  reason  to  apprehend  that  if  he  gets 
engaged  too  far  in  that  wretched  country  about  Saltillo,  he 
will  lose  all  the  advantages  he  possessed  when  he  crossed 
the  Rio  Grande.  However,  the  Mexicans  —  poor  devils!  — 
may  be  frightened  enough  to  make  a  treaty  of  cession  to 
stop  your  rapacious  territorial  maws.  We  are  all  glad  the 
Oregon  is  closed.  Mr.  Polk  cuts  a  ciu-ious  figure  in  Europe 
blustering  about  54.40,  and  then  inviting  the  Senate  to 
ratify  on  49.  The  Senate  stands  very  high  in  Europe  for 
its  judicious  management  of  the  affair,  and  if  the  defaulting 
States  would  only  make  good  their  deficiencies,  American 

credit  would  soon  be  re-established Prav  tell  me 

what  Mr.  Fox  does,  and  what  you  understand  his  plans  to 
be.     He  has  discontinued  writing  to  everybody  in  Europe." 

Mr.  Seaton  thus  replies  to  his  friend  :  — 


248  WILLIAM  •  WINSTON   SEATON. 

'*  Washingto^^,  November  12,  1845. 
'•  My  dear  Sir, — If  it  be  true,  as  said,  that  a  certain  place, 
which  I  trust  you  nor  I  will  ever  see,  is  paved  with  good 
resolutions,  I  fear  much  that  many  of  mine  may  be  found 
there,  —  among  them  is  the  often  cherished,  but  much  neg- 
lected intention  to  write  to  you  more  frequently  ;  and  this 
desire  was  never  more  ardently  entertained  than  on  the 
receipt  of  your  welcome  and  very  obliging  letter.  But  for 
my  failure,  I  have  a  valid  apology.  During  the  whole  year 
Mr.  Gales  has  been  ill,  dangerously  so Then  Con- 
gress has  been  in  session  nearly  all  the  summer 

You  inquired  about  ^Ir.  Fox,  and  a  month  ago  I  should 
have  written  of  him  in  a  different  vein  from  the  present. 
You  have,  of  course,  heard  of  his  death.  He  had  continued 
to  live  in  his  usual  perfect  seclusion,  and  one  morning,  to 
my  entire  amazement,  his  death  was  announced.  He  had 
had  no  recent  illness,  and  the  suddenness  of  the  event 
shocked  me  exceedingly.  It  now  appears  that  he  had  been 
in  the  habit  of  using  opium  very  largely,  —  his  servants 
beino-  under  orders  never  to  disturb  him  until  run^^  for. 
He  had  been  in  his  chamber  a  night,  and  nearly  the  follow- 
ing day,  before  a  domestic  ventured  to  enter.  He  w^as  found 
in  a  state  of  letharg}^  from  which  he  could  not  be  roused ; 
and  all  medical  eftbrts  to  revive  him  failing,  he  died  in  a 
few  hours.  He  was  supposed  to  have  taken  an  over  dose 
of  morphine.  Thus  was  a  light  that  might  have  graced 
society  extinguished,  —  a  fine  mind  lost,  which,  from  mis- 
{ftithropy  and  singular  eccentricit}^,  was  of  little  compara- 
tive value  to  the  world.  His  remains  were  attended  to  the 
grave  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  all  the  Cabinet, 
the  Diplomatic  Corps,  and  all  persons  of  distinction  in  the 
city.  His  body  is  placed  in  the  CongTCSsional  Cemetery  to 
await  the  directions  of  his  family  for  its  final  disposition. 
....  You   were    quite    right    in  predicting  for   General 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  249 

Tavlor  a  rouo-h  road  in  ^Mexico,  even  a  long  way  this  side  of 
Saltillo ;  bnt  his  courage,  and  that  of  his  troops,  has  so  far 
been  victorious.  His  attack  and  three  days'  conflict  at  Mon- 
terey remind  me  of  the  hard  fighting  in  Spain,  where  many 
similar  assaults  took  place  on  the  fortified  towns  and  posi- 
tions occupied  by  the  French,  by  the  British  army  ;  and 
where  the  same  sort  of  persevering  and  irresistible  braveiy 
was  displayed  by  the  assailants.  I  am  proud  of  the  manner 
in  which  our  troops  acquitted  themselves  on  the  Rio  Grande 
and  at  Monterey,  and  especially  the  raw  volunteers. 
They  have  certainly  done  credit  to  their  race  and  lineage, 
and  that  is  praise  enough.  Nor  have  they  found  a  timid 
enemy.  The  Mexicans  have  shown  more  pluck  than  I 
looked  for,  and  have  certainly  behaved  well  for  so  mongrel 
a  race.  But  if  Taylor  is  under  orders  to  push  his  way  to 
Mexico  (City),  I  fear  for  the  safety  of  his  army.  He  has  a 
long  march  through  a  difficult  countiy,  badly  watered,  and 
poor,  with  several  strong  points  to  carry,  and  he  must 
weaken  his  army  by  leaving  garrisons  to  secure  his  rear 
communications.  What  an  ill-judged  measure  was  this  war, 
when  everything  we  are  fighting  for  might  have  been  won 
by  money  and  negotiation !  Our  only  solace  under  it  is 
the  honor  achieved  by  our  arms ;  but  this  at  a  teiTible  sac- 
rifice of  life.  How  nobly  the  training  of  West  Point  has 
vindicated  itself!  This  war  has  settled  the  wisdom  and 
value  of  that  institution,  and  that  is  one  good  consequence 
of  it.  I  read  with  gi'eat  satisfaction  and  interest  your  ac- 
count of  your  comfortable  berth  and  its  agreeable  concomi- 
tants ;  but  it  was  almost  cruel  to  tantalize  me  with  the 
description,  fated,  as  I  am,  not  to  see  the  picture.  A  voyage 
across,  as  you  say,  is  very  easy  now ;  but  how  am  I,  be- 
fore the  period  of  decrepitude  comes  on,  ever  to  break  away 
fi'om  the  trammels  that  bind  me  doT^^l  here  ]  If  I  had  reso- 
lutely refused  the  mayoralty  last  June,  I  might  have  got 

11* 


250  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

off  this  summer  with  my  son ;  but  we  are  too  easily  per- 
suaded to  keep  office,  especially  one  of  which  I  have  so 
much  reason  to  be  proud,  —  but  cannot  you  visit  us  1  I 
will  return  with  you,  even  if  I  have  to  resign  the  mayoralty. 
Pray,  if  possible,  come  and  see  us  once  more,  if  but  for  a 

month  or  a  fortnight 

"  Yours  sincerely,  always, 

"  W.  W.  Seaton." 

In  awarding  just  praise  to  the  graduates  of  West 
Point  —  the  military  genius  and  heroic  valor  of  those 
of  her  sons  who,  in  drawing  their  sword  in  the  cause 
of  Southern  independence,  achieved  immortal  fame,  as 
well  as  the  signal  ability  and  undaunted  courage  of 
those  who  sustained  the  North,  having  alike  added 
fresh  lustre  to  that  nursery  of  arms  —  ^Ir.  Seaton  did 
not  in  any  degree  seek  to  depreciate  the  gallantry  of 
our  volunteers,  or  the  talent  and  great  deeds  of  Win- 
field  Scott.  If,  as  some  critics  assert,  Scott's  military 
prestige  culminated  at  Lundy's  Lane,  —  though  Wel- 
lington said  that  his  march  to  Mexico  was  the  greatest 
achievement  of  modern  warfare,  —  it  cannot  be  denied 
that  the  civil  talent  evinced  in  his  organization  of 
Mexican  society ;  the  peace  he  gave  that  distracted 
country,  torn  as  to-day  by  faction  and  anarchy ;  the 
order  and  content  growing  out  of  the  presence  of  his 
invading  and  triumphant  army,  added  laurels  to  his 
name  not  surpassed  in  brilliancy  by  his  deeds  of  arms. 
After  a  series  of  victories  following  the  great  successes 
of  the  gallant  Taylor,  Scott  rode  into  the  grand 
Plaza,  the  folds  of  the  American  flag  waving  from 
the  palace  of  the  Montezumas.  He  had  conquered 
Mexico,  and  —  a  greater  victory  still  —  he  conquered 
the  love  and  lilessings  of  lier  people. 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  251 

General  Scott,  a  year  younger  than  Mr.  Seaton,  the 
companion  of  his  boyhood,  and  cherished  friend  until 
parted  by  death,  shared  with  him  in  Eichmond  the 
tuition  of  the  learned  and  eccentric  Ogilvie,  Earl  of 
Fiiilater,  and  it  was  doubtless  to  his  teachings,  as  was 
notably  the  case  with  other  pupils  of  the  genial  peda- 
gogue, that  the  future  great  Captain  owed  his  love  of 
"polite  letters."  Scott  prided  himself  as  greatly  on  the 
purity  of  his  French  accent,  the  felicity  of  his  "  retort 
courteous,"  his  critical  acumen  and  apposite  quotation, 
as  on  his  ability  to  lead  serried  ranks  to  victory.  And, 
indeed,  his  taste  for  literary  discussion  and  allusion 
inspired  his  staff  with  a  salutary  terror,  as  he  required 
his  aides  to  be  as  conversant  with  the  classics  as  with 
field-tactics  and  the  science  of  fortification.  A  gentle- 
man present  described  his  amusement  at  the  conster- 
nation of  the  General's  military  family  on  one  occasion, 
when  their  chief,  in  the  presence  of  a  distinguished 
circle,  was  arguing  some  literary  point,  illustrating  it  by 
a  quotation  from  Pope,  whereupon  one  of  his  aides, 
whose  usual  accuracy  was,  perhaps,  a  little  obscured 
by  a  late  dinner,  incautiously  asked,  "  Is  that  from 
Shakespeare,  General  ? "  Scott  turned  majestically,  and, 
transfixing  the  unfortunate  querist  by  his  severity  of 
look  and  tone,  replied :  "  Sir,  I  am  deeply  humiliated 
that  a  member  of  my  personal  staff  should  be  so 
ignorant  as  to  confound  Pope  with  Shakespeare.  Be 
good  enough  to  leave  the  room,  sir ! "  Scott  was  an 
untiring  talker ;  and  few  persons  surpassed  liim  in  the 
charm  of  those  monologTies,  heaped  up  as  they  were 
with  instructive  and  entertaining  reminiscence  of  his 
magnificent  career,  —  an  interminable  parenthesis  of 


252  WILLIAM   AVIXSTOX   SEATON. 

anecdote,  which  in  Mr.  Seaton's  drawing-room  often 
stretched  to  an  hour  past  midnight,  —  the  General  occa- 
sionally refreshing  his  memory  by  a  pinch  of  snuff, 
which,  in  imitation  of  Napoleon,  he  carried  loose  in 
his  vest  pocket.  His  voice  was  sweet,  his  countenance 
and  blue  eyes  gentle  in  expression,  his  manner  of  true 
Southern  courtesy  to  ladies  and  exceeding  kindness  to 
young  people,  while,  like  Saul,  "from  his  shoulders 
and  upwards  he  was  higher  than  any  of  the  people  "  ; 
but  the  severe  wound  received  at  Lundy's  Lane  in  his 
left  shoulder  partially  disabled  him,  slightly  drawing 
down  that  side,  without,  however,  impairing  the  majesty 
of  his  height  and  imposing  presence.  General  Scott 
held  the  pen  of  a  ready  writer,  —  rather,  indeed,  it  was 
thought,  to  the  detriment  of  his  political  aspirations, 
and  was  not  a  little  vain  of  his  eloquence  cle  'billet.  A 
note  or  two  are  subjoined,  as  thoroughly  characteristic 
of  his  tone  of  expression :  — 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  The  Hon.  Messrs.  Barrow,  White,  and 
Green,  whom  I  accidentally  met,  have  engaged  themselves 
to  eat  oysters  and  terrapins  with  me  this  evening  after 
the  arrival  of  the  mail,  say  at  nine  o'clock.  They  were 
afraid  of  too  much  anxiety  and  depression,  but  I  prom- 
ised to  keep  their  spirits  up  by  pouring  spirits  doivn,  if 
there  should  be  an  excess  of  bad  news  over  the  good  by  the 
mails.  I  hope  for  the  reverse,  —  that  all  that  has  been  bad 
may  be  reversed. 

"  I  sent  General  Chnch  to  the  Capitol  this  morning  to 
invite  you  and  some  half-dozen  other  friends  to  join  us,  but 
the  General  has  just  told  me  that  he  could  not  find  you, 
and  I  am  equally  unsuccessful.  This  is  written  ex  cathedra 
from  your  editorial  chair,  and  I  hope  jow  will  obey  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  253 

wishes  of  jour  friends,  however  short  the  notice.     Come 
thou  then,  and  rejoice  with  us. 

"  Very  truly  yours, 

"  WiNFiELD  Scott. 

**  Wednesday,  October  9. 
"W.  W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

"  My  dear  ^Ir.  and  Mrs.  Seaton,  —  I  am  quite  un- 
hicky  —  I  may  say,  unhappy  —  in  respect  to  that  same  fried 
chicken,  —  a  dish  that  I  do  infinitely  affect.  But  I  have 
invited  for  the  day  a  stranger  in  the  land,  Judge  Woolley,  of 
Kentucky,  formerly  of  the  army,  one  of  Crittenden's  friends ; 
and  as  I  am  obliged  to  forego  the  happiness  of  meeting  the 
ladies,  his  Honor  the  Mayor  —  also  a  gallant  Colonel,  and 
as  such  amenable  to  the  call,  Roast  Beef,  or  Peas  on  the 
Trencher,  as  well  as  to  the  2d  section  —  ought  to  dine  with 
me.  The  case  being  plain,  I  rely  upon  his  letter  part  to 
send  him  accordingly.  My  dinner  shall  be  set  forward  an 
hour,  all  the  way  till  three  o'clock. 

"  Apropos  of  late  hours,  here  is  a  charming  epistle  of 
eight  pages  from  Crittenden,  complaining  that  Archer  and 
myself  starve  him  by  compelling  him  to  dine  regularly  with 
one  of  us  at  four. 

"  And  so  I  make  my  Simday  morning  bow,  reserving  one 
more  profound  for  the  evening. 

"  WiNFiELD  Scott." 

''West  Poixt,  N.  Y.,  September  9,  1863. 
"  ;My  dear  Mr.  SeXton,  —  After  a  long  and  most  pleas- 
ing intimacy  with  your  family,  it  is  painful  to  think  it  un- 
likely that  I  shall  ever  be  again  in  Washing-ton.  Travel- 
ling has  become  in  my  case  difficult,  as  I  am  obliged  to  take, 
with  me  my  go-cart  (Brougham),  coachman,  and  valet,  with 
many  other  'means  and  appliances  to  boot.'  My  migra- 
tions, therefore,  must  in  future  be  short  and  rare,  perhaps 
exclusively  limited  to  the  fifty  miles  between  this  place  and 


254  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

New  York.  Yet  a  few  days  in  Washington  would  enable 
me  to  hunt  up  certain  historical  matters  "much  needed  for 
the  memoirs  I  have,  very  recently,  undei-taken  to  write.  In 
respect  to  two  of  these,  I  think  you  may,  without  much 
labor,  be  able  to  help  me,  — 

"  1.  The  proposition  to  abolish  the  office  of  Major-Gen- 
eral  or  Commanding-General  was  often  before  Congress. 
In  the  last  instance  C.  J.  {not  Jos.  R.)  Ingersoll  made  an 
extravagant  speech  in  my  favor,  declaring  that,  perhaps  but 
for  my  ser^dces,  that  body  (the  one  he  was  then  addressing) 
might  not  be  in  existence.  This  speech  was  made  in  his 
last  three  terms  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  To 
the  great  regret  of  the  public,  your  Annals  of  Congress 
stopped  short  of  that  period,  and  there  's  not  a  file  of  the 
National  Intelligencer  within  my  reach.  Probably  your 
memory  may  be  able  to  fix  the  date  of  the  speech  wdthin  a 
much  narrower  period,  and  perhaps  my  young  friend,  Miss 
,  may  be  kind  enough  to  copy  the  short  passage  allud- 
ed to. 

"  2.  Sir  Henry  Bulwer,  w^ho  I  think  was  some  two  years 
in  the  United  States,  w^^  quite  a  dinner  orator.  In  some 
speech,  being  hard  pressed  for  complimentary  topics,  he 
ran  parallels  between  certain  Englishmen  and  Americans, 
■which  was  read  to   me,  I   think  from  tHe    Intelligencer. 

Alexander  Hamilton  and were  in  one  of  the  parallels, 

and  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  your  humble  serv^ant  in  another. 
There  was  again  much  extravagance  on  my  subject,  in  the 
latter.  Sir  Walter  Scott,  it  was  said,  had  turned  history 
into  romance,  and  the  American,  in  allusion  to  Mexico,  had 
done  the  reverse,  &c.  Far  be  it  from  me  to  arrogate  to 
myself  much  of  the  merit  attributed  by  either  of  the  ora- 
tors cited,  but  should  be  happy  to  refer  accurately  to  the 
passages  in  question.  Again  I  appeal  to  your  friendship 
for  help.     Sir  Henry's  compliment  is  not  found  in  his  din- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  255 

ner  speech  before  the  Maryland  Historical  Society,  as  re- 
ported ;  it  must  therefore  have  been  delivered  in  some 
other  place,  or  the  Commercial  omitted  it  in  deference  to 
i\[r.  Webster,  who  spoke  eloquently  on  the  same  occasion. 
Until  within  ten  days,  I  felt  confident  that  the  speech  was 
made  at  Baltimore.  Did  Sir  H.  make  a  second  speech  be- 
fore that  society  1  Messrs.  J.  P.  Kennedy,  Meredith,  and 
Latrobe  say  not.     The  Secretary  of  the  New  York  Historical 

Society  says  that  he  did  not  speak  before  that  body 

I  should  say  that  the  passage  in  question  had  been  wilfully 
left  out.     Pardon  this  tedious  note. 

"  With  the  kindest  regards  to  Mrs.  and  Miss  Seaton, 

*'  I  remain  your  friend, 

^'WiNFiELD  Scott. 

"  W.  W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

Mr.  Seaton,  as  usual  foremost  in  the  recognition  of 
merit,  had  been  especially  solicitous  regarding  the  cre- 
ation, or,  rather,  revival,  of  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
General  in  favor  of  General  Scott,  not  only  for  the 
reason  of  their  long  friendship  and  his  State  pride  in 
the  noble  Virginian,  but  as  a  matter  of  justice ;  this 
honor,  a]3proved  of  by  the  majority  of  his  country- 
men, having  been  mainly  withheld  by  the  action  of  a 
party  and  political  feeling  inimical  to  General  Scott. 

A  prominent  Northern  politician  thus  alludes  to  the 
circumstance  in  a  bright  notfe :  — 

**  Boston,  February,  1858. 
*'  My  dear  Mr.  Seaton,  —  I  hope  your  Grace  is  well. 
As  I  was  not  permitted  to  see  Gustavus  Adolphus  nor  Na- 
poleon, I  thank  the  gods  that  I  am  a  contemporary  of  yours. 
Not  an  annual  '  Thanksgiving '  ushered  into  nativity  by 
pumpkin-pies,  drums,  and  fifes,  but  a  daily  offering  before 


256  WILLIAM   WIXSTOX   SEATOX. 

an  altar  where  the  candles  of  esteem  and  regard  are  always 
burning 

"  I  saw  Mr.  Ashmiin  the  other  day  for  a  moment,  and  we 
had  a  word  about  your  Excellency,  which  would  have  made 
your  ears  tingle  and  perhaps  blush.  Do  great  men  ever 
blush]  .... 

"  General  Scott  spoke  to  me  of  the  Lieutenant-General- 
ship, and  I  took  the  liberty  of  mentioning  how  nobly  you  had 
acted  with  the  President  in  this  matter.  Wrong  or  no 
wrong,  I  could  not  help  it,  because  it  was  so  just,  and  like 
yourself.  ....  I  met  Colonel  Benton  here,  who  was  highly 
pleased.  He  was  well  received,  and  may  well  be  proud  of 
the  respect  and  attention  which  have  l)een  shown  him  by 
the  '  cold  and  chilling  North.' 

"  If  you  will  take  the  trouble  to  send  to  the  freight  depot, 
you  will  find  a  kit  of  mackerel,  which  I  hope  you  will 
enjoy.  If  you  do  enjoy  them,  ilianJc  the  gods  and  tliinh 
of  me.." 

Henry  Stephen  Fox,  whose  sad  death  Mr.  Seaton 
announced  to  his  friend,  was  born  in  1791,  the  son  of 
General  Henry  Stephen  Fox  of  the  British  army,  who 
bore  part  in  the  battle  of  Lexington,  1775.  His  grand- 
mother was  a  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Pdchmond, 
through  whom  this  distinguished  family  derived  from 
Charles  IT.  and  Henry  of  Navarre.  A  sister  of  Mr. 
Fox  married  IVIajor-General  William  Napier,  one  of  the 
brilliant  brothers  of  that  renowned  family  of  warriors. 
Mr.  Fox  was  a  nephew  of  the  great  Charles  James 
Fox,  whose  portraits  he  strongly  resembled,  and  in- 
herited no  small  share  of  the  talent  common  to  Ms 
race,  which,  however,  in  his  case  was  so  marred  and 
obscured  by  eccentricity  as  to  be  worth  little  to  its 
possessor.     He  had  been  in  the  diplomatic  career  for 


A   BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  257 

a  number  of  years  in  the  East,  and  latterly  in  Soutli 
America,  whence  he  was  named  to  AVashington  as 
British  Envoy,  and  successor  to  the  handsome,  genial, 
and  popular  Sir  Charles'  Vaughan.  Mr.  Fox  rarely, 
entered  general  society,  or  any  house  save  that  of  a 
colleague ;  his  intercourse  with  the  government  even 
seldom  passing  beyond  scant  official  ceremonies.  His 
habits  and  dress  were  singularly  at  variance  with  the 
l^eople  and  modes  around  him.  He  rose  at  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  and  would  appear  about  six  o'clock 
on  Pennsylvania  Avenue  taking  his  morning  walk. 

A  gentleman  on  one  occasion  meeting  him  at  dusk 
in  the  Capitol  grounds,  urged  him  to  return  with  him 
to  dinner,  to  which  ]\Ir.  Fox  replied  that  "  he  would 
willingly  do  so,  but  his  people  were  waiting  breakfast 
for  him."  On  the  occasion  of  the  funeral  of  a  member 
of  the  Diplomatic  Corps,  turning  to  the  wife  of  the 
Spanish  ]\Iinister,  he  said,  "  How  very  odd  we  all  look 
by  daylight ! "  it  being  the  first  time  he  had  seen  his 
colleagues  except  by  candle-light.  He  went  to  bed  at 
daylight,  after  watering  his  plants,  of  which  he  was 
passionately  fond,  and  which  he  had  a  mania  for  col- 
lecting, also  entomological  specimens,  and  furniture 
of  every  description,  which  constantly  arrived  in  vans 
from  auctions  far  and  near,  cumbering  attics,  cellars, 
stairways ;  the  immense  accumulation  found  at  his 
death  never  having  even  been  opened.'  He  died  pos- 
sessed of  a  large  amount  of  money  in  bank  in  this 
country ;  and  yet  with  such  sums  at  command  could 
rarely  be  induced  to  pay  the  smallest  bill,  —  resisting, 
for  instance,  the  claims  of  the  cartmen  who  brouoht 
articles  to  his  residence,  which  he  would  allow  to  be 


258  WILLIMI  WINSTON   SEATON. 

left  on  the  pavement  ratlier  than  give  the  men  their 
due.  This  was  eccentricity,  not  parsimony,  for  he  was 
known  to  be  even  reckless  in  some  expenditures.  Like 
his  celebrated  kinsman,  Charles  James  Fox,  he  played 
much  and  for  high  stakes  at  cards,  but  had  not  the 
reputation  of  being  always  prompt  in  the  settlement 
of  debts  of  honor.  He  led  the  life  of  a  hermit,  —  his 
fear  of  intrusion  amounting  to  a  mania,  his  grounds 
and  residence  being  almost  barricaded  to  keep  even 
inquisitive  eyes  at  a  distance, — and  he  never  enter- 
tained, except  to  give  gentlemen  dinners,  and  those 
rarely,  assigning  as  a  reason,  that  he  "  would  have  to 
shake  hands  with  the  women  "  ;  but  he  appeared  to  be 
amused  en  petit  comite,  and  knew  the  gossip  of  society, 
to  which  he  himself  contributed  not  a  little  in  the 
innumerable  stories  circulated  of  his  oddities.  He 
thought  American  women  pretty,  as  a  rule,  but  "  look- 
ing as  if  they  physicked  themselves  into  ill  health." 
He  was  scrupulously  neat,  in  nankeen  pantaloons 
guiltless  of  straps  (for  those  were  the  days  when  such 
things  were),  a  coat  constructed  years  before  by  a  Eio 
Janeiro  tailor,  swallow-tailed,  blue,  with  brass  buttons  ; 
a  shirt  collar  nearly  concealing  the  crown  of  his  head, 
a  large  hat  suggestive  of  West  Jndia  planter  or  Span- 
ish contrabandisto,  and  always  a  huge  green  silk  um- 
brella. And  yet  with  this  singular  costume,  and  an 
exceeding  awkwardness  of  movement,  there  was  a 
musical  voice,  an  air  of  peculiar  refinement,  and  the 
unmistakable  impress  of  a  gentleman.  He  was  tall 
and  excessively  thin,  with  the  peculiar  expression  and 
cadaverous  complexion  of  a  confirmed  opium-eater. 
His  observation  was  acute,  his  conversation  at  times 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  259 

fascinating,  and  he  was  noted  for  his  wit.  One  of  his 
famous  mots  was  recorded  by  Lord  Byron,  who,  writing 
from  ISTaples,  says  :  "  I  met  the  other  day  Henry  Fox, 
who  has  been  dreadfully  ill,  and,  as  he  says,  so  changed 
that  his  oldest  creditors  would  not  know  him." 

"London,  1847. 
"My  dear  Sir, —  ....  Your  valuable  present  was  hand- 
ed me  by  Mr.  Curtis  within  fourteen  days  of  his  departure 
from  New  York ;  a  remarkable  quick  passage,  which  might 
tempt  you  to  the  chance  of  a  similar  wafting  across  the 
ocean  if  you  had  not  taken  too  firm  root  in  your  native  land 
to  be  moved  by  any  northwester,  —  which  I  begin  to  think 

is  the  case The  conduct  of  the  government  "of  the 

United  States,  in  the  matter  of  Mexico,  has  occasioned  many 
reflections  to  be  made  by  the  serious  part  of  English  society. 
That '  repudiating '  America  should  have  invaded  a  younger 
and  neighboring  Republic  because  it  had  not  and  could 
not  pay  its  debts  is  a  measure  thought  to  be  pregnant  with 
retributive  consequences  ;  and  the  sooner  you  back  out  of 
that  false  step,  the  sooner  you  will  return  to  the  enjoyment 
of  the  high  moral  reputation  you  once  had.  I  think  Mr. 
Clay  right,  that  an  amalgamation  with  those  corrupt  Mexi- 
cans will  eventually  bring  about  the  ruin  of  all  that  is  moral 
and  admirable  in  your  government.  All  history  points  to 
such  results  as  inevitable,  and  no  Englishman,  who  feels  as 
he  ought  to  do,  wishes  to  see  your  countiy  degi'aded.  Pray 
elect  Mr.  Clay  if  you  can,  or  some  one  not  of  the  Polk 
school.  The  people  of  England  have  been  suffering  for 
their  mad  speculations.  What  is  to  be  done  with  Ireland 
no  one  ventures  to  say.     To  temporize  with  that  great  evil 

is  all  that  we  can  do 

"  Ever  yours." 

In  1840  Mr.  Seaton  had  accepted  at  the  hands  of 


260  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

his  fellow-citizens  the  highest  testimony  of  their  re- 
spect and  confidence  in  their  power  to  offer,  —  the 
dignity  of  the  mayoralty,  —  which  he  had  dechned  as 
early  as  1820,  and  again,  in  1834,  resisted  the  follow- 
ing expressed  wish  of  his  constituents :  — 

"Washington,  May  18,  1834. 
"  Dear  Sir,  —  For  the  last  two  years  the  propriety  of 
presenting  you  as  a  candidate  for  the  mayoralty  of  our  city 
has  been  acknowledged  by  om-  friends,  believing  you  to  be 
the  only  individual  on  whom  the  respectable  part  of  the, 
community  and  the  party  would  concentrate  then  force. 
In  the  present  state  of  things,  the  Whigs  must  be  perfectly 

blind  if  they  do  not  see  a  defeat  before  them You 

are  the  one  whom  all  good  men  will  support,  and  I  beg  to 
know,  in  their  name,  if  you  will  consent  to  have  your  name 
presented  for  the  office 

"  Very  truly  yours, 

''Jo.  L.  KUHN. 
"W.W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

Mr.  Seaton's  inaugural  address  was  characteristic  of 
the  man,  —  courteous,  regretful  for  the  possible  morti- 
fication felt  by  his  unsuccessful  opponents,  modest,  yet 
firm  in  the  intention  to  uphold  his  own  sense  of  right, 
and  to  do  his  duty,  —  the  watchword  of  his  life. 

ISTever  were  the  promises  of  an  incoming  magistrate 
more  abundantly  fulfilled  than  during  the  succeeding 
ten  years  in  which  ^Ir.  Seaton  was  unanimously  recalled 
to  the  mayoralty,  an  unprecedented  tenure  of  the  office 
in  this  country.    In  his  civic  administration  Mr.  Seaton 

K.' 

manifested  an  ability,  a  fidelity  and  firmness,  an  uncom- 
promising honesty  and  sense  of  justice  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties,  that  marked  him  as  a  model  magistrate. 
He  labored  incessantly  for  the  best  interests  of  the 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  261 

community  over  Avliicli  he  was  the  watchful  guardian, 
advancing  witli  the  most  earnest  solicitude  all  move- 
ments tending  to  its  moral  and  intellectual  progress ; 
inaugurating  projects  for   its   material   improvement, 
adornment,  and  solid  comfort,  and  with  a  full  knowl- 
edge of  its  people  aud  their  needs,  devoted  himself 
with  unceasing  interest  and  just  pride  to  securing  their 
welfare.      By  his  personal  influence   in  Congress  he 
obtained  so  many  grants  and  privileges,  that  the  results 
*of  his  persuasive  power  became  a  jest  among  the  hon- 
orable members,  who  predicted  that  "if  Mr.  Seaton 
remained  mayor  much  longer  he  would  bankrupt  the 
national  treasury." 

Bringing  these  dispositions  to  bear  upon  the  exe- 
cution of  his  trust,  Mr.  Seaton's  administration  was 
naturally  the  most  successful  in  the  history  of  the 
metropolis,  the  results  of  his  far-sighted  views,  of  his 
philanthropic  suggestions  and  measures,  being  visible 
in  the  best  features  of  its  subsequent  prosperity. 
*Early  in  Mr.  Seaton's  administration  an  incident  oc- 
curred, slight  in  itself,  but  striking  in  its  testimony  to 
his  loyalty  to  truth  and  delicate  conscience. 

At  the  expiration  of  :Mr.  Van  Buren's  term  of  office, 
the  Corporation  of  Washington  obsequiously  passed  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  the  retiring  President  for  the  cour- 
tesy, liberality,  and  kindly  interest  evinced  by  him 
towards  the  city  during  his  administration.  Mr.  Sea- 
ton  considered  this  proceeding  on  the  part  of  the 
Councils  as  derogatory  to  their  self-respect  and  inde- 
pendence, the  fact  being  notorious  that  from  no  pre- 
vious President  had  the  city  received  so  little  benefit 
or   token  of  good-will,  either   through   the   personal 


262  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

action  of  the  Chief  Magistrate  or  from  his  recommend- 
ations to  Congress,  the  omission  of  even  the  heretofore 
ordinary  civilities  and  hospitalities  offered  by  the 
Executive  to  the  citizens  having  become  a  matter  of 
indignant  comment  in  the  community.  Mr.  Seaton,  in 
upholding  his  magisterial  and  personal  dignity,  could 
not  permit  his  name  to  ratify,  as  it  were,  not  only  a 
perversion  of  the  true  feeling  of  the  society  of  which 
he  was  the  recognized  leader,  but  also  an  ex  officio 
misrepresentation  of  fact  relative  to  public  measures,' 
for  which,  in  the  corporation  archives,  he  would  be 
recorded  as  responsible ;  he  therefore  sent  in  the  fol- 
lowing veto :  — 

"  ....  If  the  fulfilment  of  this  resolution  could  be 
construed  as  an  expression  of  mere  personal  good  wishes  for 
a  gentleman  going  into  retirement,  who  had  filled  the  office 
of  President  of  the  United  States,  I  should  not  object  to 
uniting  with  the  two  Boards  in  the  ceremony ;  although,  as 
a  tribute  not  rendered  to  Presidents  Jefferson,  Madison, 
Monroe,  and  Adams,  I  might  deem  it  uncalled  for,  and  a 
precedent  not  altogether  judicious.  But  as  the  terms  of 
the  resolution  express  a  sentiment  of  high  respect  for  the 
official  comse  of  the  President,  and  as  that  sentiment  would 
naturally  be  construed  by  him  into  one  of  approbation,  my 
signature  to  the  resolution  would  not  be  in  unison  with  my 
avowed  opinion,  and  would  be  known  to  the  President  him- 
self as  hollow  and  insincere. 

"  Though,  therefore,  I  cannot  hesitate  as  to  the  course 
which  consistency  and  self-respect  require  me  to  pursue, 
my  decision  has  not  been  unattended  with  embarrassment. 
By  signing  the  resolution  I  should  virtually  retract  my 
known  opinions  in  regard  to  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren,  while,  by  withholding  my  signature,  I 


A  BIOGEAPHICAL  SKETCH.  263 

may  wear  to  aim  an  incivility  at  the  Chief  Magistrate  of 
the  Union, -a  misconstruction  which  I  should  exceedin-lv 
regret,  as  it  would  impute  to  me  a  motive  repugnant  to  my 
fee  ings,  and  to  my  sense  of  propriety.  But,  however  un- 
willing to  incur  such  an   imputation,  I  must  meet  it  in 

preference  to  its  more  objectionable  alternative 

"  I  remain,  gentlemen,  very  respectfully, 
"  Your  obedient  servant, 

"W.W.  Seaton." 
The  Councils  feared  that  the  Democratic  party  in 
Congress  .vould  visit  upon  the  city  their  disapproba- 
tion of  the  recalcitrant  mayor ;  but  there  is  a  spirit  of 
appreciation  of  right  in  all  men,  and  so  it  was  In  this 
case,  for  the  measures  for  the  relief  or  improvement  of 
the  city  never  lost  a  vote  by  the  honesty  of  its  chief 
magistrate     This  duty  had  been  the  more  distasteful 
to  Mr.  Seaton  to  perform,  as  he  had  maintained  during 
fo  mer  years  very  friendly  and  even  intimate  social 
rela  ions  with  Mr.  Van  Buren,  who  always  testfied 
for  him  personally  the  highest  respect,  the'  follojg 
feeling  1°  °"'  '"'°"«^  ^^'^^^'  ^^P^essions  of  kindi; 

„-n  „  "Albakt,  April  27,  1823. 

Butler^'^F   ^""'-^^y   fr''^"''   ^^^    partner,    Benjamin   F. 
Jintler,   Esq.,  accompanies  the  Vice-President  to  Washin<.- 
ton,-make  him  acquainted  with  Mrs.  Seaton  and  M^ 
Ga  es.     A  Southern  man  would  say  that  he  is  one  of  the 

ot  the  M,  I  can  only  say  that  he  is  a  young  gentleman 
of  the  finest  promise  and  character  in  this  State.  ^       '°'^"      . 

"  Your  friend, 

"Mr.  Seaton,"  "^^'  ^^^  Bueen. 


264  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

Mr.  Seaton's  prolonged  career,  so  inwoven  with  the 
social  and  political  annals  of  Washington,  was  no  less 
intimately  identified  with  its  national  and  philan- 
thropic societies,  wliich  bear  on  their  records  the  evi- 
dences of  his  unselfish  labors  and  invaluable  influence. 
Amonsj  the  more  noted  of  those  which  claimed  durinsc 
many  years  his  earnest  interest  and  constant  co-opera- 
tion was  the  Colonization  Society,  of  which  he  was 
from  its  inception  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents. 

"  For  many  years,"  writes  a  well-known  philanthro- 
pist, "Mr.  Seaton  was  an  executive  member  of  the 
American  Colonization  Society,  which  ever  enjoyed 
his  confidence  and  regard,  and  received  the  powerful 
patronage  of  his  persuasive  pen  and  influential  journal. 
His  personal  appearance,  the  geniality  and  warmth  of 
his  disposition,  his  unceasing  kiixlness  of  heart,  —  all 
that  goes  to  make  up  a  good  and  lovely  man,  —  were 
not  only  characteristics,  but  were  speaking  and  visible 
features  of  his  entire  life.  His  name  will  alwavs  be 
associated  \yith  the  early  days  and  eminent  men  of  the 
Eepublic." 

As  the  result  of  the  labors  of  this  beneficent  so- 
ciety, Mr.  Seaton  hoped  for  the  gradual  solution  of  the 
questio  vcxata  of  slavery ;  for  although  by  inheritance 
and  association  attached  to  this  Southern  patriarchal 
institution,  a  witness  to  the  general  benevolence  of  its 
operation  and  .the  happiness  of  the  race  subjected  to 
its  protecting  administration,  Mr.  Seaton  yet  recognized 
its  coexisting  evils  attaching  to  the  master  and  tlic 
body  politic  of  the  state,  the  complications  and  deso- 
lating- results  of  wliich  his  sacjacious  mind  discerned, 
but  which,  with  others  of  the  wise  and  unselfish,  he 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  265 

was  powerless  to  avert.  With  liis  benevolent  nature 
and  keen  sense  of  responsibility,  he  naturally  cared  for 
those  who  called  him  master,  with  the  gentle  forbear- 
ance and  kindness  to  which  their  condition  especially 
appealed.  In  the  following  editorial  which  the  press 
widely  commended  as  a  "  Blister  for  the  Tribune,"  Mr. 
Seaton,  prophetically  commenting  on  the  evils  of  sud- 
den emancipation  throughout  the  South,  incidentally 
alludes  to  the  practical  illustration  given  by  Mr.  Gales 
and  himself  of  the  earnestness  of  their  philanthropic 
theories :  — 

"  Our  active  contemporary  assumes  imaginary  ground  for 
an  adversary,  attacks  a  position  which  was  never  occupied, 
and  having  carried  it  with  great  gallantry,  rejoices  in  a  vic- 
tory when  there  has  been  no  battle.  This  is  a  decided  im- 
provement upon  the  tactics  of  the  redoubtable  Captain  Bob- 
adil,  for  that  hero  proposed  the  ho7ia  fide  kihing  of  his  foes, 
though  he  never  achieved  it.  The  ingenious  editor  of  the 
Tribune  has  brought  his  peculiar  strategy  to  bear  upon  our- 
selves by  ascribing  to  us  the  '  assumption  that  the  South 
unanimously  desires  the  President  to  restore  slavery.'  We 
disclaim  the  assumption,  for  we  know  it  not  to  be  true. 
....  All  that  we  ask  of  the  President  in  regard  to  slavery 

is  to  let  it  alone  as  a  policy The  theoretical  abolition 

of  slavery  was  as  much  beyond  the  President's  power  as 

it  transcended  his  constitutional  right There  are 

thousands  of  masters  in  the  South  who  would  gladly  get 
rid,  if  possible,  of  their  slaves.  The  number  of  negToes  of- 
fered to  the  Colonization  Society,  in  every  Southern  State, 
for  removal  to  Africa,  during  the  last  thirty  years,  is  proof 

of  the   fact Can   the    fiercest    or   most   fanatical 

friend  of  the  negi'o  look  with  complacency  on  the  over- 
whelming ruin  of  the  whites  of  the  South,  upon  the  sud- 
12 


266  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

den  demolition  of  the  whole  framework  and  foundations 
of  society  of  that  vast  region?  ....  Is  such  a  revolu- 
tion the  work  of  a  day,  or  should  it  be  one  of  an  age  I  It 
is  not  in  the  interest  of  slavery  we  speak,  but  in  that  of 
humanity,  of  civilization,  we  protest  against  the  President 
imdertaking  to  trample  on  State  Constitutions,  State  Laws, 
and  State  Institutions.  As  for  slavery  itself,  we  have  long 
regarded  it  as  a  deciduous  institution,  but  it  must  fall  by 
the  action  of  the  States  themselves,  not  by  usurped  power 
or  convulsion.  The  editor  of  the  Tribune  mistakes  if  he 
supposes  that  we  oppose  all  arbitrary  meddling  with  slavery 
because  we  are  fanatical  advocates  of  the  institution.  It  is 
very  easy  to  be  generous  and  philanthropic  at  other  people's 
expense ; — but  we  can  tell  our  contemporary,  tbat  the  pub- 
lishers of  the  National  Intelligencer  have  emancipated  more 
slaves  at  their  own  cost  and  out  of  their  own  pockets,  long 
before  the  present  agitation,  than  all  the  abolitionists  put 
together  between  the  Penobscot  and  the  Potomac,  including 
the  zealous  emancipationist,  the  editor  of  the  Tribune." 

Thus,  in  giving  his  slaves  unbought  freedom,  Mr. 
Seaton  individually  carried  out  the  principle  to  which 
he  so  earnestly  gave  h^  editorial  adhesion,  in  the 
humane  scheme  of  African  colonization,  realizing  in 
his  own  personal  efforts,  in  the  most  equitable  and 
unselfish  manner,  the  wishes  of  Lafayette,  as  ex- 
pressed in  the  following  letter  to  Mrs.  Bomford :  — 

'*' January  1,  1827. 
"  ....  I   am  much  obliged  to  you,   dear  Clara,  for 
your  inquiries  after  my  beloved  friends  Fanny  and  Camilla 

Wright These    noble    girls    have    devoted   them_- 

selves  to  a  noble  cause,  but  I  am  afraid  the  smallness  of  the 
scale  and  the  shortness  of  their  purse  will  not  effect  an  end 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  267 

proportionate  to  their  sacrifice  of  society  and  friends,  for 
they  have  turned  pioneers  in  the  woods  of  Wolf  River,  Ten- 
nessee. How  much  more  extensive  would  be  a  measure  of 
gi'adual  emancipation  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  however 
distant  might  be  the  assigned  term,  connected  with  coloni- 
zation !  The  state  of  slavery,  especially  in  that  emporium 
of  foreign  visitors  and  European  ministers,  is  a  most  lam- 
entable drawback  on  the  exapaple  of  independence  and  free- 
dom presented  to  the  world  by  the  United  States.  It  would 
be  for  our  friends  of  the  National  Intelligencer  a  glorious 
task  to  examine  how  far  those  truths  can  be  offered  to  a 
generous  population,  and  to  take  the  lead  in  making  them 
by  degTees  palatable,  thereby  softening  the  susceptibilities 
partly  founded  on  considerations  quite  foreign  to  the  main 
question.  I  hope  Mrs.  Seaton  and  child,  whose  birth  near- 
ly dates  with  my  departure,  are  in  good  health." 

In  relation  to  the  feeling^  excited  amono-  forei^jners 
in  Washington  on  this  subject,  to  which  Lafayette 
alludes,  the  following  note  from  an  esteemed  French 
minister  is  not  without  interest.  The  young  prince 
whose  birth  he  thus  wished  to  commemorate  was  the 
posthumous  son  of  the  Due  de  Bcrri,  —  who  had  been 
assassinated  at  the  opera-house  in  Paris,  —  and  now 
known  as  the  Due  de  Bordeauo:,  or  Henri  V.,  as  he  is 
styled  by  the  Legitimists  of  France,  who  hope  con- 
fidently for  his  restoration  to  the  throne  of  his  an- 
cestors. 

"Dear  Sir,  —  It  is  my  intention,  in  celebration  of  the 
baptism  of  the  young  prince  who  is  one  day  to  rule  over  the 
Franks,  to  make  free  one  poor  little  slave  child.  I  pray, 
sir,  please  you,  without  any  mention  of  my  name  to  obtain 
information  respecting  the  ;)»ouug  slave  girl  who  is  spoken 
of  in  the  enclosed  advertisement,  to  be  sold  at  public  sale, 


268  WILLIAM   WIXSTON   SEATON. 

by.  Moses  Poor,  auctioneer.     This  communication  I  desire 

to  be  for  yourself  alone 

"  I  have  the  honor  to  offer  you  the  assurance  of  my  dis- 
tinguished consideration. 

"Yours, 

"  E.  Hyde  be  Neuville. 
"Washington,  25  June,  182L 
"  Monsieur  Seaton." 

IS'o  project  for  the  improvement  of  the  city  had  Mr. 
Seaton's  more  cordial  advocacy  and  anxious  desire  for 
its  success  than  the  Washington  Monument  Society,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  founders,  his  relations  with 
which  dated  from  the  day  of  its  organization,  when  he 
was  elected  Vice-President,  the  memorandum  on  the 
first  leaf  of  its  record  being  in  his  writing. 

"  Of  that  small  but  select  band  of  patriots,"  writes  one 
of  the  officers  of  the  Society,  "  Mr.  Seaton  was  the  only 
survivor,  with  the  exception  of  Peter  Force,  who,  in  con- 
sideration of  being  as  it  were  Ultimus  Romanorum,  was 
appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  Mr.  Seaton's  death. 
Surpassed  by  none  in  affectionate  veneration  for  Pater 
Patrice,  the  minutes  of  the  Society  from  the  first  day  of  its 
existence  bear  tribute  to  his  zeal,  his  earnest  and  valuable 
discharge  of  all  the  duties  pertaining  to  his  office ;  his 
presence  at  the  Board  inspired  hope,  while  his  judicious 
counsel,  his  constant  and  patriotic  devotion  to  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  cause  during  the  long  period  of  thirty-three 
years,  contributed  mainly  to  its  success." 

It  was  during  Mr.  Seaton's  mayoralty  that  the  cor- 
ner-stone of  the  Washington  Monument  was  laid  with 
elaborate  ceremonies  and  ruuch  enthusiasm,  the  occa- 
sion being  memorable  also  as  the  last  appearance  in 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  269 

public  of  President  Taylor.  Mr.  Wintlirop's  beautiful 
address,  felicitous  as  every  effort  invariably  is  of  that 
liberal  scholar,  trained  statesman,  and  high-bred  gentle- 
man, was  followed  by  proceedings  so  prolonged  under 
the  overpowering  heat  of  a  July  sun,  that  the  Presi- 
dent, already  indisposed,  and  who  had  consented  to  be 
present  only  at  Mr.  Seaton's  earnest  solicitation,  was 
overcome,  and  in  fact  there  received  his  death-stroke, 
—  as  Governor  Corwin  jocosely  declared,  "through  the 
malice  prepense  of  Mr.  Seaton,  who  thought  that 
Fillmore  would  make  a  better  Chief  Magistrate."  And 
in  truth  the  Intelligencer,  while  doing  full  justice  to 
General  Taylor's  frank  honesty,  good  judgment,  and 
brilliant  soldierly  qualities,  and  by  no  means  indors- 
ing !Mr.  Webster's  opinion  that  "  his  nomination  was 
one  not  fit  to  be  made,"  yet  deemed  it  fortunate  for  the 
country  that  the  accession  of  Mr.  Fillmore  should  place 
the  helm  of  state  in  the  hands  of  a  more  experienced 
pilot,  this  prepossession  being  abundantly  justified  by 
the  calm  strength  and  conservative  wisdom  marking 
Mr.  Fillmore's  administration. 

However  the  surviving  participant  in  this  generous 
action  may  "  blush  to  find  it  fame,"  yet,  in  justice  to 
jMr.  Winthrop  and  Mr.  Webster,  the  following  evidence 
of  the  modest  yet  munificent  spirit  of  N'orthern  gentle- 
men must  not  be  withheld,  strikingly  illustrative  as  it 
is,  as  well  of  the  cordial  kindness  uniting  the  "  brother- 
peoples  "  during  the  happy  era  of  good  feeling  as  of 
the  reticent  delicacy  of  a  Southern  gentlewoman,  who, 
without  appeal  to  the  generosity  of  her  countrymen, 
and  declining  it  even  when  thus  unobtrusively  proffered, 
had  maintained  the  dignity  of  her  position  as  v/idow  of 
a  President  of  the  United  States. 


270  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"Boston,  October  9,  1846. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  — I  was  greatly  grieved,  before  leaving 
Washington,  to  learn  through  some  friends  of  the  destitute 
condition  of  Mrs.  Madison,  and  resolved  to  see  if  something 
in  the  shape  of  permanent  and  periodical  relief  could  not  be 
provided  for  her  by  those  richer  than  myself.  I  think  that 
means  may  be  procm-ed  among  us  close-fisted,  dividend- 
loving  Yankees  for  buying  her  a  little  annuity,  say  of  four 
or  five  hundred  dollars  per  annum,  for  the  remainder  of  her 
life,  if  it  be  thought  worth  while  to  do  so.  In  order  that 
we  may  do  this,  however,  it  will  be  necessary  to  know  her 
precise  age,  as  that  will  determine  the  cost,  —  and  as  the 
older  she  is  the  larger  the  annuity  will  be  for  the  same 
money,  it  is  desirable  that  she  should  not  use  the  proverbial 
privilege  of  her  sex  on  this  subject.  Two  or  three  points, 
then,  I  should  like  to  be  assured  of,  viz.  :  — 

"  1.  Whether  jSIrs.  Madison's  circumstances  are  really 
such  as  to  make  such  an  arrangement  desirable  for  her. 

"  2.  If  so,  her  exact  age  in  years  ;  if  her  birthday  could 
be  ascertained  it  might  be  best. 

"  3.  How  such  a  provision  could  best  be  communicated  to 
her  after  it  is  made  up,  without  occasioning  her  any  feelings 
of  delicacy  or  mortification,  or  even  obligation. 

''Pray  do  not  yet  commit  anybody  to  this  arrangement, 
as  there  may  still  be  a  *  slip  betwixt  the  cup  and  the  lip.' 
But  Mr.  Webster  and  I  have  a  notion  that  we  can  accom- 
plish the  matter  if  we  try. 

"  With  kind  regards  to  Mrs.  Seaton, 

"  Yours  most  truly  and  respectfully, 

*'  Robert  C.  Winthrop. 

*'  Hon.  W.  W.  Seaton." 

During  Mr.  Seaton's  official  incumbency,  the  recep- 
tion and  entertainment  of  celebrities  naturally  devolved 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  271 

on  liim,  the  citizens  appreciating  tlieir  good  fortune  in 
that  the  reputation  of  the  metropolis  should  be  sustained 
by  the  unfailing  hospitality  of  their  civic  chief.  Among 
his  more  noted  guests  —  in  addition  to  Presidents  ex- 
pectant and  m  esse,  and  unnumbered  distinguished  citi- 
zens and  foreigners  —  may  be  mentioned  General  Ber- 
trand,  the  famous  comj^anion-in-arms  and  friend  of 
Xapoleon,  who  accompanied  his  imperial  master  to  St. 
Helena,  and  whose  devotion  drew  from  the  illustrious 
captive  the  signal  praise  of  being  Jidele  jparmi  les  infi- 
cleles.  More  interesting  still,  perhaps,  was  his  guest, 
Charles  Dickens,  whom  a  nation  welcomed  with  a 
spontaneity  unsurpassed  save  in  the  reception  of  Lafay- 
ette. In  the  raciness  and  charm  of  Mr.  Seaton's  con- 
versation and  manner,  in  the  genial  goodness  stamped 
on  every  lineament  of  his  countenance,  the  great 
novelist,  the  keen  reader  of  every  phase  of  human 
character,  at  once  recognized  the  qualities  of  a  man 
whom  to  know  was  to  love.  The  immortal  Cheeryble 
Brothers  might  seem  to  have  been  a  prevision  of  the 
brother-editors  of  the  Intellioencer,  whose  unhmited 
generosity  and  active  sympathy  with  all  suffering  and 
wrong,  and  whose  mutual  devotion  had  already  passed 
into  liistory.  Nor  was  there  lacking,  to  complete  the 
portraiture  of  the  trio,  the  embodied  fidelity,  shrewd- 
ness, and  personal  devotion  of  Tim  LinldiivjateTy  who 
lived  aojain  in  the  trusted  clerk,  the  lifelono^  friend  of 
Gales  and  Seaton,  —  Thomas  Donoho. 

The  followinsj  notes  are  characteristic  in  their  ex- 
pression  of  friendly  feeling  on  the  part  of  the  illus- 
trious "  Boz  "  :  — 


272  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

"Washington,  16th  March,  1842. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  am  truly  obliged  to  you  for  your 
kind  note.  I  am  so  constantly  engaged,  however,  that  I 
think  I  must  deny  myself  the  pleasure  of  making  an  ap- 
pointment with  you,  which  I  could  scarcely  keep  without 
making  a  most  uncomfortable  scramble  of  it.  I  will  re- 
port my  knowledge  of  the  lions  to  you,  and  you  shall  judge 
how  I  have  been  shown  about. 

"  In  case  I  should  forget  it  when  we  meet  to-night,  may 
I  tenture  to  ask  two  favors  of  you,  —  or  rather  one  favor 
w'ith  tw^o  heads. 

''It  is^hat  you  will  kindly  (if  you  see  no  objection)  let 
my  friends  here  know  through  that  channel  which  is  open 
to  you,  and  over  which  you  so  ably  preside,  that  whenever 
I  make  an  appointment  I  keep  it ;  and  that  it  gives  me 
great  uneasiness  and  pain  to  be  placarded  all  over  the  town 
as  intending  to  make  a  Adsit  to  the  theatre,  when  I  have 
given  no  authority  whatever  to  any  person  to  publish  such 
an  announcement;  and  secondly,  that  travelling  as  we 
do,  we  can  never  return  the  calls  of  our  friends,  in  conse- 
quence of  their  immense  number,  and  our  very  limited  stay 
in  any  one  place. 

"Let  me  take  this  opportunity  of  thanking  you,  most 
heartily  and  earnestly,  for  the  exceedingly  kind  attention  I 
have  received  at  your  hands,  and  the  pleasure  I  have  en- 
joyed in  your  society  and  in  that  of  your  family.  I  need 
scarcely  say  that  Mrs.  Dickens  desires  me  to  say  as  much 
for  her. 

"  I  am,  my  dear  sir,  with  true  regard,  faithfully  yours, 

"Charles  Dickens. 
*'W.  W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

"NiAGAEA  Falls,  SOtli  April,  1842. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  You  will  be  glad,  I  know,  to  receive 
my  hasty  report  of  our  safe  an-ival  at  this  scene  of  beauty 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  273 

and  wonder,  —  of  our  being  off  Western  waters  and  cordu- 
roy roads,  —  and  of  our  looking  forward  with  gi'eat  pleas- 
ure and  delight  to  home.  We  are  perfectly  well,  and  not 
at  all  tired  by  our  long  journey. 

"  I  have  received  some  documents  from  the  greatest 
writers  in  England,  relative  to  the  International  Copyright, 
which  they  call  upon  me  to  make  public  immediately. 
They  have  taken  fire  at  my  being  misrepresented  in  such  a 
matter,  and  have  acted  as  such  men  should. 

"They  consist  of  two  letters,  and  a  memorial  to  the 
American  people,  signed  by  Bulwer,  Rogers,  Hallam,  Tal- 
fourd,  Sydney  Smith,  and  so  forth.  Not  very  well  know-- 
ing,  as  a  stranger,  whether  it  would  be  best  to  publish  them 
in  newspapers,  or  in  a  literary  journal,  I  have  sent  them  to 
some  gentlemen  in  Boston,  and  have  begged  them  to  de- 
cide. In  the  event  of  their  recommending  the  first-men- 
tioned course,  I  have  begged  them  to  send  a  manuscript 
copy  to  you  immediately. 

*' We  often  speak  of  you  and  your  family,  I  assure  you ; 
and  entertain  a  lively  recollection  of  your  great  kindness, 
and  the  pleasant  hours  we  passed  in  your  society.  Mrs. 
Dickens  unites  with  me  in  cordial  regards  to  Mrs.  Seaton 
and  your  family.     And  I  am  always,  my  dear  sir, 

"  Faithfully  yours, 

"Charles  Dickens. 

"  P.  S.  I  enclose  your  son's  pleasant  and  capital  letter. 
Tell  him  that  if  he  should  ever  come  to  London  I  will 
'swing'  him  about  that  city  to  some  purpose, — being  an 
indifferent  good  showman  of  the  lions  thereof."  * 

*  While  these  words  have  been  in  press,  that  great  heart,  that 
teeming  brain  and  lo\"ing  hand  liave  been  stilled,  —  and  to  millions 
■whose  mortal  eyes  never  beheld  him  the  earth  is  more  sad,  the  sun 
less  bright,  since  Charles  Dickens  went  to  rest. 

12*  R 


274  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

The  letter  referred  to  from  Mr.  Seaton's  son,  then 
resident  in  Pdchmond,  is  a  pleasant  x^ictnre  of  Mr. 
Dickens  and  of  the  impression  made  by  him  on  an 
enthusiastic,  modest  young  admirer  of  his  genius. 

"  Richmond,  March  20,  1842. 

"-.  ...  I  wrote  a  humed  note  last  night,  to  advise  you 
that  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dickens  proposed  going  to  Washington 
this  morning,  a  delay  in  the  departure  of  the  boat  to  Nor- 
folk preventing  their  reaching  Baltimore  so  soon  as  desired  ; 
so  they  go  no  farther  South.  I  was  amused  at  the  earnest- 
ness with  which  he  asked  me  if  I  was  sure  St.  Louis  is  far- 
ther north  than  Charleston. 

"C.'s  letter  reached  me  too  late  to  allow  me  to  comply 
with  your  wishes;  and  though  I  should  of  course  have 
attended  to  your  behests,  it  would  have  placed  me  rather 
more  in  the  attitude  of  a  lion-hunter  than  I  like.  Indeed, 
I  have  barely  escaped  as  it  is.  I  sent  up  my  card  to  him, 
anticipating  that  I  shoidd  find  a  crowd,  and  determined  to 
pester  him  with  very  little  of  my  chat,  after  offering  my 
services.  I  thought  I  might  approach  him  calmly,  and  like 
Malvolio,  '  quenching  my  familiar  smile  with  an  austere 
regard  of  control,'  address  him  in  the  loftiest  style  of  hos- 
pitable welcome.  I  had  only  time  to  frame  an  appropriate 
exordium,  when  his  Secretary  informed  me  that  Mr.  Dick- 
ens had  been  expecting  me,  and  would  be  glad  to  see  me. 
Entering  the  room  with  somewhat  of  a  tremor,  for  I  knew 
not  whether  he  would  '  roar  as  gently  as  a  sucking  dove,'  I 
was  seized  by  the  hand  and  almost  shmg  across  the  room, 
and  a  dozen  remarks  and  questions  addressed  to  me  in  a 
breath.  For  he  was  entirely  alone  and  writing.  In  reply, 
I  at  first  could  only  gasp,  without  much  power  of  articula- 
tion ;  for  I  suppose  few  persons  feel  with  more  devotion 
the  homage  due  to  the  majesty  of  genius  than  I.     He  pro- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  275 

posed  a  walk,  and  we  went  to  French  Gardens.     I  need 
not  say  that  I  was  delighted  with  his  affable,  cordial,  frank, 
and  conversible  manner,  a  strong  proof  of  which  is,  that  in 
ten  minutes  I  nearly  forgot  his  distinction  as  an  author, 
and  conversed  with  him   on -a  variety  of  topics  as  they 
naturally  arose.     We  discussed  law,  London,  negro  sono-s, 
Richmond,  etc.     And  in  truth,  if  I  were  to  sum  up  in  one 
sentence  the  impression  he  left  on  my  mind,  it  would  be, 
that  he  is  a  thorough  good  fellow.     As  you  may  suppose^ 
from  your  own  feelings,  I  sedulously  avoided  the  crowded 
streets,   having  no  idea  of  being  pointed  out  as  having 
seized  Boz  immediately  and  monopolized  him.      On  our 
return  we  found  several  gentlemen,  and,  with  Mrs.  Dickens, 
we  walked  to  Church  Hill.     She  spoke  of  the  pleasure  she 
enjoyed  at  our  house,  and  their  hope  soon  to  see  you  again. 
Afterwards  we  went  to  the  Capitol,  but  persons  crow'ding 
in  to  see  them,   I  made  my  bow,  after  a  kind  invitation 
from  him  to  call  whenever  I  felt  disposed.     I  saw  that  he 
was  likely  enough  to  have  people  around  him,  and  did  not 
see  him  again  that  day  ;  though  I  felt  unquiet  and  restless, 
I  must  confess,  and  could  hardly  resist  going  again. 

"On  Saturday  morning  I  sent  up  my  card,  and  sat  a 
short  time ;  but  he  was  at  breakfast,  and  expected  a  crowd 
of  visitors,  so  did  not  go  out.  He  had  been  up  late  at  "a 
supper  the  night  before,  and  laughed  at  my  reason  for  not 
attending  it,  that  I  should  have  been  called  on  for  a 
speech.  He  was,  I  hear,  very  happy,  and  every  one  else 
very  insipid  in  their  efforts,  except  Mr.  Ritchie,  with  whom 
he  was  greatly  pleased. 

"At  his  levee,  from  twelve  to  two,  I  attended  to  pre- 
sent a  lady,  and  spoke  awhile  with  him.  He  and  his 
wife  offered  to  bear  letters,  etc.,  to  you  from  me,  which  I 
dechned,  and  took  leave.  I  knew  last  night  that  they  were 
receiving  friends,  and  I  could  with  difificulty  keep  away 


276  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

from  the  Exchange.  Whether  from  gratified  vanity  or  a 
pm-er  feeling,  admiration  of  genius,  or  simply  a  Hking  for 
the  man,  I  know  not,  but  I  do  feel  very  sorry  that  he  has 
gone.  I  have  never  seen  a  man  in  whom,  in  so  brief  a 
period,  I  was  so  greatly  interested.  His  likenesses  cer- 
tainly flatter  him,  but  they  cannot  give  the  charm  of  his 
face,  his  rich  expression  of  humor  and  merriment  when 
he  laughs,  —  his  whole  face  lights  up.  And  then  if  he  is 
not  a  man  of  fine  feeling,  no  confidence  is  to  be  placed  in 
the  face  as  an  index  of  the  heart.     I  do  sincerely,  hope  his 

life  may  be  a  happy  and  prosperous  one 

"  Your  affectionate  son, 

"Gales  Seaton." 

One  feature  of  Mr.  Seaton' s  municipal  administra- 
tion possesses  a  value  hardly  to  be  over-estimated,  — 
his  persistent  efforts  in  the  cause  of  public  education. 
His  investigations  had  developed  a  deplorable  state  of 
ignorance  among  the  children  of  the  city,  and  a  general 
apathy  on  this  vital  subject  which  awakened  his  most 
earnest  solicitude.  During  several  years  the  pages  of 
the  National  Intellii^encer  were  laden  with  arf^^uments 
and  appeals  in  this  matter,  the  facts  gathered  and 
recorded  by  Mr.  Seaton  having  produced  the  deepest 
impression  on  his  own  mind,  and,  in  truth,  startled  the 
whole  community.  In  1842  Mr.  Seaton,  in  his  annual 
communication  to  the  Councils,  in  the  most  express 
language  and  strongest  terms,  urged  reform  in  the  ex- 
isting state  of  education  and  the  immediate  adoption 
of  the  Massachusetts  school  system. 

"The  recommendation  in  Mr.  Seaton's  message,  in 
harmony  with  the  enlightened  philanthropy  of  its  au- 
thor, was  in  advance  of  public  sentiment  and  encoun- 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  277 

tered  great  hostility.  Public  meetings  were  held  on 
the  subject,  and  the  names  of  John  Quincy  Adams, 
Levi  Woodbury,  and  Caleb  Gushing  are  found  among 
those  who  stood  boldly  and  cons^ncuously  for  reform." 
A  municipal  colleague  of  Mr.  Seaton  thus  records 
the  value  of  his  services  in  behalf  of  education :  — 

*'Tt  was  to  Mr.  Seaton's  persevering  efforts  that  the 
youth  of  this  generation  are  indebted  for  the  present  ex- 
cellent system  of  public  schools.  When  he  entered  on  the 
duties  of  the  mayoralty  there  were  only  two  public  schools 
in  the  city ;  but  justly  estimatmg  the  value  to  the  com- 
munity of  a  new  and  improved  system,  he  continued  from 
year  to  year  to  press  the  subject  on  the  attention  of  the 
legislative  branches  of  the  government,  until  it  was  adopted 
in  the  fourth  year  of  his  administration,  from  which  time 
the  number  of  schools  has  continued  to  increase  until  their 
scholars  now  amount  to  nearly  twice  as  many  thousands  as 
there  were  hundreds  at  the  time  of  his  inaug*uration. 
Among  the  many  beneficeDt  acts  of  his  official  life  this 
will  stand  preeminent;  and  among  the  many  friends  in 
whose  hearts  his  memory  will  be  the  longest  cherished 
there  will  be  thousands  who,  but  for  his  philanthropic 
efforts,  would  have  been  denied  the  blessing's  of  education, 
and  the  manifold  benefits  resulting  from  that  mental  and 
moral  culture  which  the  children  of  all  classes  of  our  fel- 
low-citizens have  since  enjoyed,  by  means  of  the  more 
liberal  and  enlightened  system  which  he  so  opportunely 
introduced  and  established." 

To  Mr.  Seaton's  unfailing  interest  in  the  "  increase 
and  diffusion  of  knowledge,"  and  in  every  movement 
tending  to  moral  and  intellectual  progress,  the  country 
may  be  said  to  be  mainly  indebted  for  the  successful 


278  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATOX. 

realization  of  the  beneficent  design  of  James  Smith- 
son  in  the  foundation  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
Tlie  following  sketch  of  Mr.  Seaton's  services  in  con- 
nection with  this  valuable  society  is  extracted  from  an 
eloquent  eulogy  by  its  distinguished  secretary,  Profes- 
sor Joseph  Henry,  whose  profound  learning  and  benev- 
olent nature  Mr.  Seaton  held  in  reverential  regard, 
whose  name  is  honored  wherever  science  finds  a  votary, 
and  whose  modesty  is  only  equalled  by  the  value  of 
his  discoveries  in  the  operations  of  Nature's  laws :  — 

"  The  Smithson  fund,  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the 
United  States  in  1838,  had  been,  with  other  moneys,  lent 
by  the  government  to  the  State  of  Ai'kansas,  and  remained 
for  eight  years  without  appropriation  to  any  object  contem- 
plated by  the  donor.  In  1846  Mr.  Seaton,  being  then 
mayor  of  Washington,  and  surpassed  by  no  one  in  zeal  for 
the  public  good,  and  in  the  influence  due  to  his  rare  social 
quahties,  his  knoAvn  integrity,  and  peculiarly  winning  and 
unaffected  eloquence,  united  with  other  gentlemen  in  urg- 
ing upon  Congress  the  organization  of  an  establishment 
which  should  at  length  do  justice  to  the  benevolent  views 
which  had  dictated  the  bequest.  Their  labors,  after  much 
opposition,  were  finally  crowned  with  success;  the  good 
faith  of  the  country  was  redeemed  by  an  unconditional  as- 
sumption of  the  debt  incurred  by  the  improper  disposition 

of  the  fund The  Institution  was  placed  under  the 

guardianship  of  fifteen  regents,  among  whom  was  included 
the  mayor  of  Washington,  a  provision  chiefly  due  to  the 
zealous  interest  which  had  been  manifested  by  Mr.  Seaton 
in  his  enlightened  advocacy  of  the  enterprise. 

''At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  he  was 
elected  Treasurer,  and  subsequently  one  of  the  building 
committee.     The  former  office  he  continued  to  hold  until 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  279 

the  time  of  his  death,  and  during  the  whole  of  this  period, 
ncrirlj  twenty  years'  discharged  its  duties  without  other 
compensation  than  the  pleasure  he  derived  from  an  associ- 
ntion  with  the  Institution,  and  the  laudable  pride  he  felt  in 
contributing  to  its  prosperity  and  usefulness.  It  is  well 
known  that  at  the  time  of  its  organization  a  wide  diver- 
sity of  opinion  existed  as  to  the  practical  means  which 
would  be  most  suitable  for  realizing  the  objects  of  the  leg- 
acy. ]Mr.  Seaton,  on  mature  reflection,  finally  gave  his  cor- 
dial support  to  the  policy  which  sought  to  impress  on  the 
Institution  a  truly  cosmopolitan  character.  He  strenu- 
ously advocated  the  plan  which  the  Secretary  had  been  in- 
vited to  submit  to  the  Regents,  and  w^hich  looked  to  the 
advancement  of  knowledge  chiefly  through  the  encourage- 
ment and  publication  of  original  researches,  a  system 
which  may  be  claimed,  without  undue  pretension,  to  have 
made  the  Institution  favorably  known,  and  to  have  exerted 
a  well-recog-nized  influence  wherever  men  occupy  them- 
selves with  intellectual  pursuits. 

*'  The  relation  borne  by  Mr.  Seaton  to  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington, the  delight  with  which  he  watched  and  aided  its 
progress,  a  native  taste  also  for  artistic  embellishment,  led 
him  to  take  special  interest  in  the  architectural  character 
of  the  building  and  the  ornamentation  of  the  grounds  sur- 
rounding it.  * 

"  Mr.  Seaton,  from  his  familiarity  with  the  early  history 
of  the  Institution,  as  well  as  from  his  long  experience  in 
public  office  was  enabled  to  offer  suggestions  to  the  Board 
of  Regents,  always  marked  by  clearness  and  soundness  of 
judgment.  The  social  attentions  which  he  was  accustomed 
to  extend  to  the  Regents,  and  to  gentlemen  invited  to  lec- 
ture before  the  Institution,  were  but  the  expression  of  his 
characteristic  hospitality ;  but  by  thus  adding  to  the  pleas- 
ure of  their  sojourn  in  the  capital,  he  contributed  larg-ely 


280  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

to  increase  the  number  of  its  friends  and  supporters.  The 
cohimns  of  the  Intelligencer  under  *his  direction  were 
always  open  to  the  defence  of  the  policy  adopted  and  the 
course  pursued  by  the  Institution,  and  he  rarely  failed  to 
soften  by  the  courtesy  of  his  manner  and  the  moderation 
of  his  expressions  any  irritable  feeling  which  might  arise 
in  the  discussion  of  conflicting  opinions.  It  would  indeed 
be  difficult  to  say  in  how  many  and.  in  what  various  ways 
he  contributed  to  the  popularity  as  well  as  the  true  inter- 
ests of  the  Institution.  The  Secretar}",  who  was  in  the 
habit  of  conferring  with  him  on  all  points  requiring  mature 
deliberation,  may  with  justice  acknowledge  that  he  never 
failed  to  derive  important  assistance  from  the  wisdom  of 
the  counsels  of  this  distinguished  and  lamented  citizen, 
who  will  be  remembered  as  one  of  the  most  constant  and 
enlightened  friends  and  benefactors  of  the  Institution." 

One  of  the  most  interesting  public  incidents  occur- 
ringr  durincr  j\lr.  Seaton's  official  life  was  the  relief  ex- 
tended  by  the  government  and  people  of  this  country 
to  ill-fated  Ireland.  The  sad  tidings  reached  us  that 
once  more  that  land  was  stricken  by  famine  and  pesti- 
lence, that  thousands  were  perishing  for  bread ;  and  to 
Mr.  Seaton's  owm  overflowing  sympathy  with  suffering, 
under  whatever  form  or  on  whatev^  shore,  are  due  the 
conception  and  inauguration  of  the  movement  result- 
ing in  such  imperial  munificence  of  aid. 

"Never,"  writes  a  gentleman  cognizant  of  the  circum- 
stances, "  never  shall  I  forget  Mr.  Seaton's  touching  expres- 
sion, and  the  words  with  which  he  met  me  one  morning  in 
the  autumn  of  1846.  'I  declare,'  said  he,  Hhat  when  I 
left  the  office  last  evening  and  sat  down  to  dinner,  and 
thought  of  the  famishing  Irish,  the  women  and  children,  I 
could  not  eat  a  mouthful.     What  can  be  done  1 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  281 

''Taking  his  seat  at  the  office  table,  in  a  minute  ho 
handed  me  a  notice  'caUing  upon  the  Irishmen,  and  all 
friends  of  humanity  in  Washington,  to  meet  at  the  City 
Hall,  to  adopt  measures  of  relief  for  our  suffering  brothers." 

At  the  very  large  assemblage  consequent  upon  this 
appeal  INIr.  Seaton  was  chosen  chairman,  making  an 
address  which  aroused  enthusiasm  not  only  in  his 
hearers,  but  was  answered  and  re-echoed  from  many 
a  distant  point  throughout  the  country,  Henry  Clay, 
among  other  patriots,  coming  from  his  retirement  to 
X^reside  at  a  meeting  in  New  Orleans,  and  to  quicken 
with  his  matchless  voice  this  gracious  throb  of  our 
national  heart.  Mr.  Seaton  rested  not  in  his  active  co- 
operation until,  in  a  month,  ten  thousand  dollars  were 
collected,  a  ship  chartered  and  laden  with  provisions 
and  despatched  on  her  errand  of  mercy.  The  bark  Gen- 
eral Harrison,  commanded  by  a  Virginian,  arrived  early 
in  June,  1847,  in  the  port  of  the  Cove  of  Cork,  now 
Queenstown,  —  her  officers  and  crew  being  received 
with  rejoicing  wherever  they  appeared ;  and  at  Galway 
a  magnificent  banquet  was  held  in  honor  of  these 
bearers  of  glad  tidings,  a  description  of  which,  and  of 
his  OAvn  maiden  essay  in  post-prandial  oratory,  is  thus 
narrated  by  one  of  the  participants  in  the  pleasant 
occasion,  then  a  very  young  man :  —  ^ 

"  I  was  waited  on  by  a  committee  of  gentlemen,  at  Kil- 
ray's  Hotel,  Galway,  and  invited  to  a  public  dinner  to  be 
given  the  succeeding  day  by  the  nobility,  gentry,  His  Wor- 
ship the  Mayor,  and  their  Honors  the  Corporation  of  the 
'  Towne  of  Galway,'  at  Nolan's  Hotel,  Eyre  Square.  It  was 
also  intimated  to  me  that  I  should  be  expected  to  reply  to 
a  regular  toast.     Hov;  much  I  felt  honored,  and  how  far 


282  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

'  flustered '  by  this  intelligence,  at  that  tender  age,  would 
be  difficult  to  say. 

"  When  the  committee,  of  whom  I  remember  Sir  Thomas 
Blake,  of  Menlough  Castle,  and  Vicar-General  Roche,  had 
shaken  hands  and  retired,  I  started  out  for  a  walk  by  the 
banks  of  the  beautiful  Lough  Carib,  and  the  ruins  of  Tier- 
land  Castle.  The  delicious  air  and  tranquillizing  melody 
of  numerous  thmshes,  with  the  exquisite  scenery,  and  its 
novelty  and  poetic  associations,  so  di'ove  all  thoughts  of  my 
speech  far  from  me,  that  when  I  found  myself  the  next 
evening  seated  at  the  banquet,  I  had  as  little  idea  of  what 
my  speech  was  to  be  as  I  now  have  of  what  it  was.  His 
Worship  the  Mayor  presided,  assisted  by  the  most  distin- 
guished representatives  of  the  '  City  of  the  Tribes,'  —  the 
Blakes,  of  Menlo  and  Renville  Castles,  the  Badkins,  the 
Burkes,  the  Ffrenches,  Lord  Wallscourt,  of  Ardfiy,  and 
tlu'ee  hundred  other  prominent  gentlemen. 

"  The  hall  was  a  noble  one,  draped  with  the  American, 
British,  and  Irish  flags,  a  profusion  of  flowers,  while  two 
magnificent  bands  of  British  regiments  —  one  of  them  the 
famous  43d,  or  Faugh-a-hallach  —  discoursed  inspiring 
national  music. 

"  The  Macedonian  had  arrived  a  few  days  before,  and 
an  American  bark,  the  Selma,  had  that  day  anchored  off 
Galway,  laden  with  provisions,  on  the  noblest  mission  to 
which  Heaven  ever  lent  favoring  gales. 

"  The  enthusiasm  was  unbounded,  the  gi'eat  Irish  heart 
was  lifted  up,  and  swelled  almost  to  bursting,  and  when,  — 
after  a  few  almost  sobbing  words  of  praise  and  gi'atitude 
had  ushered  in  the  toast,  *  America,  the  land  of  the  fi'ee, 
and  the  home  of  the  brave,'  and  all,  rising  amid  a  burst  of 
thundering  cheers,  had  dnink  off  a  bumper,  —  I  heard  my 
name  passing  fi-om  lip  to  lip  and  resounding  through  the 
hall,  any  idea  of  a  set  speech  abandoned  me,  as  it  would 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  283 

have  done  a  more  accustomed  orator.  At  last,  ^  when  silence, 
like  a  poultice  came  to  heal  the  blows  of  Sound,'  I  arose. 

"  '  Mr.  Mayor  and  Gentlemen  — '  Cries  of  'Hear,  hear,' 
before  I  had  uttered  another  word,  disconcerted  me  ;  but 
I  remembered  that  I  was  but  the  mouthpiece  of  my  philan- 
throjjic  countrymen,  the  speaking-trumpet,  as  it  were,  of 
the  bark  Harrison,  and  proceeded  without  fear.  When  I 
sat  down,  after  a  speech  of  half  an  hour,  there  was  great 
crowding  round  me,  and  hand-shaking,  while  the  health  of 
'  His  Worship,  William  Winston  Seaton,  Mayor  of  Wash- 
ington,' was  drunk  standing,  with  three  times  three,  and 
music  by  the  band. 

"  When  the  editors  of  various  papers  called  to  obtain 
a  copy  of  my  address,  it  would  sadly  have  puzzled  me  to 
recall  what  I  uttered  during  those  to  me  memorable  thirty 
minutes.  One  point  only  I  adhered  to  in  the  speech,  — 
warm  laudation  of  that  eminently  good  man  and  public 
benefactor,  whose  departure  our  community  still  mourns, 
—  William  Winston  Seaton.  I  gave  honor  to  whom  honor 
was'  due.  I  told  them  to  whom  pre-eminently  the  Irish 
people  were  indebted.  I  mentioned  the  name  of  that 
honest,  true,  heartfelt  friend  of  Ireland  and  the  Irish,  by 
the  side  of  whom,  in  practical  benefits  confeiTcd  upon  their 
people,  a  host  of  their  native  pretended  patriots,  craving 
notoriety,  must  pale  their  mirage  light. 

'^  I  related  how  Mr.  Seaton  was  the  very  first  to  start 
this  Heaven-directed  movement  in  my  native  land,  bent  all 
his  energies  to  the  labor  of  love,  and  though  he  had  been 
the  means  of  launching  already  a  victorious  annada  upon 
this  mission  of  mercy,  even  yet  he  rested  nor  day  nor  night, 
nor  proposed  to  do  so,  until  the  last  cry  of  fever  and  famine 
in  Ireland  be  turned  into  tears  and  prayers  of  gratitude  to 
God.  I  told  them  that  he  was  mainly,  if  not  alone,  instru- 
mental, through  his  personal  persuasion  with  eminent  men, 


284  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

in  causing  the  ft-igate  Macedonian  to  be  sent  to  the  relief 
of  our  Irish  brothers. 

"  The  effect  of  this  just  though  inadequate  eulog}'-  was 
such  that  I  refrain  from  the  description  of  the  enthusiasm." 

Proverbially  susceptible  to  kindness,  the  ardent 
Irish  heart  warmed  to  Mr.  Seaton  in  gratitude,  not 
only  for  his  unwearied  exertions  in  alleviating  their 
national  affliction,  but  for  his  constant  sympathy  and 
active  aid  in  pen,  purse,  and  kindly  words,  during  his 
whole  life.  The  story  of  these  services  had  been  borne 
to  their  native  land  by  many  a  son  of  Erin,  so  that 
when  for  a  few  brief  days  Mr.  Seaton  sojourned  in  the 
Emerald  Isle,  he  was  welcomed  by  hospitality  from  the 
Lord  Lieutenant,  the  late  amiable  Earl  of  Carlisle,  and 
more  humble  friendly  hearths.  Among  those  who  had 
spread  the  fame  of  his  benevolence  was  the  Eev.  Mr. 
Gill,  of  Galway,  "  whom  I  presented,"  writes  his  rela- 
tive, "  to  Mr.  Seaton,  the  friend  of  poor  Ireland,  whose 
kind  reception  and  warm-hearted  welcome  delighted 
the  good  priest.  He  had  travelled  in  many  lands,  and 
was  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  old  families,  old  tradi- 
tions, and  was  especially  fascinated  by  Mr.  Seaton's 
manners  and  winning  presence.  '  I  seemed,'  said  he, 
'  to  have  known  him  for  many  years,  and  had  I  heard 
his  voice,  with  bandaged  eyes,  I  should  have  believed 
myself  to  be  in  the  presence  of  the  head  of  the  house 
of  Seaton,  whose  guest  I  was  some  years  ago,  while 
sojourning  near  his  lordship's  seat  in  Scotland;  and 
what  is  still  more  remarkable,  in  personal  appearance 
Mr.  Seaton  bears  a  singular  resemblance  to  that  noble- 
man.' " 

Among  the  celebrities  whom  Mr.  Seaton  had  the 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  285 

gratification  of  welcoming  to  his  hospitality  was  the 
apostle  of  temperance,  Father  jNIathew,  whose  labors 
were  crowned  with  signal  success  in  this  country,  and 
who  moved  amid  the  fervent  blessinos  of  a  million  of 

o 

grateful  hearts.  The  following  note  expresses  a  grace- 
ful recognition  of  the  honors  so  worthily  bestowed  on 
the  modest  and  holy  man  :  — 

"Richmond,  Va.,  22d  December,  1849. 

"  Honored  dear  Sir,  —  My  sojourn  in  Washington  was  so 
short,  and  my  avocations  so  numerous,  that  I  was  prevented 
from,  thanking  you  previous  to  my  departure  for  your 
exceeding  courtesy  and  urbanity.  The  hospitality  of  the 
Catholic  pastor,  my  zealous,  learned,  pious,  and  most 
esteemed  friend,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Donelan,  prevented  me  from 
enjoying  the  privilege  of  being  your  gTiest ;  but  accept  my 
grateful  acknowledgment  of  your  kind  and  courteous  invi- 
tation. I  feel  honored  by  this  proof  of  your  approbation  of 
my  labors.  I  thank  you  and  your  amiable  and  most  esti- 
mable lady  for  all  those  delicate  attentions,  so  pleasing  to 
human  feelings,  which  you  and  Mrs.  Seaton  have  paid  to 
me  so  gracefully.  The  happiest  moments  of  my  life  w'ere 
passed  in  Washington,  and  are  to  me  forever  memorable  for 
the  high  honor  conferred  on  me  by  your  illustrious  Houses 
of  Representatives  and  Senate.  Your  gi-eat  and  good  Pres- 
ident, too,  complimented  me  more  than  I  could  even  hope 
for,  by  allowing  me  the  privilege  of  dining  at  his  table,  and, 
what  I  prize  much  more,  by  treating  me  as  a  friend. 

"But  amidst  all  the  splendors  of  Washington,  not  except- 
ing that  perfect  model  of  architecture,  the  thrice  majestic 
Capitol,  the  most  sublime  spectacle  I  beheld  Was  the  Presi- 
dent of  this  glorious  and  mighty  country,  unattended  and 
alone,  in  your  public  streets,  in  the  true  Republican  sim- 
plicity of  the  olden  time 


286  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  the  most  profound  respect, 

Honored  dear  Mr.  Mayor, 

"  Yours  gratefully  and  devotedly, 

"  Theobald  Mathew. 
"  Hon.  Mr.  Seaton." 

In  1850  Mr.  Seaton  retired  from  the  mayoralty, 
after  an  unexampled  length  of  service,  peremptorily 
declining,  on  the  score  of  advancing  age,  the  office  to 
which  he  had  been  called  with  unanimity  during  times 
of  high  party  excitement,  "  and  which  it  would  seem 
indeed  to  have  rested  only  with  himself  to  fill  to  per- 
petuity." An  address  from  the  citizens,  requestiag 
Mr.  Seaton  to  reconsider  his  proposed  retirement,  thus 
urges  the  wishes  of  his  constituents :  — 

"  .  .  .  .  We  may  be  permitted  to  say  that  you  have  con- 
ferred large  benefits  upon  our  city  during  your  successive 
terms  of  office,  and  that  the  extended  period  of  your  public 
service,  so  honorably  prolonged,  furnishes  the  best  assur- 
ance, not  only  of  the  value  of  those  benefits,  but  of  their 
appreciation  by  your  fellow-citizens.  We  feel  confident  that 
you  have  lost  no  portion  of  that  zeal  which,  through  a  long 
life,  you  have  manifested  towards  the  city,  nor  the  public 
of  that  confidence  which  it  has  always  so  warmly  felt  and 
bestowed.  Looking,  then,  upon  the  past  and  the  present, 
we  can  discover  no  reason,  other  than  the  further  sacrifice 
of  your  personal  interests  and  quiet,  which  should  induce 

you  to  decline 

"  With  great  respect,  your  fellow-citizens." 

In  expressing  the  gratification  derived  from  this 
approval  of  his  official  life  Mr.  Seaton  says  :  — 

".  .  .  .  But,  gentlemen,  I  crave  relief  from  the  engrossing 
labors  and  anxieties  of  the  office,  and  however  your  indul- 


A  BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  287 

gence  might  be  disposed  to  dissent  from  the  plea,  I  feel  that 
its  increasing  duties  require  to  be  placed  in  younger  hands. 
It  is  not  without  an  effort,  I  confess,  that  I  resist  an  appeal 
from  so  large  a  body  of  my  fellow-citizens ;  but  resist  I  must, 
and  I  pray  you  to  excuse  my  adhering  to  the  purpose  I  have 
indicated.  I  have  not  words  to  thank  you  for  this  signal 
proof  of  your  approbation  at  the  end  of  so  long  a  term  of 

service 

"  I  remain  your  faithful  and  grateful  friend, 

"  W.  W.  Seaton." 

Upon  the  occasion  of  the  inauguration  of  his  suc- 
cessor, Mr.  Walter  Lenox,  in  the  honors  of  the  mayor- 
alty, Mr.  Seaton,  after  receiving  the  joint  resolution  of 
thanks  from  the  two  Boards  for  the  able  manner  in 
which  during  ten  consecutive  years  he  had  discharged 
his  onerous  duties,  arose  and  addressed  the  assemblage 
with  his  usual  modest  and  effective  eloquence.  "  He 
briefly  reviewed  the  prosperity  wdiich  had  attended  the 
infant  metropolis  during  the  past  ten  years  ;  highly 
complimented  the  Senate  and  House  of  Eepresenta- 
tives  for  their  liberality  towards  it ;  referred  with  deep 
feeling  to  the  Washington  ]\Ionument  and  to  our  pub- 
lic schools, —  ten  years  ago  there  were  two,  now  twenty ; 
faithfully  and  glowingly  portrayed  the  advantages  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  ;  and,  adverting  with  pride 
to  the  fact,  that  during  the  ten  years  of  his  adminis- 
tration there  had  not  been  between  liimself  and  the 
Council  a  single  misunderstanding  or  unkind  word,  he 
reiterated  his  congratulations  upon  the  choice  of  a 
gentleman  of  such  energy  and  intelligence  for  his  suc- 
cessor. We  may  say,  and  without  contradiction,  that 
it  was  one  of  the  most  felicitous  speeches  for  a  retiring 


288  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

Chief  JMagistrate  we  ever  heard,  and  for  its  brevity, 
propriety,  and  good  feeling,  worthy  of  being  character- 
ized as  a  model  address/' 

"  Turning  to  Mr.  Seaton's  record  as  mayor/"  writes 
still  another  eulogist,  "we  find  in  him  a  model  worthy 
of  imitation.  Possessing  all  the  requisites  to  insure 
success,  —  honesty,  intelligence,  firmness,  energy,  and 
perseverance,  —  he  labored  diligently,  and  used  all  his 
personal  influence  and  power  to  make  the  city  what 
it  was  designed  to  be  by  its  illustrious  founder.  The 
dignified  and  impartial  manner  in  which  he  discharged 
his  duties  will  ever  be  the  subject  of  commetidation, 
and  those  who  aspire  to  places  of  profit  and  trust  may 
well  take  him  for  their  guide  and  study." 

If  of&cially  his  administration  had  thus  signally 
gained  the  suffrages  of  his  constituents,  he  no  less  won 
their  heart. 

Accessible  to  all  classes,  listening  with  patient 
sympathy  to  the  story  of  need  or  wrong,  which  was 
ever  promptly  relieved  or  redressed ;  tenderly  consider- 
ate of  the  humble  and  poor,  these  were  the  qualities 
which  appealed  to  the  sensibilities  of  all  the  good  and 
all  the  suffering.  .^ 

A  friend  of  fifty  years  says  of  Mr.  Seaton :  "His 
unbounded  benevolence  was  a  household  word,  and  a 
folio  could  not  contain  the  record  of  his  disinterested 
acts  of  kiadness,  of  the  charities  that  marked  his  daily 
path.  So  well  was  his  liberality  known  to  exceed  his 
official  income,  that  the  city  fathers  several  times  pro- 
posed to  increase  the  mayor's  salary ;  but  this,  as  well 
as  other  substantial  testimonials  of  appreciation,  Mr. 
Seaton  peremptorily  declined  and  persisted  in  vetoing. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  289 

Generous  as  a  prince,  he  suffered  no  appeal  to  go  un- 
answered.    To  the  destitute,  the  stranger,  he  gave  his 
last  cent.     I  have  seen  this,  and  more.     I  was  present 
in  his  office  when  a  poor  man,  ill  and  travel-stained, 
came  in,  and  related  his  case  to  Mr.  Seaton.     The  eye 
of  the  dear  old  Colonel  softened  with  feeling,  and  in- 
stinctively his  hand  went  to  his  pocket,  —  empty,  alas  ! 
for  it  had  only  a  few  moments  before  been  drained  for 
another  poor  creature  ;  but  he  rose  from  his  seat,  sent 
out  and  borrowed  a  few  dollars  for  this  stranger.     I 
would  rather  have  been  that  man  than  the  owner  of 
the  mines  of  California  ! "   And  this  is  only  one  among 
thousands,  literally,  of  similar  incidents,  unremembered 
and  unrecorded  by  himself,  and  only  learned  from  the 
grateful  hearts  which  invoked  blessings  on  his  head. 

In  Mr.  Seaton  were  united,  in  a  remarkable  degree, 
all  the  elements  of  personal  popularity,  —  calm,  digni- 
fied, engaging  manners,  a  generous  temper,  exquisite 
courtesy  and  refinement,  a  genial  affability  and  spright- 
liness,  blended  in  a  person  of  rare  manly  beauty,  were 
among  the  attractions  with  which  all  who  had  the 
privilege  of  his  friendship,  nay,  all  who  approached 
him,  confessed  him  to  be  so  eminently  gifted. 

Mr.  Seaton's  colloquial  power  was  indeed  of  a  high 
order.  His  exceptional  personal  knowledge  of  the 
secret  springs  of  political  and  social  history  and  rare 
reminiscences  of  the  great  actors  in  public  events 
,  during  the  past  sixty  years,  his  varied  information, 
derived  alike  from  books  and  men,  his  originality  of 
thought  illustrated  by  apposite  and  pointed  quotation, 
his  quaint  humor  and  fine  wit,  his  freedom  from  dog- 
matic or  disputatious  temper,  were  among  the  traits 

13  s 


290  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

which  imparted  to  his  conversation  an  exalted  charm, 
and  rendered  his  society  proverbially  captivating,  —  an 
attractiveness  not  only  recognized  among  the  humble, 
the  great,  and  wise  of  our  own  land,  but  widely  ac- 
knowledged by  foreigners,  "especially  the  diplomatic 
representatives  of  other  governments  solicitous  of  ob- 
taining from  his  lips  an  explanation  of  our  involved 
politics,  and  those  sagacious  views  of  public  measures 
which  have  been  known  on  several  noted  occasions  to 
materially  influence  the  deliberations  of  foreign  cabi- 
nets, and  to  determine  their  international  policy." 

A  most  touching  tribute  speaks  of  Mr.  Seaton's  con- 
versation, as  "wisdom,  substantial  and  gentle.  He 
was  an  admirable  listener.  How  clearly  do  ^ve  re- 
member his  aspect  and  manner,  especially  in  his  ofi6.ce, 
as  editor  of  the  great  modern  press  !  Dear  exhibitions 
w^ere  they  of  his  interesting,  peculiar  self.  Who  can 
forget  that  almost  deferential  kindness,  leading  him4o 
interlock  his  hands,  recline  ba<3k  in  his  chair,  and 
listen  to  your  statement  or  remarks  wdth  that  native 
politeness,  the  true  source  of  which  is  benevolence, 
loving'  and  caring  for  others  ?  And  so,  when  he  spoke, 
no  one  desired  to  interrupt  the  calm  and  precious  flow 
of  his  ideas.  There  was  a  w^eight  of  influence  in  all 
that  he  said,  more  telling  than  energy ;  w^hile  manli- 
ness, gentleness,  and  the  dignity  of  a  natural  grace, 
w^ere  characteristics  of  his  manner,  the  more  artistic 
from  being  simple.  Dear  Colonel  Seaton  1  Good, 
noble,  brave,  generous,  kind.  I  feel  now-  more  recon- 
ciled to  the  kingdom  of  death,  for  I  know  you  are 
there  to  street  me." 

In  shielding  others  from  the  wound  which  a  thought- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  291 

less  or  unkind  word  might  inflict,  and  in  drawing  forth 
to  the  best  advantage  the  talents  and  attainments  of 
each,  Mr.  Seaton's  tact  was  of  a  dehcate  grace.  In- 
deed, his  manners,  without  assumption  or  condescen- 
sion, suave  yet  stately  and  reserved,  were  those  w^hich 
we  are  wont  to  describe  as  "  royal "  —  although,  per- 
haps, his  liigher  title  to  distinction  resided  in  the 
truth  of  ]iis  characterization,  by  persons  from  very 
opposite  points  of  our  country,  as  "  the  first  gentleman 
in  America."  An  indorsement  of  this  reputation  is 
related  by  a  gentleman  who  chanced  to  be  present  at 
the  State  Department  during  an  interview  between 
Governor  Cass  and  a  newly  arrived  British  minister,  to 
whom  the  venerable  secretary  said,  in  his  well-known 
George-the-Third  way  :  "  Have  you  seen  Mr.  Seaton  ? 
Eh,  eh  ?  The  best  we  have  to  show, —  best  we  have  to 
show ' " 

There  was  in  Mr.  Seaton's  manner  a  certain  bear- 
ing, something  indefinable  in  his  air,  which  effectu- 
ally repressed  any  undue  familiarity ;  and  bold  would 
have  been  the  man  who,  misled  by  his  geniality  and 
urbanity,  presumed  to  take  a  liberty  with  him.- 

A  gentleman  whose  associations  had  been  those  of 
a  provincial  town,  upon  his  arrival  in  Washington,  not 
quite  appreciating  the  dignity  underlying  Mr.  Seaton's 
playful  spirit,  presumed  to  address  him  in  a  large  cir- 
cle as  "Seaton"  !  Mr.  Seaton,  when  next  alone  with  this 
rather   ambitious   social   neophyte,  administered   this 

gentle  rebuke  :  "  Mr. ,  you  will  pardon  me,  but  as 

I  have  never  in  my  life  taken  a  liberty  with  any  man, 
so  have  I  never  permitted  a  liberty  with  myself,  and 
for  the  future  I  must  ask  you  to  remember  that  I  am 


292  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

Mr.  Seaton."  The  characteristic  reproof  was  received 
in  a  spirit  that  proved  its  recipient  to  be  worthy  of 
the  regard  with  which  Mr.  Seaton  subsequently  distin- 
guished him. 

This  rigid  self-respect,  enjoining  an  equal  recogni- 
tion of  the  rights  of  other  men ;  the  delicate  honor, 
almost  a  religion  in  its  sanctity,  pervading  his  inter- 
course with  others ;  the  reserve,  even  reticence,  gov- 
erning his  general  relation  with  society,  which  yet 
never  made  him  ungenial  or  uncandid,  were  the  char- 
acteristics which  mainly  conduced  to  the  freedom  from 
all  personal  enmity  or  hostile  collision  with  political 
adversaries,  that  marked  Mr.  Seaton's  prolonged  career. 
Yet,  with  this  absence  of  self-assertion  existed  a  quick 
perception  of  any  infringement  on  his  personal  dignity. 

Upon  the  arrival  in  Washington  of  General  Harri- 
son, previous  to  his  inauguration,  Mr.  Seaton,  partly  in 
his  official  capacity,  made  an  address  of  welcome  to 
the  incoming  President,  followed  by  some  remarks  of 
a  similar  nature  in  an  editorial,  which  had  the  effect 
of  exciting  the  especial  ire  of  Mr.  William  E.  King, 
of  Alabama,  afterwards  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States,  who,  in  the  Senate,  severely  commented  on 
them  in  terms  which  savored  of  personal  disrespect  to 
Mr.  Seaton,  and  in  some  degree  seemed  to  impugn  the 
honor  of  himself  and  Mr.  Gales.  Without  delay  Mr. 
King  was  required  to  offer  a  full  explanation,  and 
in  his  senatorial  seat  to  retract  whatever  might  be 
deemed  offensive  in  his  remarks,  or  to  give  Mr.  Seaton 
the  satisfaction  usual  with  gentlemen. 

Senator  Mangum,  having  great  tact  in  such  matters, 
was  intrusted  by  Mr.  Seaton  with  this  delicate  mission, 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  293 

being  met,  on  the  part  of  Mr.  King,  by  Senator  William 
C.  Preston.  Finally,  Mr.  King's  better  feeling  asserted 
itself ;  he  manfully  and  honorably  avowed  himself  in 
the  ^^Tong ;  the  result  of  the  spirited  correspondence 
was  made  public,  and  the  friendship  between  Mr.  Sea- 
ton  and  himseK,  begun  in  early  manhood,  was  warmly 
renewed,  only  to  be  interrupted  by  the  death  of  Mr. 
Iving. 

"  While  possessed  of  unswerving  firmness  and  rigid  adhe- 
rence to  principle,"  writes  a  prominent  public  man  and 
journalist,  "  Mr.  Seaton  was  charitable  alike  in  his  personal 
opinions  and  in  his  political  faith.  Bearing  no  malice,  a 
model  of  courtesy,  he  observed  in  conversation  and  in  his 
journal  the  wise  proverb,  which  says,  '  Think  twice  before 
you  speak  once,'  —  and  this  trait  leads  me  to  another  qual- 
ity in  which  he  was  also  pre-eminent,  —  a  peacemaker  ;  for 
with  his  large  heart  and  magnanimous  nature,  his  counsel 
was  always  for  conciliation  and  forgiveness,  in  proof  of 
which  I  cite  the  following  incident  :  — 

"  During  the  administration  of  President  Tyler,  when 
Daniel  Webster  was  Secretary  of  State,  there  was  a  painfid 
estrangement  between  the  United  States  Senate,  where  the 
Whigs  were  in  the  majority,  and  Mr.  Webster.  It  grew 
partly  out  of  the  fact  of  Mr.  Webster  remaining  in  the  Cab- 
inet of  Mr.  Tyler,  selected  by  General  Harrison,  after  his 
associates  had  resigned  ;  and  partly  from  the  policy  of  Mr. 
Tyler,  w^hich  was  almost  w^hoUy  adverse  to  those  who  had 
made  him  Vice-President.  Mr.  Webster,  however,  remained 
in  the  Cabinet  for  the  purpose  of  negotiating  a  Treaty  with 
Lord  Ashburton.  The  Northeastern  Boundaiy  difficulty, 
long  pending,  and  leading  to  angry  controversy  in  Congress, 
in  New  England,  and  among  the  people,  and  at  one  time 
seriously  threatening  war,  was  one  of  several  points  settled 
by  this  famous  treaty. 


294  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  Mr.  Seaton  was  deeply  pained  to  see  the  Whig-  Senators 
alienated  from  Mr.  Webster,  and  was  resolved,  if  possible, 
to  bring  them  together,  and  restore  their  friendly  feeling. 
They  met  at  his  own  house,  surrounded  by  a  large  number 
of  personal  and  political  friends,  and  the  hope  was,  that 
before  the  night  should  pass,  '  the  good  old  humor  and  the 
old  good-nature '  of  fomier  times  would  be  restored.  These 
honorable  and  praiseworthy  sentiments  were  more  than  real- 
ized. In  the  midst  of  the  delightful  supper  I  was  requested 
by  Mr.  Seaton  to  remind  Mr.  Webster  that  he  was  about  to 
be  toasted,  as  he  was  upon  the  instant,  by  Mr.  Mangum, 
then  President  'pro  tern,  of  the  Senate,  as  '  The  Author  of 
the  Washington-Ashhurton  Treaty.'  Mr.  Webster,  who  was 
never  at  a  loss  for  the  word  of  inspiration  on  such  occasions, 
and  who  often  showed  greater  qualities  in  private  life  than 
in  public  services,  replied  instantly,  '  The  United  States 
Senate,  without  which  the  Treaty  could  never  have  been  rati- 
fied.'' Nothing  in  matter  or  manner  could  have  been  better 
said  or  done  on  either  side,  and  the  fruit  of  Mr.  Seaton' s  tact 
and  kindliness  was  the  restoration  of  the  best  relations 
between  the  Senate  and  Mr.  Webster.  If  on  earth  the 
peacemakers  are  blessed,  then  indeed,  for  this  and  many 
similar  services,  the  memoiy  of  good  Colonel  Seaton  will 
be  cherished  by  all  who  honor  unselfish  actions  and  noble 
deeds. " 

t 

Another  incident,  illustrative  of  this  benevolent 
wish  to  restore  harmony  between  dissevered  friends  and 
colleagues,  is  thus  related  by  the  late  Governor  Swain, 
of  N'orth  Carolina  :  — 

*'  Among  the  thousand  anecdotes  which  Judge  Gaston  was 
wont  to  narrate  in  connection  with  his  public  life,  was  one 
in  reference  to  the  known  kindliness  of  the  editor  of  the 
Intelligencer.     Perhaps  the  most  brilliant  of  Judge  Gaston's 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  295 

legislative  tournaments  was  a  conflict  with  Mr.  Clay  on  the 
Previous  Question,  as  a  rule  of  order.  Mr.  Gaston  went  into 
the  debate  after  careful  examination  of  all  the  points  of  law 
and  history  that  had  been  mooted  in  the  mother  country 
and  our  own  on  the  subject,  and  caught  j\Ir.  Clay  wholly 
unprepared.  Eminent  statesman  and  patriot  as  he  was,  Mr. 
Clay  was  nevertheless  human,  and  retired  from  the  contest 
somewhat  soured.  They  did  not  meet  again  for  many  years, 
the  feeling  rankling  in  Mr.  Clay's  heart,  until,  during  a  visit 
of  Mr.  Gaston  to  Washing-ton,  they  met  at  Mr.  Seaton's 
dinner-table.  They  each  gave  token  of  recognition,  but 
preserved  a  stately  reserve,  until,  with  an  expression  well 
understood  by  both,  the  host  offered  the  sentiment  :  '  Friend- 
ships in  marble;  enmities  in  dust.'  Kind  and  cordial  inter- 
course ensued,  and  they  were  personal  and  political  friends 
dming  the  remainder  of  their  lives." 

]\Ir.  Seaton's  intmiacy  with  Mr.  Webster,  the  almost 
romantic  attachment  existing-  between  them,  has  be- 
come a  record  of  history,  and  during  the  period  of 
nearly  forty  years  but  one  absolute  break  occurred  in 
this  close  and  honorable  friendship. 

This  interregnum  also  hinged  upon  Mr.  Webster's 
continuance  at  the  helm  of  state,  when  his  colleagues 
had  resigned  their  positions  in  the  Cabinet  of  Mr. 
Tyler,  who,  true  to  his  instincts  as  an  old-school  Vir- 
ginia Eepublican,  had  a  second  time  vetoed  the  re- 
establishment  of  a  National  Bank.  Mr.  Webster's 
course  elicited  great  severity  of  comment  even  among 
his  warmest  friends  in  the  "Whig  party,  and  his  famous 
speech  at  Faneuil  Hall,  defining  his  position,  had  drawn 
from  the  Intellio'encer  a  criticism  rather  unusual  in 
strength  of  expression  for  the  stately  columns  of  that 
journal.  This  action  on  the  part  of  the  Whig  oracle 
Mr.  Webster  felt  most  keenly. 


296  WILLIAM   WmSTON   SEATON. 

A  few  days  after  Mr.  Webster's  return  to  Washincr- 
ton,  ]Mr.  Seaton  being  at  the  State  Department,  called 
to  have  one  of  his  usual  friendly  chats  with  the  Secre- 
tary, when,  to  his  surprise,  his  frank  greeting  was  met 
by  an  icy  and  repelling  politeness.  Instantly  seizing 
the  position,  and  perfect  master  of  himself,  he  remained 
for  a  few  moments  conversing  on  indifferent  topics, 
and  then  withdrew  with  a  quiet  dignity  not  to  be 
ruffled  by  the  haughty  temper  of  a  Webster.  Conscious 
that  the  course  of  the  Intelligencer  was  justifiable,  and 
never  deviating  for  foe  or  favor  from  what  he  held  to 
be  a  duty,  Mr.  Seaton  calmly  awaited  the  conciliatory 
advance,  which,  from  Mr.  Webster's  sense  of  justice, 
and  personal  feeling  for  himself,  he  was  sure  w^ould  be 
offered. 

Meanwhile  an  embargo  was  laid  upon  the  usual 
intimate  intercourse  maintained  between  the  two 
families,  against  w^hich  the  younger  members  strongly 
rebelled,  contriving  to  run  the  blockade  under  the  very 
guns  of  the  two  stately  frigates,  which  merely  exchanged 
signals  of  courtesy.  Many  were  the  efforts  of  friends, 
frequent  the  private  embassies  to  eff'ect  a  reconciliation 
between  the  beUigerents  ;  but  Mr.  Seaton  made  no  sign, 
remaining  firm  in  his  position  that  the  overture  for 
peace  must  distinctly  proceed  from  Mr.  Webster.  At 
last  this  estrangement  could  be  borne  no  longer ;  and, 
preceded  by  his  son  Fletcher,  as  a  diplomatic  mant 
courier,  jNIr.  Webster  one  evening  entered  the  smoking- 
sanctum  of  ]\Ir.  Seaton,  and  fairly  taking  him  in  his 
arms,  with  one  hand-clasp  all  was  forgiven. 

There  was  no  friend  with  whom  Mr.  Webster's  rela- 
tions were  more  close  and  enduring   than  with  Mr. 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  297 

Seaton,  whose  affection  he  had  tried  in  many  a  conflict 
of  opinion,  and  had,  indeed,  grappled  him  to  his  soul 
with  hooks  of  steel.  With  the  exception,  perhaps,  of 
Eiifus  Choate,  no  one  so  well  as  Mr.  Seaton  had  the 
art  of  "  drawing  out "  the  "  Great  Expounder  "  ;  but  Mr. 
Choate  was  deficient  in  an  appreciation  of  the  beauties 
of  nature,  and  still  more  in  that  love  of  field  sports, 
which  was  so  strong  a  tie  between  Mr.  Seaton  and  the 
great  fisherman.  Mr.  Choate  would  roam  about  the 
country  with  his  eyes  .and  thoughts  absorbed  in  the 
book  he  ever  carried,  unheeding  the  fresh  sweetness 
of  morning,  or  the  sunset  glory  over  the  ocean  ;  or, 
which  still  more  excited  Mr.  AA^ebster's  ire,  would  pass 
unnoticed  the  magnificent  Durham  "short  horns,"  their 
master's  boast.  Finally,  one  morning  at  breakfast  at 
Marshfield,  Mr.  Choate  coming  in  tranquilly  from  a 
stroll,  with  his  Horace  in  his  hand,  Mr.  Webster, 
turning  impatiently  to  Mr.  Seaton,  said,  "I  declare 
to  you  that  I  do  not  believe  Choate  knows  a  horse 
from  a  cow." 

Mr.  Charles  Lanman,  so  widely  known  for  his  in- 
teresting narratives  of  sporting  lore  and  adventures, 
as  also  for  other  valuable  contributions  to  litera- 
ture,—  among  them  his  delightful  private  life'  of 
Daniel  Webster,  —  thus  pleasantly  relates  his  indebt- 
edness to  Mr.  Seaton's  kindness  for  his  introduction 
to  Mr.  Webster :  — 

"  Having  in  the  summer  of  1850  captured  an  unusually 
large  rock-fish,  at  the  Little  Falls  of  the  Potomac,  I  had 
Bent  Mr.  Seaton  the  spoils  with  my  compliments,  which  he 
in  turn  presented  to  Mr.  Webster.  On  the  following  morn- 
ing Mr.  Seaton  entered  the  library  of  the  War  Department, 

13* 


298  ^VILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

of  which  I  was  hbrarian,  and  in  a  solemn  voice,  without 
any  explanation,  informed  me  that  my  presence  was  de- 
manded by  the  Secretary  of  State.  I  hastened  to  the 
Department  with  a  palpitating  heart,  and  entering  the 
'  presence,'  was  welcomed  by  the  Secretary  with  these  words  : 
'  I  am  told,  sir,  that  you  are  a  famous  fisherman,  and  I  wish 
to  capture  a  monster  rock-fish  in  your  company.'  A  variety 
of  fishing  and  sporting  adventures  wdth  Mrr  Webster  and 
Mr.  Seaton  were  the  result  of  this  interview.  Mr.  Seaton's 
passion  for  field  sports  was  a  marked  and  widely  known 
featm-e  of  his  character,  and  during  many  years  his  duck- 
hunting  and  piscatorial  expeditions  down  the  Potomac  were 
a  delight  to  himself  and  the  various  distinguished  friends 
eager  to  be  included  in  his  party ;  while  to  hear  him 
recite  his  adventures  on  his  return  home  was  a  pleasure 
never  to  be  forgotten  by  those  so  privileged.  Mr.  Seaton 
was  an  intense  lover  of  Nature  in  all  her  multitudinous  as- 
pects, and  bound  me  to  a  promise  to  report  to  him  every- 
thing new  and  interesting  that  I  might  learn  on  the  subjects 
of  hunting  and  fishing.  A  little  incident  will  illustrate  his 
long-continued  pleasure  in  the  sports  of  the  field,  in  Avhich 
his  skill  was  hardly  surpassed  in  this  country.  A  few 
months  previous  to  his  last  illness  his  favorite  pointer,  the 
companion  of  many  a  delightful  expedition,  and  whose  intel- 
ligent devotion  to  his  master  was  a  matter  of  local  history, 
died  of  old  age  ;  and  Mi.  Seaton,  in  paying  a  tribute  to  the 
qualities  of  his  faithful  canine  friend,  said  to  a  gentleman, 
'  Ah,  how  much  I  should  like  to  have  a  good  dog  in  Ponto's 
place  ! '  His  friend  expressed  surprise,  intimating  that  at  his 
advanced  age  he  could  scarcely  be  equal  to  such  hardy 
amusements. 

"  '  I  shall  be  eighty-one  years  old  in  two  months,'  replied 
Mr.  Seaton,  '  and  not  only  should  enjoy,  but  it  would  do 
me  good  to  go  out  and  bag  a  dozen  woodcock  to-mon'ow ; 
and  if  I  had  a  dog,  should  certainly  do  so.'  " 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  299 

Mr.  Seaton  owned  a  fine  farm  and  shooting-box  up 
among  tlie  Alleglianies  of  his  native  Virginia,  —  known 
by  his  family  name  of  Winston,  —  where  he  would 
often  escape  for  a  few  days'  relaxation,  to  breathe  the 
pure  air  of  the  wilderness,  and  hunt  the  red  deer ; 
being  always  accompanied  by  fellow-sportsmen,  among 
whom  Mr.  Webster  delighted  to  be  numbered.  Those 
memorable  shooting  excursions  !  The  ten-miles  tramp 
through  the  stubble-fields  of  Prmce  George,  or  the 
havoc  among  the  ortolaji  along  Potomac's  reedy  banks  ! 
By  those  privileged  to  share  them,  they  can  never  be 
forgotten,  when,  genial  and  full  of  fresh  spirit,  i\Ir. 
Seaton  fascinated  his  very  pusher :  "  willin'  to  pull  all 
day  to  hear  the  Colonel  talk."  Fortunate  pusher! 
AMiat  treasures  might  have  been  preserved  for  history 
had  he  noted  down  the  political  disquisitions,  the  dis- 
cussions of  life's  grave  problem,  the  wit,  the  boyish 
fun  which  fell  from  the  lips  of  Daniel  Webster  and 
Mr.  Seaton  over  their  "  double  barrels  "  while  rocking 
in  that  little  skiff!  With  what  heartiness  would 
AVebster's  contagious  laughter  awaken  the  echoes,  ex- 
cited by  some  quiet  stroke  of  humor  or  anecdote  from 
Mr.  Seaton !  This  joyous  phase  of  the  Great  Defend- 
er's nature  was  little  kno^Ti  to  the  outside  world, 
which  approached  him  with  awe  and  bored  him  in- 
tensely. "  ^y^^J  do  people  always  talk  law  to  me  ?  " 
he  used  to  say ;  "  I  know  enough  law."  The  world 
knew  Mr.  Webster  in  the  Senate,  the  Forum,  gTand, 
sublime  in  the  majesty  of  his  intellectual  greatness, 
but  little  comprehended  the  sprightly  humor,  the  play- 
ful grace,  the  tender  sweetness  which  rendered  him  so 
captivating  in  an  intimate  circle.     In  his  own  home, 


300  WILLIAM  WINSTON    SEATON. 

where  lie  was  the  most  noble,  regal  host;  or  in  Mr. 
Seaton's  drawing-room,  singmg  every  known  song,  — 
generally  impartially  to  the  same  tune ;  or  gravely 
essaying  the  steps  of  a  minuet  cle  la  cour,  which  he 
had  seen  danced  in  the  courtly  Madisonian  era;  or 
joining  in  the  jests  of  the  gay  circle,  liis  magnificent 
teeth  gleaming,  his  great  living  coals  of  eyes, — 
"  sleepmg  furnaces,"  Carlyle  called  them,  —  soft  as  a 
woman's  ;  or  his  rare,  tender  smile  lighting  up  the 
dusky  grandeur  of  his  face,  —  then  it  was  that  Mr. 
Webster  was  infinitely  fascinating.  He  enjoyed  the 
society  of  agreeable  and  beautiful  women.  "I  love 
to  hear  women  prattle,"  he  said,  "even  if  they  talk 
nonsense,  —  but  why  will  they  use  such  long  words  ? 
"With  them  every  one  is  '  the  most  exquisite  creature,' 
*the  most  enchanting  fellow,'  '  tlie  most  delicious 
dancer.'  My  dear,  why  can  you  not  say,  '  She  is 
comely,  —  he  is  agreeable,  —  he  dances  well '  ?  " 

In  connection  with  this  well-known  simplicity  of 
Mr.  Webster's  language,  which  renders  his  style  a 
model  of  Anglo-Saxon  strength,  Governor  Swain  re- 
lated this  characteristic  anecdote  of  the  genial  and 
learned  Judge  Gaston :  — 

"  During  a  period  of  high  party  excitement,  Judge  Gaston 
made  a  speech  in  the  House  of  Representatives  which  the 
Federalists  regarded  with  favor,  and  the  Republicans  feared 
might  do  injury  ;  it  was  not  reported  in  the  Intelligencer. 
Various  gentlemen  called  on  Mr.  Gaston,  requesting  him  to 
write  out  his  remarks  for  the  Federal  Republican,  which  he 
dechned  doing,  until  Mr.  Webster  came  in  and  would  take 
no  denial.  Mr.  Gaston  complained  of  weak  eyes.  '  That 
shall  be  no  obstacle,'  said  Webster,   'I  will  act   as  your 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKP:TCH.  301 

amanuensis  ;  walk  across  the  floor,  and  I  will  write  as  you 
dictate.'  Mr.  Gaston,  who  until  then  had  never  regarded 
himself  as  chargeable  with  redundancy  of  style,  had  ut- 
tered but  a  sentence  or  two  when  Mr.  Webster  stopped  him 
with  the  inquir}^  repeated  again  and  again  before  he  got 
through,  '  Gaston,  won't  one  of  those  Avords  do  1  I  make  it 
a  rule  never  to  use  two  words  when  one  will  answer  as 
weU.' " 

INIr.  Webster  liked  an  audience.      An  appreciative 
word,  an  intelligent  glance,  especially  from  bright  eyes, 
and    he    became    inspired.      Masterly  criticisms   of 
Shakespeare,  historical   parallels,  anecdotes    of    Eng- 
lish statesmen   and  jurists,  learned   disquisitions   on 
oak-trees,  reminiscences  of  his  own  career,  varied  by 
clever  nonsense,  or  some  story  of  wrong  and  scathed 
affection  told  with  inimitable  power  and  pathos,  would 
keep  the  circle  spellbound  far  into  the  night.      But  it 
was  in  touching  on  more  solemn  themes,  when  speak- 
ing most  reverently  and  in  his  grand  way  of  the  con- 
soling, sublime  promises  of  the  Scripture,  that  ]\Ir. 
Webster  rose  into  a  wonderful  elevation  of  strength 
and  eloquence.     Strongly  religious  in  his  nature, — 
his  theological  convictions  were  Unitarian,  —  he  was 
a  daily  student  of  the  sacred  volume,  recognizing  the 
beautiful  harmony  between  Mature  and   Kevelation, 
dwelling  with   profound  interest  on  the  magnificent 
prophecies  of  Isaiah,  the  unapproachable  imagery  and 
inspiration  of  the  Book  of  Job  and  the  Psalms,  but 
especially  on  the  value  of  the  Gospel  of  John,  or,  as 
he  termed  it,  the  "  Gospel  of  Love  "  ;  esteeming  one 
chapter  of  this  Apostle  to  be  worth  all  the  disquisitions 
of  Paul,  in  sorrow  or  at  the  approach  of  death. 


o 


02  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 


The  evening  before  Mr.  "Webster  delivered  his  great 
compromise  speech  of  1850  he  spent  several  hours 
with  Mr.  Seaton,  who,  when  his  friend  rose  to  qo, 
took  his  arm,  and  they  strolled  pleasantly  along.  On 
arriving  at  Mr.  Webster's  house  he  in  turn  took  Mr. 
Seaton' s  arm  and  insisted  upon  seeing  him  home. 
The  scene  was  amusing,  Mr.  Webster  wishing  to  take 
the  exercise,  enjoy  his  friend's  society,  and  look  up 
at  the  star-studded  sky,  now  descanting  on  the  won- 
ders of  Nature,  then  repeating  passages  from  the 
Bible,  Milton,  and  A^irgil.  Incidents  of  this  character 
might  be  multiplied  indefinitely,  and  they  prove  the 
power  which,  in  his  peculiarly  quiet  way,  Mr.  Seaton 
exercised  over  every  manner  of  man  who  approached 
him ;  and  Mr.  Webster  constantly  sought  his  society, 
at  his  office,  at  his  fireside,  while  Mr.  Seaton  enjoyed 
his  cigar,  though  Mr.  Webster  seldom  smoked. 

As  is  known,  Mr.  Webster  was  an  unconscionably 
early  riser,  —  reading,  working,  making  notes  for  sena- 
torial or  forensic  onslaught,  or  the  basis  of  a  treaty, 
before  the  sun  was  up,  varied  by  visits  to  his  kitchen, 
where  he  delighted  to  confer  vnth  Monica,  its  presid- 
ing Congo  priestess,  as  to  the.  mode  of  dressing  the 
"  bass  "  for  dinner,  or  salting  a  round  of  beef,  gravely 
discoursing  to  her  meanwhile  on  matters  of  higher 
import ;  or  strolling  through  the  market,  startling 
wondering  lookers-on  by  pricing  a  bunch  of  parsley 
in  that  sonorous  voice  accustomed  "  listening  senates 
to  command."  He  had  a  habit  of  scribbling  notes  to 
My.  Seaton  at  this  matutinal  hour,  jotting  down  some 
passing  thought,  making  an  engagement  for  the  day, 
and  not  unfrequently  sending  i7iiproin2')tn  doggerel  lines, 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  303 

indited  while  at  breakfast  on  an  empty  egg-sliell. 
Unfortunately,  only  a  few  of  these  disjecta  memhra 
have  been  preserved,  but  they  are  valuable  relics  as 
exhibiting  Daniel  Webster  in  a  phase  of  character 
not  known  to  the  outer  world.  It  may  be  interesting 
to  record  several  of  these  memorable  scraps. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  thank  you  for  the  summer  ducks, 
which  were  found  delicious.  I  thank  you  for  the  woodcock, 
aud  have  yet  to  thank  you  for  other  favorable  and  friendly 
kindnesses  not  forgotten. 

"Yours  truly, 

"  Daniel  Webster. 
"Mr.  Seaton. 

"  These  are  black  fish,  sometimes  called  Tautog.  Monica 
cooks  them  thus  :  — 

"  Put  the  fish  into  a  pan  with  a  little  butter,  and  let 
them  fry  tiU  pretty  nearly  cooked,  then  put  in  a  little 
wine  and  pepper. and  salt,  and  let  them  stew.  She  uses 
no  water.  A  little  more  wine,  pepper,  and  salt  to  make  a 
good  gi'avy. 

"  So  says  Monica,  who  stands  at  my  elbow  at  half  past 
five  o'clock.  A  good  way  also  to  make  agreeable  table 
companions  of  these  fellows  is  to  barbecue  or  broil  them 
without  splitting. 

"  D.  W. 

"Confidential  and  Diplomatic." 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  Mrs.  Webster  leaves  in  the  cars  this 
p.  M.  Speaking  of  a  little  basket  of  one  half-dozen  peaches 
and  two  seckle  pears,  the  other  evening,  —  how  well-timed 
it  w^ould  be,  if  that  little  basket,  contents  as  aforesaid, 
should  meet  her  at  the  cars ! 


304  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  I  have  the  honor,  with  distinguished  consideration,  etc., 

etc., 

"  Yours, 

"D.  Webster. 
«*  Mr.  Seaton." 

"Friday  Morning. 
"  Dear  Mrs.  Seaton,  —  As  I  could  not  accompany  Mr. 
Seaton  on  his  expedition  to  Piney  Point,  I  hope  for  the 
subordinate  pleasure  of  listening  to  his  recital  of  its  inci- 
dents, his  capture  of  fishes,  his  battles  with  the  mosquitoes, 

"  I  wish,  therefore,  to  engage  him  to  dine  to-morrow  at 
five  o'clock  here,  at  the  Burdiue  Mansion,  with  one  or  two 
friends  only ;  and  I  write  this  to  insure  youi-  influence  on 
the  occasion. 

"  Mr.  Curtis  took  an  abrupt  departure  last  evening, 
leaving  messages  of  love  for  your  household  with  me. 

"  I  sent  over  a  letter  of  Fletcher's,  yesterday,  and  had  a 
kind  reply  from  M .     But  she  did  not  '  catch  the  idea.' 

"  I  shall  be  obliged  to  come  round  this  evening,  and  go 
into  explanations. 

"  YoLirs,  with  the  truest  regard, 

"  Dan'l  Webster." 

"Dear  W.  W.  S.,  —  Fish  all  right  for  to-morrow.  Let 
them  bask  in  Monica's  ice-box  till  the  day  comes. 

"  D.  W. 

"5  o'clock." 

"Friday  Morning,  January  29,  1847. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  There  happen  to  be  four  of  General 
H.'s  Cabinet  now  in  town,  viz.  Messrs.  Ewing,  Badger, 
Crittenden,  and  myself  We  dine  at  my  house  to-moiTow 
at  five  o'clock.  Mrs.  Webster  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Curtis 
will  bring  up  the  number  to  seven.  Our  round  table  holds 
eight.     At  breakfast  this  morning  we  proceeded  to  elect  by 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  305. 

ballot  a  person  to  take  the  vacant  place,  and  great  was  the 
satisfaction  when  it  was  found  that  by  general  concun'ence 
'  Colonel  Seaton '  was  chosen  !  It  devolves  on  me  to  com- 
municate the  result  to  you. 

"  Daniel  Webster. 
*•  Colonel  Seaton." 

"Wednesday  Morning. 
"My  dear  Sir, — Your  leader  to-day  is  Capital.     It  is 
exactly  the  thing  needed,  and  that  tone  must  be  continued. 
The  disturbers  of  the  public  peace  must  be  made  to  feel 
the  force  of  public  opinion. 

"  Yours, 

"  D.  W. 

"To  Mr.  Seaton." 

"  I  am  sitting  down,  aU  alone  at  five  o'clock,  to  a  nice 

leg  of  lamb,  etc.,  and  a  glass  of  cool  claret  —  come. 

''  D.  W." 

"Boston,  June  21,  1847. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  We  came  up  from  the  place  of  places, 
three  days  ago,  and  have  inflicted  on  ourselves  a  residence 
of  that  length  in  Boston ;  to-day  we  hasten  back  to  the 

Old  Elms  and  the  Sea.    Mrs.  Webster  has  received  J 's 

letter  from  New  York,  and  bids  me  sa}''  that  she  has  obeyed 
all  its  injunctions,  requests,  and  intimations. 

"  Our  journey  was  shortened,  to  our  disappointment.  Still 
it  was  pleasant.  We  saw  many  new  things  and  many  good 
people.  I  can  now  talk,  like  an  eyewitness,  of  cotton- 
fields  and  rice  plantations,  turpentine,  cypress  swamps,  and 
alligators. 

"  .  .  .  .  Think  of  us  at  Marshfield,  —  on  our  piazza,  with 
now  and  then  a  grandchild  with  as,  a  pond  near,  where 
*  cows  may  drink  and  geese  may  swim,'  and  Seth  Peterson, 
in  his  red  shirt-sleeves,  in  the  distance.  Then  there  is 
green  grass,  more  than  we  saw  in  all  the  South ;  and  then 

T 


306  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

there  is  such  a  chance  for  rest,  and  for  a  good  long  visit 

from  'tired  Nature's  sweet  restorer.'  .... 

"  Yours^ 

"  D.  W. 
"To  W.  W.  Seatox,  Esq." 

"Saturday,  August  27. 

"  Mr.  AYebster  wishes  much  to  talk  over  matters,  compare 
notes,  etc.  Will  be  ready  for  a  '  little  sociality '  on  Thurs- 
day. Wishes  much  to  make  an  effort  'to  brighten  the 
future,'  and  will  expect  the  pleasure  of  a  call  from  Mr. 
Seaton  to-moiTow  at  three  o'clock.  It  is  an  early  hour, 
but  will  have  the  advantage  of  a  long  afternoon  behind  it. 

"  You  shall  have  a  plain  New  England  dinner,  and  a  New 

England  friend  or  two,  besides  D.  W.  and  D.  F.  W. 

"  Yours  truly, 

"  D.  Webster." 

"May  2,  1850. 

"  Snipe-shooting  in  mittens,  with  a  heavy  overcoat  and 
fur  cap  on,  is  ver}"  amusing.  The  mercury  this  morning, 
five  o'clock,  at  34." 

"  Dear  Mrs.  Seatox,  —  That  you  have  higher  talents 
than  belong  to  good  housekeeping,  all  know  ;  but  that  you 
have  any  more  perfect  of  their  kind,  I  very  much  doubt. 
My  convictions  on  this  head,  always  firm  and  strong,  were 
rendered  still  stronger  by  the  admirable  piece  of  salted 
beef  which  we  had  the  pleasure  to  receive  last  Saturday. 
I  never  tasted  better.  Some  friends  were  with  us  from 
New  York  w^hen  it  was  brought  to  the  table,  and  they  ac- 
knowledged that  Manhattan  Island  could  not  equal  it.  I 
was  decidedly  of  the  same  opinion.  It  is  a  wonder  if 
Monica,  who  does  not  like  to  be  outdone,  does  not  go  some 
day  and  have  an  interesting  conference  with  your  cook. 
She  has  already  intimated  as  much. 

"  If  the  present  had  been  literally  a  crust  or  a  crumb 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  307 

from  your  table,  the  kindness  with  which  you  have  offered 
it  would  make  it  acceptable. 

"  Yours  always  truly, 

"  Daniel  Webster." 

"February  17,  1852." 

"  A  few  slices  of  Marshfield  beef,  cured  last  fall,  and  put 
away  for  family  provision  for  the  year. 

"  1  have  found  it  a  good  lunch  for  the  field  or  the  sea ; 
for  although  it  is  rather  salt,  yet  gentlemen  engaged  in  those 
employments,  I  have  noticed,  are  not  unwilling  to  be  some- 
times a  little  dry. 

"D.  W. 
*' April  30,  1851. 

"W.  W.  S." 

In  September,  1844,  a  monster  Whig  meeting  was 
held  in  Boston  to  ratify  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Clay 
for  the  Presidency,  in  which  contest,  however,  Mr.  Polk 
was  the  victor.  ]\Ir.  Seaton  was  one  of  the  delegates 
from  Washington  on  this  occasion,  and  writes  thns 
pleasantly  of  the  cordial  reception  extended  to  him  by 
jSTorthern  friends,  and  especially  of  his  w^arm  greeting 
from  Mr.  Webster. 

**  Boston,  Thursday,  7  A.  m. 
"  .  .  .  .  Such  was  the  ovei'flow  and  jam  of  every  inch  of 
space  in  the  hotels,  that  I  had  no  chance  of  a  place  to  write. 
I  found  at  first  difficulty  in  obtaining  even  a  bed,  at  the 
Tremont ;  but  on  learning  my  name  the  proprietors  kindly 
gave  me  another  person's  room.  A  few  moments  afterwards 
I  met  Mr.  Choate,  who  insisted  on  taking  me  off  to  stay 
with  him  ;  but  as  they  had  taken  some  trouble  to  accommo- 
date me  at  the  hotel,  I  remained.  The  whole  town  I  find 
alive  and  running  over.  Among  the  many  entertainments 
last  night  was  one  at  Mr.  Winthrop's,  to  which  Choate  per- 


308  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

suaded  me  to  go,  tired  as  I  was,  and  unwilling  to  take  the 
trouble  of  dressing ;  but  thought  you  would  wish  it,  and 
acted  on  the  golden  rule.  I  cannot  express  the  cordiality 
with  which  I  was  greeted,  and  have  been  by  all  the  friends 
I  have  met.  At  Mr.  Winthrop's,  had  I  been  Captain  Tyler 
himself,  I  could  not  have  been  made  more  of.  I  found  there, 
among  others,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Grinnell,  and  the  affectionate 
inquiries  after  you,  and  the  fervent  wishes  that  you  were 
here,  were  very  gratifying.  Everybody  asked  for  you  as  if 
you  were  first  in  their  affections.  I  have  already  had  more 
invitations  to  dine  than  I  could  make  good  in  a  week,  — 
Winthrop's,  Choate's,  a  gTand  banquet  at  the  Mayor's,  etc. 
Mr.  Webster  came  up  from  Marshfield  last  evening,  and  was 
expected  at  Winthrop's,  but  not  being  yet  well,  and  an 
arduous  day  before  him,  he  went  to  bed  early.  Having  re- 
ceived notice  to  appear  at  the  Senate  Chamber  at  nine  o'clock 
this  morning,  among  the  invited  guests,  to  take  part  in  the 
ceremonies,  and  as  I  shall  be  in  the  throng  all  day,  I  rose 
at  six,  have  dressed  and  taken  a  stroll  before  breakfast,  and 
have  stepped  into  a  bookstore  to  write  this  scarcely  legible 
letter.  It  is  a  glorious,  bright  morning,  and  the  note  of 
preparation  is  heard  on  every  hand.  A  gi-eat  people,  these 
Yankees.  One  thousand  Yankee  Whigs,  from  New  York, 
left  in  two  steamers  yesterday  for  the  celebration,  and  will 
be  here  this  morning ;  and  others  are  pouring  in  from  all 
quarters,  fine,  respectable-looking  men,  young  and  old,  — 
like  the  Jews  of  old  going  up  to  Jerusalem.  I  wish  you 
could  have  seen  the  procession  of  the  '  Young  Whigs  of 
Boston,'  last  night,  with  their  flambeaux,  noble  band,  and 
thrilling  cheers  opposite  the  Tremont  House,  as  they  passed. 
Next  to  yourself,  I  only  wish  your  brother  were  here  to 
enjoy  the  sight,  and  receive  the  cordial  greetings  of  the  good 

men  who  love  and  appreciate  him 

^'  God  bless  you,  dear  wife " 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  309 

**  Boston,  Friday  Morning. 
".  .  .  .  Before  setting  out  for  ]\Iarshfield,  I  send  you  a 
word  to  advise  you  of  my  health  and  plans  merely.    Impos- 
sible now  to  give  any  account  of  the  many  people,  things, 
and  incidents  which  have  rendered  the  last  twenty-four 
hours  so  interesting  to  me.     It  is  worth  coming  from  home 
to  be  made  much  of,  and  certainly  in  that  regard  I  have 
had  everything   to   gratify  me.     When  I  repaired  to  the 
State  House  yesterday  morning,  whither  I  was  escorted  by 
Abbott  Lawrence,  who  called  on  me,  I  found  a  number  of 
magnates  assembled  from  different  parts  of  the  Union,  in- 
vited guests.     Mr.  Webster,  President  of  the  day,  soon  after 
entered,  looking  magnificent.     Several  friends  who  had  seen 
him  in  the  morning  told  me  how  glad  he  was  that  I  had 
come,  and  how  anxious  to  see  me.     He  came  up  to  me  in 
the  middle  of  the  Senate,  and  did  not  hug  me,  but  very  like 
it,  saying  aloud,  that  there  was  not  another  man  in  the 
whole   country  he   would  be  so  happy  to  meet  here,  and 
kindly  regretted  that  you  were  not  with  me.     Mr.  Webster 
told  me  what  he  had  decided  when  he  heard  of  my  arrival, 
—  that  it  was  fixed  as  any  decree  of  fate,  and  would  be  vain 
to  say  a  word  against   it ;    that  is,  to  return  with  him  to 
Marshfield  this  afternoon,  and  remain  at  least  until  Sunday, 
if  I  could  give  him  no  longer.     We  therefore  dine  with  Mr. 
Paige  at  two  o'clock,  and  go  thence  to  Marshfield  via  Quincy, 

where  I  wish  to  stop  and  see  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Adams 

"The  day,  yesterday,  was  a  glorious  one.  Such  an 
assemblage,  and  such  a  magnificent  spectacle  altogether,  I 
never  before  witnessed.  The  noblest  cavalcade  of  two  thou- 
sand well-mounted  men  formed  a  part  of  the  procession.  I 
was  in  an  open  barouche,  next  to  the  first,  accompanied  by 
Judge  Berrien,  Mr.  Bates,  and  Cassius  M.  Clay.  We  were 
cheered  at  every  pause  by  the  crowd,  and  Mr.  Seaton  and  the 
National  Intelligencer  had  some  tremendous  cheers  at  one 


310  WILLIAM  WINSTOX   SEATON. 

place Mr.   Isaac  P.   Davis  has  called  to  say  it  is 

time  to  be  off.  I  am  writing  in  the  chair  and  at  the  table 
of  the  first  Governor  Winslow,  in  the  Historical  Society's 
rooms,  and  I  think  that  my  scrawl  partakes  of  the  antique 
around  me,  being  written  with  an  old  steel  pen  made  in  the 
time  of  the  Mathers,  I  should  judge. 

"  There  is  an  autograph  letter  of  John  Cotton  open  before 
me,  about  two  hundred  years  old,  written  to  his  wife,  in 
which  he  addresses  her  as  '  my  dear  wife  and  comfortable 
yoke-fellow.'  Take  these  homely  but  true  words  in  their 
fullest  sense  to  yourself,  my  dearest  wife,  from 
"  Your  ever  affectionate  husband,' 

"  W.  W.  Seaton." 

The  death  of  Mr.  "Webster  was  the  severest  social 
loss  ever  sustained  by  Mr.  Seaton.  During  the  pro- 
longed period  of  their  friendship,  and  of  Mr.  Webster's 
almost  continuous  residence  at  Washington,  seldom  a 
day  passed  without  tlie  interchange  of  word  or  note, 
or  social  gathering  at  the  house  of  one  or  the  other. 
Profoundly  as  Mr.  Seaton  estimated  the  calamity  to 
the  country  in  the  withdrawal  of  the  wisdom  and 
weight  of  Mr.  Webster's  counsels,  which  acted  as  a 
breakwater  in  the  headlong  tide  of  American  affairs,  — 
deeply  as  he  felt  the  loss  to  the  civilized  world  of  its 
most  comprehensive  statesmanship  and  grandest  intel- 
lect, —  his  death  was  yet  more  consecrated  to  liis  affec- 
tions, and  it  was  the  friend  whose  departure  was  to 
cause  henceforward  a  blank  in  Mr.  Seaton's  daily  life. 
That  he  should  no  more  feel  the  influence  of  that  great 
mind  elevating  and  strengthening  his  own,  should 
ne'v'er  more  meet  the  kindly  glance  of  those  huge  eyes, 
nor  hear  again  that  voice  vibrating  to  him  always  in 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  311 

tones  of  affection  and  sympathy,  moved  Mr.  Seaton 
to  personal  and  permanent  grief.  His  discriminating 
affection  pays  the  following  tribute  to  Mi.  Webster's 
many-sided  greatness:  — 

"Washington,  January  13,  1859. 

"  Dear  Sir,  —  I  have  had  the  pleasm-e  to  receive  the 
invitation  which  you  so  obligingly  convey  to  me  on  behalf 
of  the  gentlemen  of  Boston,  to  unite  with  them  on  the  18th 
instant  in  celebrating  the  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of 
our  illustrious  countryman,  the  late  Daniel  Webster.  In 
tendering  my  best  acknowledgments  for  this  mark  of  cour- 
tesy, I  beg  to  assure  you,  and  those  for  whom  you  speak, 
that  I  feel  myself  very  much  honored  by  such  an  invitation 
from  such  a  som-ce,  and  one  which  I  value  the  more  highly, 
placed  as  it  is,  on  Hhe  intimate  personal  relations'  to 
which  you  are  pleased  to  allude  as  having  existed  between 
that  gi'eat  man  and  myself. 

"  Happy  should  I  be  to  obey  a  summons  so  flattering. 
.^ .  .  .  If,  prompted  by  the  occasion,  and  yielding  to  the 
impulse  of  my  own  inclinations,  I  should  attempt  to  speak 
in  eulogy  of  the  great  statesman  whom  we  revered  while 
living,  and  whose  loss  the  country  has  not  ceased  to  deplore, 
I  might  well  be  deterred  from  wdiat  could  not  but  seem,  to 
those  amongst  whom  he  lived  and  died,  a  work  of  superer- 
ogation. History  has  set  its  seal  upon  his  greatness  ;  and 
his  peerless  fame,  placed  by  death  beyond  the  hazards  of 
time  and  the  mutations  of  opinion,  is  WTitten  on  the  annals 
of  his  countiy  in  characters  as  bright  as  they  are  imperish- 
able. In  every  branch  of  the  civil  service,  —  whether  in 
the  Forum,  the  Senate,  or  the  Cabinet,  he  displayed  at  once 
the  gi-andeur  and  the  opulence  of  his  massive  intellect. 
The  eminence  he  attained  in  each  of  these  departments 
could  have  singly  sufficed  to  fill  the  measure  of  any  other 
man's  ambition.     It  is  Mr.  Webster's  peculiar  distinction  to 


312  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

have  been  equally  transceudent  in  them  all.     Nor  need  I 

say  to  those  who,  like  yourself  and  your  favored  associates, 

were  admitted  to  his  private  friendship,  that  he  was  no  less 

admirable  for  the  qualities  of  his  heart  than  imperial  in  the 

endowments  of  his  mind.     If  in  high  debate  at  the  Bar,  and 

on  the  floor  of  the  Senate,  he  made  it  doubtful  whether  he 

more  excelled  as  a  jurist  or  a  statesman,  his  friends  might 

almost  be  pardoned  if  they  postponed  both  to  the  genial 

traits  which  endeared  him  to  them  as  a  man. 

"  Renewing  to  you  the  expression  of  my  thanks  for  the 

honor  you  have  done  me,  I  beg  leave  to  add  how  ti-uly  I 

remain,  dear  sir,  your  friend  and  servant, 

"  W.  W.  Seaton. 
"P.  Harvey,  Esq.,  Boston." 

Amid  all  the  changes  of  party,  and  violence  of  fac- 
tion, or  the  hostilites  pervading  even  social  relations, 
among  the  respective  adherents  and  opponents  of  suc- 
cessive administrations,  Mr.  Seaton's  long  life  was  sin- 
gularly unembittered  by  personal  asperities.  Neither 
se\'ere  editorial  stricture  upon  official  action,  nor  the 
gulf  separating  him  from  certain  political  parties,  ever 
prevented  the  recognition  by  adversaries  of  his  high- 
toned  character.  These  tributes  to  his  ability  and 
candid  sp»irit  were  sometimes  very  charmingly  paid,  as 
on  one  occasion  by  LIr.  Simon  Cameron,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  our  Civil  War,  whose  official  course  was,  at  the 
time,  the  subject  of  very  stringent  animadversion  by 
the  Intelligencer,  but  who,  on  rising  to  return  thanks 
at  a  St.  Andrews  festival,  said,  with  much  magnanim- 
ity and  grace  of  sentiment :  — 

"  When  the  toast  of  '  Secretary  of  War'  was  proposed,  I 
had  forgotten  that  it  bore  any  allusion  to  myself,  especially 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  313 

Tvhen  I  looked  to  my  left  on  the  face  and  form  of  my  ven- 
erable friend,  Colonel  Seaton,  who,  not  many  years  ago, 
paid  me  my  weekly  wages  as  a  joiu^neyman  printer  ni  his 
office ;  who,  for  more  than  fifty  years,  has  been  one  of  the 
most  earnest  and  poweiful  defenders  of  this  free  govern- 
ment, and  who,  with  great  political  sagacity  combines  a 
purity  of  character  and  sincerity  of  heart,  that  prove  him 
to  be  a  worthy  descendant  of  a  brave  and  noble  Scotch 
family." 

Among  the  prominent  statesmen  whose  political 
principles,  so  widely  divergent  from  those  cherished 
l)y  Mr.  Seaton,  did  not  preclude  social  relations  during 
forty  years  of  a  very  close  cordiality,  was  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan. The  letters  in  wliich  he  pleasantly  speaks  of 
their  friendship  are  the  more  interesting  now  that  the 
earthly  and  distinguished  career  of  the  venerable  ex- 
President  is  also  closed.  The  following  is  addressed 
to  a  member  of  Mr.  Seaton's  family. 

"Wheatland  near  Lancaster,  June  26,  1862. 

" .  .  .  .  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seaton  are  associated  with  my  ear- 
liest recollections  of  Washington,  and  I  shall  ever  remem- 
ber them  w^ith  gi'ateful  regard.  Mr.  Seaton's  youthful  and 
buoyant  spirit  is  worth  more  than  a  fortune,  and  must  ren- 
der himself,  and  those  who  are  near  him,  happy  in  his  green 
old  age.  Although  he  cannot  say  that,  '  In  his  youth  he 
never  did  apply  hot  and  rebellious  liquors  to  his  blood,' 
yet  this  was  always  done  in  the  society  of  choice  spirits  and 
mth  Christian  moderation.  May  he  yet  live  a  thousand 
years  surrounded  by  troops  of  friends  ! 

"  Had  it  not  been  for  the  troubles  of  the  times,  I  should 
have  passed  some  months  every  year  of  my  life  in  Wash- 
ington.    Its  society  was  more  agi-eeable  to  me  than  that  of 

14 


314  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

auy  other  city  I  have  ever  known.  How  sadly  must  this 
now  be  changed !  For  my  own  part,  I  am  tranquil  and 
contented,  and  would  be  happy  in  my  peaceful  home  were 
it  not  for  the  dreadful  condition  of  the  country.  Still,  I 
have  the  consolation  of  reflecting  that  I  did  nothing  to  pro- 
mote, but  everything  in  my  power  to  avoid,  the  civil  war 
now  raging. 

" .  .  .  .  You  are,  T  trust,  mistaken  in  believing  me  to 
have  been  the  last  of  the  race  of  Constitutional  Presidents. 
May  you  live  to  see  many  more  of  them,  and  be  as  pros- 
perous and  happy  in  their  day  as  I  wish  you  to  be  from 
my  heart ! 

"  I  have  faith  that  the  kind  Providence  which  sustained 
our  forefathers  in  the  days  of  the  Jlevolution,  and  has 
from  small  beginnings  made  us  a  great  nation,  will  not 
abandon  us  in  this  the  hour  of  our  utmost  need 

"  With  sincere  and  tender  regard,  I  remain 

*'  Truly  your  friend,  \ 

"James  Buchanan." 

""Wheatland  near  Lancaster,  September  9,  1866. 
" .  ...  Though  unfortunately  never  identified  in  political 
action  with  Mr.  Seaton,  I  ever  entertained  for  him  a  high  es- 
teem, as  well  as  a  warm  personal  regard.  In  the  good  old 
days,  when  the  National  Intelligencer  was  the  ablest  oracle 
of  the  Whig  party,  a  difference  in  political  opinion  did  not 
interfere  with  friendly  social  relations.  I  therefore  knew  Mr. 
Seaton  well  in  the  familiar  circle,  and  have  never  known  a 
more  perfect  model  of  a  man  in  private  life.  Whilst  firm 
in  his  political  convictions  and  able  in  defending  them,  by 
his  manners  and  qualities  he  conciliated  and  secured  the 
esteem  and  regard  of  the  best  of  his  political  opponents. 
In  his  social  relations  he  was  a  charming  companion.  He 
possessed  an  excellent  heart  combined  with  a  clear  and 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  315 

firm  intellect.  Having  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  distin- 
guished men  of  the  day  of  all  political  parties,  his  conver- 
sation was  agreeable,  racy,  and  instructive. 

"  I  shall  always  remember  with  the  mournful  pleasure  of 
an  aged  man  the  refined  and  elegant  hospitality  of  his  old 

mansion  in  the  happier  da}'s  of  former  years 

*' With  sentiments  of  warm  regard,  I  remain 
*'  Sincerely  your  friend, 

"James  Buchanan." 

The  following  letter  may  possess  an  additional  in- 
terest from  the  allusion  to  the  famous  trial  of  Judo^e 
Peck,  of  which  Mr.  Buchanan  was  one  of  the  Man- 
agers ;  as  the  manner  of  conducting  that  case  was  re- 
ferred to  as  a  precedent  on  the  occasion  of  the  recent 
impeachment  of  President  Johnson. 

"  St.  Petersburg,  April  7,  1833. 
*'  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  now  send  you  my  remarks  on  pre- 
senting the  resolution  from  the  Judiciary  Committee  for  the 
Impeachment  of  Judge  Peck.  I  should  regret  very  much 
should  they  arrive  too  late  for  the  Register,  as  it  would 
have  a  veiy  awkward  appearance  should  the  debate  be  pub- 
lished without  the  introductory  observations  of  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Committee.  The  greater  part  of  them  had  been 
written  out  at  length  by  Mr.  Stansberry.  Will  you  be  good 
enough  to  supply  the  omission  of  a  quotation,  consisting  of 
one  or  two  sentences  in  the  defence  of  the  Judge,  presented 
to  the  House  in  the  Session  of  1829  -  30.  Much  as  I  revere 
the  independence  of  the  Judiciary,  and  after  a  review  of 
the  case  in  this  land  of  despotism,  I  think  the  Judge's 
acquittal  was  a  strong  one.  The  tribunal  was  above,  all 
suspicion.  .  .  . 

"  Although  1  have  been  treated  with  much  kindness  since 
my  arrival  in  St.  Petersburg,  yet  I  feel  I  shall  never  be 


316  WILLIAil   WINSTON   SEATON. 

happy  except  in  my  native  land.     My  residence  abroad,  far 
from  estranging  me  from  my  own  counti-y,  has  made  me 
■  love  it  much  better  than  ever.     Would  that  our  people 
were  justly  sensible  of  the  blessings  they  enjoy ! 

"  The  Emperor  of  Russia,  whatever  we  may  think  of  his 
conduct  towards  Poland,  is  a  sovereign  to  whom  his  subjects 
are  devotedly  attached.  His  private  character  is  vdthout  a 
blemish.  Indeed,  his  example,  and  that  of  the  Empress, 
have  done  much  already  to  reform  the  manners  of  their 
Court.  He  is,  by  far,  the  most  able  and  energetic  sov- 
ereign in  E\u'ope.  I  am  convinced  it  is  his  policy  to  avoid 
war  for  the  present.  I  cannot  foresee  any  change  in  the 
nature  of  the  Belgian  question  which  would  induce  him  to 
assume  a  hostile  attitude.  Besides,  the  character  of  the 
'"Xing  of  Prussia  is  a  guaranty  for  the  general  peace ;  yet  it 
cannot  be  denied  that  Europe  at  present  is  a  magazine  of 
powder,  and  any  accidental  hand  may  apply  the  spark.  I 
send  you  a  very  important  article  just  published  by  this 
government  in  relation  to  Turkish  affairs 

"  Will  you  be  kind  enough  to  answer  this  letter,  and  give 
me  a  little  news,  local  and  general  1  Remember  me  with 
kindness  and  respect  to  Mrs.  Seaton  and  your  family.  I 
hope  to  have  the  pleasure  of  again  spending  happy  hours 
in  their  interesting  society.  Reuiember  me  also  to  Mr. 
Gales.     I  write  by  the  minute.  .  .  . 

"  Always  truly  yours, 

"James  Buchanan. 

"William  W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

There  was,  perhaps,  no  position  in  which  Mr.  Seaton 
appeared  to  gTeater  advantage  than  as  a  presiding  offi- 
cer. Whether  controlling  a  mass  meeting  during  a 
Presidential  campaign,  or  addressing  a  more  dignified 
assemblage  of  citizens,  or  as  the  chairman  of  nnnum- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  317 

bered  anniversary  festivities,  the  duties  of  the  occasion 
were  performed  with  a  promptness,  unruffled  dignity, 
and  acceptability  rarely  surpassed.  His  love  of  the 
drama,  and  early  histrionic  efforts  no  doubt  contributed 
to  the  easy  declamation,  clearness  of  intonation,  and 
quiet,  graceful  gesture  which  distinguished  him ;  and 
adding  to  these  characteristics  a  felicitous  turn  of  ex- 
pression, and  remarkably  effective  wit,  it  may  be  con- 
ceived that  his  eloquence  w^ould  call  forth  invaria- 
ble enthusiasm.  His  fame  in  this  regard  was  widely 
spread;  and  he  often  was  forced  to  run  the  gauntlet 
of  post-prandial  oratory  and  political  meetings,  during 
his  excursions.  In  a  letter  from  Cumberland,  in  1844, 
while  on  a  shooting  expedition,  he  writes  :  — 

"I  have  just  had  a  deputation  from  the  Whigs  of  this 
good  town,  saying  that,  hearing  of  my  presence  in  their 
midst,  they  had  appointed  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  to- 
morrow to  hear  an  address  from  me.  I  had  rather  fight 
the  battle  of  Bladensburg  over  again,  but  of  course  cannot 
decline  the  flattering  invitation." 

The  foUomng  little  incident,  among  many  others, 
shows  the  manner  in  which  Mr.  Seaton's  appearance 
among  his  fellow-citizens  was  greeted.  The  occa- 
sion was  a  political  meeting  during  the  campaign 
of  1860. 

"At  this  jimcture,  Colonel  Seaton,  the  venerable  yet  ac- 
tive editor  of  the  Intelligencer,  entered  the  room  and  ad- 
vanced to  the  stand.  As  he  passed  down  the  aisle  he  was 
greeted  by  the  most  tumultuous  cheers,  w^hich  continued 
unabated  for  several  minutes.  When  he  had  reached  the 
stand  he  bowed  gracefully  to  the  assemblage,  who  gave 
three  tremendous  cheers  for      the    old  war-horse.'      The 


318  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

Colonel  was  warmly  received  by  the  Chair,  Mr.  Ogle  Tay- 
loe,  and  then  turning  to  the  audience,  most  gracefully  ac- 
knowledged the  flattering  reception  which  had  been  ex- 
tended to  him,  and  concluded  a  spirited  address  by  trust- 
ing that,  '  whether  present  or  absent,  every  one  knew  that 
he  was  heart  and  soul  with  the  party  that  hoisted  the 
Whig  and  Union  flag.' " 

"  The  first  evening  assembly  I  ever  attended  in  Wash- 
ington," writes  a  prominent  litterateur,  "  was  one  given  by 
Mr.  Seaton  to  his  congressional  friends.  These  suppers  were 
famous,  and  worthy  of  their  niche  in  the  social  and  politi- 
cal annals  of  the  metropolis.  The  entertainment,  though  un- 
ostentatious, was  marked  by  perfect  taste  and  elegance,  and 
in  view  of  the  men  who  were  thus  brought  together  for  an 
hour  or  two  of  social  enjoyment,  it  was  grand  and  impos- 
ing. Webster,  Clay,  and  Calhoun  were  the  leading  stars 
of  the  evening,  and  around  them  were  grouped  diploma- 
tists, notable  citizens,  and  a  score  or  two  of  those  whom  we 
delight  to  honor  as  the  representative  men  of  their  time. 
With  all  of  them  Mr.  Seaton  was  on  friendly,  generally 
intimate  terms ;  for  as  his  abilities  and  high  character 
commanded  universal  respect,  so  did  his  aff'ability,  gen- 
erous kindliness,  and  winning  manners  retain  the  affection 
of  all  who  knew  him  socially  or  in  the  business  walks  of 
life." 

In  Professor  Joseph  Henry's  beautiful  tribute  to  Mr. 
Seaton  the  question  is  asked  :  — 

"  Who  can  forget  Mr.  Seaton  as  host  1  In  the  gatherings 
about  his  generous  board  mingled  the  cordial  welcome  and 
that  air  of  an  older  and  better  school  which  constantly 
distinguished  him;  the  kindly  and  reassuring  attention, 
unaffectedly  bestowed  on  the  least  distinguished  guest; 
the  colloquial  charm,  which  extended  the  fame  of  his  hos- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  319 

pitality  far  beyond  the  sphere  of  its  exercise.  No  unim- 
portant part  of  the  charm  exercised  by  Mr.  Seaton  resided 
in  his  engaging  presence,  —  in  the  winning  smile,  the  bright 
eye,  the  gentle  voice,  the  benignity  of  a  countenance  upon 
which  a  long  life  of  manly  effort  and  kindly  purpose  had 
left  its  impress." 

The  Hon.  A.  H.  H.  Stuart,  of  Virginia,  in  writing  of 
Mr.  Seaton's  power  of  attractiveness,  says :  — 

"I  have  always  regarded  Mr.  Seaton  as  my  heau-ideal 
of  a  true  Virginia  gentleman,  —  *  one  of  the  olden  time.' 
To  sound  masculine  intellect  and  a  vast  fund  of  information 
upon  almost  every  subject,  he  united  an  amenity  and  a 
grace  of  manner  and  expression,  which  rendered  him  one 
of  the  most  fascinating  and  instructive  of  companions.  On 
all  questions  of  difficulty  I  sought  the  guidance  of  his 
counsel ;  and  in  hours  of  social  indulgence  there  was  no  one 
who  contributed  so  largely  to  the  enjoyment  of  his  friends. 
I  have  heard  him  often  narrate  the  most  striking  and 
piquant  incidents  connected  with  our  early  history,  and  in- 
tended to  illustrate  the  character  of  such  men  as  Rufus 
King,  Nathaniel  Macon,  William  Wirt,  Crawford,  and  es- 
pecially John  Randolph  and  a  host  of  those  giants. 

"  But  there  was  nothing  sensational  about  Mr.  Seaton. 
He  was  not  a  professed  colloquialist.  He  did  not  talk  for 
effect,  nor  attempt  to  make  brilliant  hits  in  the  game  of 
conversation.  All  that  he  said  flowed  like  a  gentle  stream, 
and  was  intended  to  minister  to  the  enjoyment  of  his  hear- 
ers, not  to  display  his  own  great  powers." 

"  Mr.  Seaton  had  an  especial  gift  as  a  raconteur,''  writes 
Governor  Henry  A.  Wise,  of  Virginia.  "  He  always  made 
me  think  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  his  narratives.  He  had 
just  his  genial,  manly,  open,  candid,  ingenuous  face,  and 
could  humor  a  story  with  almost  equal  grace  and  gusto. 


320  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

He  was  always  fj'esh  and  natural,  simple  and  truthful,  and 
"w'ise  without  being  disquisitive.     He  was  a  man  to  be  plain 

and  familiar  with,  and  yet  to  love  and  honor The 

Biography  of  '  Gales  and  Seaton '  would  be  a  history  of  me- 
tropolitan life  and  journalism  during  six  tenths  of  a  cen- 
tury, embracing  the  lives  of  all  the  distinguished  men  from 
Mr.  Jefferson  down  to  these  times,  the  secrets  of  Cabinets, 
the  scenes  and  subjects  of  Congress  and  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  the  tenants  of  the  AVhite  House,  the  cycles  of  par- 
ties and  of  public  opinion,  and  all  the  tones  of  the  social 
circles  since  1800.  What  a  mass  of  various  interest  such 
.  a  memoir  might  be  made  to  contain,  but  it  would  take 
a  Dr.  Johnson  to  write  it  and  years  to  prepare  the  ma- 
terials. 

I  knew  Mr.  Seaton  from  the  year  1833,  when  I  first  en- 
tered the  House  of  Representatives.  I  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Jackson  party,  in  favor  of  the  Union  and  in  op- 
position to  the  then  raging  doctrine  of  nullification.  'This 
brought  me  in  personal  affiliation  with  Mr.  Seaton,  and 
soon  after,  the  issue  of  the  removal  of  the  public  deposits 
from  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  brought  me  in  still 
closer  affinity  with  him,  and  finally  the  common  opposi- 
tion to  the  party  of  Mr.  Van  Buren,  called  the  Loco-Foco 
party,  united  us  together  in  the  new  organization  called 
the  Whigs.  That  party  was  truly  composed  of  the  old 
Federalists,  the  more  modern  American  System  party, 
headed  by  Clay  and  Webster,  the  extreme  State  Rights 
party  led  by  Calhoun,  and  the  old  Madisonian  portion  of 
the  Virginia  school  of  Democracy,  of  which  I  was  always, 
and  am  still,  an  humble  advocate. 

"  This  status  of  mine  brought  me  closer  still  to  Mr. 
Seaton,  and  he  used  to  pet  me  much  with  his  counsel  and 
a  place  for  my  speeches  in  the  Intelligencer.  We  never  ex- 
actly, or  even  generally,  agreed  in  our  politics,  or  rather  in 


A   BIOGHAPIIICAL   SKETCH.  321 

the  ground-work  of  political  opinion,  but  he  was  a  true  old 
Virginian.  He  had  begun  his  career  with  Mr.  Ritchie, 
loved  our  old  commonwealth  and  her  old  white-cravat, 
tobacco-chewing  people.  Mr.  Seaton  was  fond  of  his  gun, 
his  pointer  dogs,  and  his  manly  sports.  Do  you  know  that 
I  have  now  a  most  beautiful  descendant  of  his  breed  of  set- 
ters 1  My  boy  procured  the  ancestor  pup  from  Mr.  Sea- 
ton's  gardener,  and  Mr.  Sergeant  asked  him  for  the  whole 
pedigi'ee  and  made  my  son  record  it.  ...  I  used  to  delight 
to  talk  with  Mr.  Seaton  about  past  events  and  the  old  Ro- 
mans of  our  country.  He  told  me  more  of  John  Randolph 
than  I  ever  got  from  any  one  else,'  except  Benjamin  Wat- 
kins  Leigh.     He  had  a  juster  view  of  men  and  things  than 

any  one  else  of  my  acquaintance The  Yankees  got 

all  my  papers  and  letters.     The  last  letter  I  had  from  Mr. 
Seaton  w^as  when  I  was  Governor  of  Virginia,  —  a  long  ap- 
peal from  himself  and  others  on  the  John  Brown  raid. 
That  I  suppose  is  now  in  the  State  archives.  .  .  . 
"  Believe  me  most  truly  yours, 

"  Henry  A.  Wise. 
**  Richmond,  July  10,  1867." 

The  world-wide  celebrity  attaching  to  the  name  of 
Governor  Wise  as  the  dispenser  of  justice  to  a  great 
criminal,  renders  his  reply  to  the  appeal  above  alluded 
to  of  especial  interest. 

"Boston,  October  26,  1859. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  have  written  this  letter  in  order  that 
it  may  reach  Governor  Wise.  Perhaps  it  is  asking  too 
much  to  have  it  sent  to  him  by  yourself.  But  it  is  on  a 
subject  which  interests  us  all.  There  are  not  too  many  of 
us  '  national '  men  left  here  in  Massachusetts,  and  the  ac- 
tion of  the  court  now  sitting  for  the  trial  of  old  Brown 
threatens  to  blot  us  out  forever.     But  though  we  are  not 

14*  U 


322  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

of  much  account  here,  we  feel  that  we  have  a  great  stak 

in  preserving  a  good  understanding  with  our  friends  in  the 

other  sections. 

"  Yours  very  truly, 

"  Amos  A.  Lawrence. 
•*HoN.  W.  W.  Seaton,  Washington." 

"Richmond,  Va.,  October  31,  1859. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  Mr.  A.  Lawrence  wrote  directly  to  me, 
and  I  have  replied  to  him,  saying  that  Brown  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  Judiciary,  —  that  by  our  laws  no  man  can  he 
tried  even,  without  an  Examining  Court  to  inquire  whether 
he  ought  to  be  tried,  —  that  the  sitting  of  this  Court,  I  pre- 
sume, has  caused  the  appearance  of  suddenness  in  the  pros- 
ecution,—  that  another,  the  Circuit  Court  is  now  sitting 
upon  his  trial,  and  is  competent  in  ability  and  fairness  to 
try  any  plea  he  may  put  in,  —  and  that  the  prisoner  has  all 
protection,  even  in  his  impiident  defiance  of  the  justice 
which  surely  should  visit  robbery,  rapine,  insurrection,  inva- 
sion, murder,  and  treason.  He  shall  not  be  rescued  on  the 
one  hand,  nor  tynched  on  the  other ;  and  you  know  Judge 
Parker  well  enough,  to  say  nothing  of  our  Bar,  to  assure  all 
strangers  to  our  laws  and  people  of  the  certainty  of  fair, 
impartial  trial ;  and  if  the  prisoner  be  convicted  unduly  or 
unjustly,  he  will  be  in  my  hands,  as  well  as  in  the  hands  of 
an  Appellate  Court.  And  it  is,  I  regret  to  say,  super-ser- 
viceable in  Mr.  L.  to  obtrude  upon  either  of  us  what  he 
would  do.  I  can  say  to  him,  in  reply  to  such  intimations, 
that  he  will  find  that  I  will  do  whatever  I  may  do,  about  as 
decisively  and  obdurately  as  he  could  desire,  on  the  one 
hand  or  the  other.  I  say  this,  intimately,  to  you  who  know 
me  well,  the  more  tartly  for  him,  who,  I  believe  was  the  very 
gentleman  who  threw  the  glove  in  the  settlement  of  Kansas 
per  f CIS  aut  nefas,  —  by  Sharpe's  rifles  or  otherwise. 

"  We  are  getting  impatient  under  the  folly  and  faDaticism 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  323 

T  the  two  extremes.  Let  Mr.  L.  keep  his  sympathy  for 
:hose  who  need  it  more  than  Brown  does,  for  either  excuse 
rbr  crime  or  fair  justice  in  its  punishment.  Let  him  restrain 
he  wicked  fanaticism  at  home,  not  provoke  fools  amono- 
us.  You  may  be  assured  that  justice  shall  be  administered 
calmly  and  dignifiedly,  and  its  execution  shall  be  tempered 
with  due  mercy ;  and  the  less  intrusion  there  is  from  the 
North,  the  more  easily  can  we  act  as  we  ouo-ht. 

"  Very  truly,  your  friend, 

<.^r  ,xx  r.  "Henry  A.  Wise. 

**W.  W.  Seatox,  Esq.,  Washington." 

"Richmond,  Ya.,  Nov.  1,  1859. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  As  I  said  to  you,  in  mine  of  the  day 
before  yesterday,  Mr.  Lawrence  seems  to  me  super-service- 
able in  his  sympathy  for  Brown.     He,  like  other  conscien- 
tious men  at  the  North,  who  deem  themselves  conservative 
too,  see  that  Brown's  folly  is  the  result  of  theh-  own  teach- 
ing and  preaching,  and  material  aid  in  money  and  arms,  to 
make  war  in  Kansas.     It  has  come  to  this  outrage  on  our 
borders,  and  Brown  and  his  comrades  are  in  danger  of  exe- 
cution for  crimes  to  which  they  have  been  incited  by  men 
like  Mr.  Lawrence.     They  now  are  troubled  for  the  conse- 
quences for  which  they  are  responsible  in  conscience,  if  not 
in  law ;    and   hence  much  of  their  divine  sympathy  and 
humanity.     I   would  not  convict  Mr.  L.  on  Forbe's  testi- 
mony, but  upon  Mr.  L.'s  own  sympathy.     He  is  too  rercdy 
in  excuse  for  him,  and  in  distrust  of  our  own  judges  and 
people. 

"  Brown,  I  am  told,  is  already  convicted,  and  I  shall  have 

soon  to  pass  upon  the  record  of  his  trial ;  and,  therefore, 

can  add  no  more  than  that  I  am, 

"  Very  truly,  your  friend, 

"<Hexry  a.  Wise. 
"W.  W.  Seatox,  Esq." 


324  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

For  many  years  it  had  been  Mr.  Seaton's  ardent  desire 
to  visit  Europe,  especially  to  tread  the  soil  of  Great 
Britain,  for  whose  history,  constitution,  true  liberty, 
and  glorious  people  he  ever  entertained  an  enthusias- 
tic reverence  and  regard  ;  England  being  peculiarly  en- 
deared to  him  as  the  birthplace  of  his  wife,  while  Scot- 
land Avas  the  cradle  of  his  ow^n  race.  The  unceasing 
labors  of  an  editorial  life  had  hitherto  interposed  an 
insurmountable  obstacle  to  the  accomplishment  of  his 
wishes ;  but  in  August,  1855,  he  took  heart  of  grace, 
and  crossing  the  oceail  paid  a  flying  visit  to  the  great 
centres  of  European  interest  and  civilization.  With 
his  fulness  of  information  derived  from  sixty  years'  ex- 
ceptional study  of  men  and  events,  he  was  prepared  to 
form  an  enlightened  judgment  concerning  the  political 
and  social  status  df  European  states,  and  also,  as  the 
press  throughout  our  country  expressed  with  gratifying 
unanimity,  fittingly  to  represent  America  as  her  highest 
embodiment  of  a  gentleman.  Unfortunately,  owing  to 
the  very  large  and  scattered  family  connection  through 
which  his  letters  were  disseminated,  but  few  memo- 
randa were  preserved  of  his  "  steeple  chase,"  as  he  called 
his  three  months  of  rapid  travel ;  during  which,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  seventy-one  years,  his  physical  vigor 
and  buoyant  spirit  enabled  him  to  endure  more  fatigue, 
and  to  extract  more  pleasure,  than  is  accomplished  by 
many  a  tourist  fifty  years  younger. 

"London,  September  7,  1855. 
'*  My  dearest  Wife,  —  That  you  may  hear  from  me  up 
to  the  latest  hour,  I  send  a  brief  supplemental  letter  to  mine 

of  yesterday We  took  the  cars  yesterday  morning 

for  Richmond,  where,  at  the  famous  Star  and  Garter,  we 


A  BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  325 

•were  received  by  our  Minister  in  the  warmest  manner,  who 
accompanied  us  in  our  walk  over  the  hill  and  park,  the 
latter  consisting  of  1,600  acres,  and  containing  some  of  the 
finest  trees  I  ever  beheld.  To  attempt  any  description  of 
the  view  from  the  brow  of  Richmond  Hill  —  an  elevated 
tract  overlooking  the  valley  of  the  Thames  for  many  miles, 
and  even  including  the  sight  of  Windsor  towers,  eighteen 
miles  distant  —  would  be  utterly  futile  for  even  the  highest 
power  of  pen,  —  even  my  friend,  Mr.  James  himself,  could 
convey  no  adequate  idea  of  its  beauty  :  as  indeed  all  de- 
scriptions of  natural  scenery  are  failures,  —  at  least,  I  have 
ever  found  them  so.  Accompanying  Mr.  Buchanan  and  his 
niece  in  his  carriage,  we  set  out  for  Hampton  Court,  calling 
on  the  way  for  Sir  William  and  Lady  0.,  and  Miss  G.,  who 
reside  in  a    beautiful  place  on  the  bank  of  the  Thames, 

adjoining   Garrick's  Villa,    and    near    Twickenham 

The  palace  is  a  vast  extent  of  Gothic  brick  building,  with 
turrets,  courts,  corridors  without  number,  all  plain  and 
unadorned,  containing  no  furniture,  except  a  few  histori- 
cal beds,  cabinets,  etc.  The  entire  suite  of  the  principal 
story  —  comprising  halls,  reception-rooms,  staterooms,  bed- 
rooms —  is  filled  with  pictures,  embracing  hundreds  of  por- 
traits, many  of  which,  of  eminent  men  who  have  illustrated, 
or  rather  made,  British  history,  interested  me  much.  It 
occupied  three  hours  to  go  the  roimd  of  this  story,  dwelling 
on  an  occasional  object  more  attractive  than  others,  or  lin- 
gering at  the  great  windows  to  admire  the  most  beautiful 
gardens  and  grounds.  In  all  this  review,  Sir  William  was  a 
very  valuable  g-uide  explaining  these  varied  objects  of  inter- 
est, —  though  I  had  the  book  in  my  hand,  —  as  he  has  long 
been  familiar  with  them  all.  Those  gardens  and  grounds  ! 
how  they  would  charm  you,  and  how  much  did  I  long  for  you 
to  stroll  through  them  with  me  !  They  are  laid  out  in  the 
highest  art,  kept  in  exquisite  order,  filled  with  parterres  and 


o 


26  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 


rambles,  —  everything  to  delight  the  eye.  But  that  ■which 
would  have  excited  your  highest  admiration  was  the  famous 
black  Hamburg  grape-vine.  If  you  could  but  see  it  !  The 
trunk  is  nearly  as  large  as  my  body,  is  trained  under  a  space 
of  glass  of  more  than  2,000  square  feet,  and  depending  from 
the  vine  were  1,600  fall-formed  and  ripening  clusters  of 
magnificent  grapes.  The  palace  and  grounds  were  filled 
with  hundreds  of  people,  —  among  them  the  boys  and  girls 
of  a  London   school, — all   roaming  about   and  enjoying 

the  beauties  spread  before  them On  our  return,  we 

passed  Pope's  Villa,  Strawberry  Hill,  and  the  church  where 
Pope  lies,  the  tower  of  which  is  a  striking  piece  of  time-worn 
antiquity.  But  the  parks,  —  the  parks  !  the  beautiful  little 
river,  the  emerald  verdure,  and  the  scores  of  swans  floating 
about   fearless  of  any  harm !     We  reached  the  Star  and 

Garter  in  time  for  one  of  its  renowned  dinners Mr. 

Buchanan  contributed  to  the  gratification  of  the  day  in  the 
most  assiduous  manner,  kindly  culminating  in  proposing 
your  health  at  dinner.  He  offers  me  every  facility  in  his 
power,  and  letters  to  all  the  great  people  in  the  kingdom  ; 
but  in  using  these  I  shall  be  very  chary " 

''Sheffield,  Saturday  Evening,  September  15. 
"  .  .  .  .  What  a  strange  thing  it  appears  to  me  that 
I  should  ever. write  you  a  letter  from  this  place  ;  yet  here  I 
am  veritably  in  dingy,  smoky  Sheffield,  so  deeply  interest- 
ing to  me.  I  reached  here  late  this  afternoon  and  set  out 
for  the  Mount,  in  search  of  your  Aunt  Sarah ;  found  she 
had  gone  for  a  day  to  Baslow,  thirteen  miles  off;  so,  after 
a  stroll,  I  have  returned  to  the  Royal  Hotel  to  jot  down 
some  notes  of  my  movements  before  bed.  The  old  Tontine, 
so  associated  with  the  history  of  your  parents  and  your  own 
early  recollections,  has  been  pulled  down,  and  a  fine  market 
is  being  erected  on  its  site.     Sheffield,  perhaps  you  may 


A    BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  327 

remember,  is  surrounded  by  lofty  hills,  now  greatly  im- 
proved, good  well-built  streets  running  up  their  slopes, 
and  their  tops  embellished  by  handsome  villas.  One  of 
these  streets  leads  up  to  the  Mount,  which  is  ornamented 
with  lawns  and  fine  trees,  almost  a  park,  descending  from 
a  grand-looking  edifice  as  long  as  our  post-office,  with  col- 
umns and  porticos,  which  I  supposed  to  be  a  palace  or  public 
institution,  until  the  cab  turned  into  its  gate,  and  I  found 
it  to  be  a  series  of  private  dwellings,  in  one  of  which  Mont- 
gomery lived,  and  Aunt  Sarah  continues  to  reside,  and  of 
whose  absence  I  shall  avail  myself  to  go  to-morrow  to  Eck- 

ington I  came  down  to  Cambridge  from  London,  and 

had  time  only  for  a  few  hours  to  go  through  some  of  its 
numerous  ancient  colleges,  and  the  fine  old  chapel  of  King's 
College,  a  beautiful  as  well  as  venerable  specimen  of  the 
impressive  Gothic  style  ;  but  I  would  rather,  if  it  were  pos- 
sible, describe  for  you  the  green  velvet  gi'ounds  and  groves 
and  glades,  the  magnificent  trees  that  spread  away  off  in 
front  of  the  colleges,  a  wilderness  of  shade,  much  of  it  bor- 
dering the  beautiful  little  Cam,  with  its  fine,  lofty  stone 
bridges,  each  of  them,  as  seen  through  the  exquisite  vistas 
of  old  willows,  elms  and  limes,  oaks  and  chestnuts,  looking 
as  grand  almost  as  the  Rialto.  Passing  hither  from  Cam- 
bridge, I  had  near  views  of  the  great  cathedrals  of  Ely  and 
Peterborough,  and  came  through  Newark,  so  dear  to  us  all 
from  its  association  with  your  father  and  mother ;  and  how 
gladly  I  would  have  stopped  a  short  time,  but  it  was  im- 
possible in  this  hurried  jaunt.  Almost  the  finest  mere 
church  in  England  —  that  is,  any  one  below  a  cathedral  — 
is  that  of  Newark,  in  which,  as  you  know,  your  honored 

parents  were  married I  do  not  think  I  mentioned 

that,  on  arriving  at  Ptichmond  an  hour  before  Mr.  Buchanan 
and  party,  I  filled  up  the  time  veiy  interestingly  by  driving 
over  to  Eton  College,  and    going  through    its   aged  and 


328  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

crumbling  cloisters  and  its  noble  old  chapel.  These  Gothic 
chapels,  with  their  curiously  and  richly  stained  windows, 
their  groined  and  carved  ceilings,  inspire  an  ever-fresh  in- 
terest. I  must  to  bed,  —  my  eyes  are  blinking.  So  good- 
night, my  ever  dear  wife. 

"  Sunday  Night.  —  I  returned  from  Eckington  at  six 
this  evening,  and  have  just  come  in  from  a  visit  to  the 
venerable  Hartshead,  so  important  in  family  history,  and 
familiar  to  us  as  household  word.  I  reached  it  through 
one  of  the  little  lanes  that  communicate  from  street  to 
street,  and  instantly  knew  its  circular  corner  and  bow-win- 
dow, —  not  changed  in  anything,  I  presume,  except  the 
marks  of  age.  With  what  interest  I  looked  at  it,  and 
thought  over  so  much  with  which  it  is  wound  up  in  my 
heart.  But  Eckington !  that  precious  old  hamlet,  with  what 
feelings  did  I  enter  its  precincts  and  walk  through  its  calm 
little  churchyard,  —  the  very  embodiment  of  the  immortal 
one  of  the  Elegy,  —  decipher  its  aged  and  half-obliterated 
gravestones  and  pace  the  aisles  of  its  venerable  church ! 
I  set  out  at  nine  this  morning,  the  train  stopping  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  the  village.  There  was  no  conveyance  to 
be  had  at  the  station,  so,  with  my  overcoat  over  my  arm,  I 
made  a  merit  of  necessity  and  walked.  And  soon  the  spire 
and  time-worn  tower  of  the  church  hove  in  view,  and  the 
bells  were  ringing  the  chimes  for  morning  service.  How 
sweetly  they  sounded  in  the  still  Sabbath  morning,  as  I  ad- 
vanced by  road  and  field  path  nearer  to  the  village ;  and  I 
thought  how  often  your  dear  father  had  listened  to  those 
same  bells,  and  with  what  pleasure  he  described  the  mode 
of  ringing  the  changes,  the  skill  and  strength  required. 
The  good  old  beadle  found  me  a  seat,  and  the  service  of 
the  old  Church  has  never,  I  am  sure  for  many  a  year,  been 
so  interesting  to  any  participant  as  was  this  morning's 
to  me.     The  lessons  were  read  by  Mr.  Estcourt,  a  brother 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  329 

of  our  friend,  General  Estcourt ;  the  sermon,  prercched  by  a 
clergyman  from  a  distant  parish.  After  service  the  sex- 
ton accompanied  me  through  the  churchj-ard  and  pointed 
out  the  grave  of  your  uncle  Thomas  Gales,  who,  I  found, 
died  July  5,  1787,  and  those  of  yoiu*  aunts,  —  the  inscrip- 
tions on  all  of  which  are  entirely  legible  and  unimpaired. 
1  cannot  express  to  you  how  the  well-sung  hymns  in  the 
church  and  the  standing  by  these  old  graves  affected  me. 
I  gathered  some  small  memorials  of  the  place,  and,  after 
chatting  w^ith  the  good  sexton  and  old  beadle  awhile  in  the 
nice  parlor  of  the  neat,  clean  little  inn  close  to  the  church, 
I  set  forth  on  my  walk  to  the  station.  I  passed  the  little 
stream  in  which  the  catastrophe  happened  to  your  aged 
great-grandfather,  and  in  which  your  brother  Joseph  has 
often  cast  his  pin  hook,  and  fancied  that  I  walked  the  old 
and  well-worn  path  by  which  your  father  and  mother  used 
to  take  their  afternoon  stroll  to  Eckington.  I  pondered 
these  things  as  I  pursued  my  way,  and  they  so  filled  my 
thoughts  that,   had  the  distance  been  twice  as  great,  it 

would  not  have  been  marked It  is  bedtime,  and  I 

have  ordered  a  cab  early  in  the  morning  to  drive  to  Bas- 
low  to  see  your  aunt.     So  good-night,  dear  wife. 

"■  Mo7iday  Evening.  — A  most  interesting  day  I  have  had, 
dear  wife.  When  undressing  last  night,  I  received  a  mes- 
sage from  the  Mount  that  your  aunt,  hearing  of  my  arri- 
val, had  returned,  and  expected  me  to  breakfast  this  morn- 
ing. So  at  nine  o'clock  I  found  her  awaiting  me,  and  I 
was  received  with  the  warmth  of  a  mother ;  she  was  much 

affected,    and  affected  me She    remembered  most 

surprisingly  every  member  of  the  family,  even  to  the  third 
generation.  She  spoke  a  good  deal  of  Mr.  Montgomery, 
his  excellence,  his  constant  friendship  and  his  deep,  endur- 
ing affection  for  your  parents  and  their  children I 

intended  leaving  Sheffield  this  afternoon  for  York,  but  your 


o 


30  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 


aunt  appeared  so  gratified  by  my  visit  and  so  reluctant  to 
part  with  me,  that  I  deferred  my  departure  until  to-morrow 
and  decided  to  spend  the  afternoon  at  far-famed  Chatsworth, 
twelve  miles  from  here.  I  accordingly  took  a  cab  to  Bars- 
low,  and  thence  walked  half  a  mile  or  so  through  the  park 
to  the  palace,  for  such  it  may  with  all  propriety  be  called. 
A  part  of  my  drive,  for  a  few  miles,  lay  across  the  moors,  a 
very  extensive  range  of  elevated  barren  country,  consisting 
of  long,  sloping  undulations  without  tree  or  house,  but  cov- 
ered with  a  thick  coat  of  purple  heather,  with  patches  of 
green  fern  that  combine  to  make  it  look  hke  vast  paintings. 
They  stretch  away  into  Derbyshire,  almost  to  Manchester, 
and  are  owned  by  the  nobility,  being  kept  as  preserves  for 
grouse  and  partridge,  several  coveys  of  which  I  saw  fly 
across  the  road.  But  Chatsworth  !  its  riches  and  grandeur 
and  beauties  far  surpassed  any  previous  imaginings.  The 
grounds,  the  gardens,  conservatories ;  the  fountains,  the  pic- 
turesque, artificial,  rocky,  rugged  cliffs  and  dells  and  caves, 
formed  of  huge  rough  rocks  brought  from  the  mountain 
back,  which  no  one  would  suppose  not  to  be  placed  there 
by  nature ;  the  great  palmery,  a  crystal  house  sixty  feet 
high,  with  exotic  trees  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  the  hot- 
test regions,  among  them  a  cocoanut-tree  reaching  the 
glass  dome,  —  this  glass  house  was  built  by  Sir  Joseph  Pax- 
ton,  and  furnished  the  model  for  the  great  Crystal  Palace  of 
1851  ;  then  the  treasures  of  art  in  painting  and  sculpture 
in  the  immense  galleries  of  the  palace,  —  all  made  up  a 
spectacle  which  exceeded  even  Windsor  in  its  wilderness  of 
beauty.  The  graperies  far  surpass  Hampton  Court,  and 
their  immense  extent,  the  great  variety  of  the  fruit,  and  its 
astonishing  size  could  but  interest  me.  One  species,  the 
Muscat,  or  Tokay,  I  am  not  certain  which,  had  berries 
more  than  three  inches  in  circumference.  I  would  have 
given  any  price  for  a  few  of  them  for  you,  had  they  been 


A   BlOGKAPillCAL   SKETCH.  331 

purchasable  and   possible   to  keep.      The  clusters  would 

weigh  more  than  three  pounds  each,  maybe  five 

And  now,  dear  wife,  having  finished  this  crude,  disjointed 
yarn  of  to-day's  proceedings,  and  it  being  late^  I  wdll  '  turn 

in '  and  dream  of  dear  home." 

• 

**  York,  September  20. 
" ....  I  reached  this  ancient  city  yesterday,  coming 
round  by  Lincoln  to  see  its  noble  old  cathedral,  hardly 
equalled  by  any  other  in  England,  and  the  couple  of  hours 
spent  in  going  through  it,  conducted  by  a  clever  guide, 
richly  repay  the  joui^ney.  It  is  immense  in  its  height  and 
proportions,  eight  or  nine  hundred  years  old,  its  outer  walls 
much  decayed  and  crumbled,  but  like  all  other  ancient 
ecclesiastical  houses  in  England  constantly  undergoing 
repair  and  renovation.  In  one  of  the  cloisters  I  saw  the, 
to  me,  curiosity  of  a  Roman  pavement,  some  fourteen  by 
eight  feet,  discovered  a  few  years  ago  in  excavating,  three 
feet  below  the  surface ;  it  is  composed  of  small  white  and 
greenish  cubes.  While  in  the  cathedral,  I  had  the  pleas- 
ure of  hearing  Great  Tom  of  Lincoln,  the  largest  bell  in 
England,  boom  out  the  hour.  In  the  afternoon  I  came 
on  to  Hull ;  and  the  next  day,  being  the  last  of  three  days 
of  a  great  cricket-match  between  Yorkshire  and  All  England, 
and  I  never  having  seen  the  game,  I  resolved  to  spend  an 
hour  or  two  on  the  cricket-gTound.  The  match  had  excited 
a  widespread  interest,  and  an  immense  number  of  specta- 
tors gathered.  How  your  dear  father  delighted  to  describe 
the  game  !  It  was  really  an  interesting  sight.  The  players 
numbered  about  thirty,  and  what  fine  specimens  of  men, 
so  athletic  and  well  formed  !  The  day  was  very  warm  for 
England,  and  they  w^ere  attired  in  cricket  dress.  How 
active  and  skilful  they  were  with  the  bat  and  balls  !  .  .  .  . 
I  have  spent  three  hours  in  visiting  the  celebrated  Y^ork 


332  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

Castle,  so  connected  -vvith  family  reminiscences,  as  well 
as  deeply  interesting  from  historical  association.  Of  the 
famed  castle  of  William  the  Conqueror  nothing  remains  but 
the  Keep,  high  up  on  a  steep  mound,  in  the  middle  of  the 
great  court  made  by  the  smTOunding  modem  prisons  and 
'court  buildings  ;  and  of  this  nothing  is  left  but  its  mossy, 
crumbling  great  walls  and  embrasures,  with  no  roof,  and 
^covered  all  over  inside  with  ivy.  But  the  noble,  the  mag- 
nificent, thrice  glorious  old  Minster  !  who  would  venture  to 
describe  it,  or  the  impressions  which  such  a  sight  for  the 
first  time  beheld  produces  ?  Westminster  Abbey  of  itself, 
independently  of  its  monuments,  cannot  vie  with  it.  There 
is  more  curious  and  elaborate  carving  in  Lincoln  Cathedral 
than  in  this,  but  the  vastness  and  grandeur  of  this  great 
shrine  rise  indeed  to  the  sublime.  The  ten-o'clock  morn- 
ing service,  which  takes  place  every  day  in  all  cathedrals, 
—  honorable  custom,  —  was  about  to  begin,  and  I  stayed 
through  it  to  hear  the  chanting,  accompanied  by  the  power- 
ful organ.  I  was  standing  in  the  centre  of  the  great  tran- 
sept, looking  up  at  its  impressive  height,  when  the  rolling 
volume  of  harmony  struck  my  ear,  and  reverberated  through 
the  clustered  columns  and  aisles  and  arches  of  the  vast  pile. 
The  only  drawback  to  these  relished  enjoyments  is  that  I 
am  alone  ;  that  you,  dear  wife,  are  not  with  me  to  partici- 
pate in  them.  T  have  returned  to  the  '  Black  Swan '  to  post 
up  my  crude  diary " 

An  amusing  commentary  on  the  ignorance  respect- 
ing America,  pervading  even  the  educated  and  higher 
classes  in  England,  was  the  remark  to  Mr.  Seaton  of 
the  Governor  of  York  Castle,  who,  on  discovering  his 
visitor  to  be  an  American,  exclaimed,  with  surprise, 
"Why,  you  speak  English  very  well."  "  Yes,"  quietly 
replied  Mr.  Seaton,  "you  speak  it  pretty  well  yourself." 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  333 

**  Edinburgh,  Saturday,  September  22, 
*'  I  am  able  at  last,  clearest  wife,  to  write  you  a  line  from 

the  ancient,  and  most  interesting  capital  of  Scotland 

From  York  we  passed  through  Newcastle  and  Berwick,  — 
the  former  a  manufacturing  place,  in  a  deep  dell  on  the 
Tyne,  dark  and  smoky  as  a  hundred  great  chimneys  con- 
stantly vomiting  black  smoke  from  its  proverbial  coals  could 
make  it,  and  has  in  good  preservation  an  old  tower  of  the 
time  of  AVilham  the  Conqueror.  The  second,  a  walled  city 
on  the  Tweed,  a  frontier  town,  which  has  stood  many  a  sieoe 
in  the  border  wars  of  the  olden  time,  and  a  place  of  much 
historical  interest.  On  our  route  we  stopped  two  hours, 
between  one  train  and  its  successor,  to  visit  Alnwick  Castle, 
the  ancient  seat,  as  you  know,  of  the  Percys,  to  which  there 
is  a  branch  railroad  of  four  miles.  It  is  an  extensive  and 
impressive  specimen  of  the  old  feudal  stronghold  and  palace, 
w4th  its  high  walls  and  battlements,  and  towers  and  moat. 
As  the  home  of  Hotspm-,  and  a  place  of  so  much  importance 
in  the  civil  wars,  it  could  not  fail  to  be  interestino- 

"  We  reached  this  truly  noble  city  at  night.  It  would  be 
impossible  to  picture  to  you  its  great  peculiarities  and  its 
pre-eminent  beauties.  A  deep  ravine  —  now  turned  to  the 
most  ornate  account  by  grassy  slopes  and  walks  and  beds 
of  flowers  —  divides  the  towering  old  town  from  the  splen- 
did new  one,  —  the  two  looking  at  each  other  from  opjjosite 
heights.  In  a  deep  walled  trench,  as  it  were,  in  the  centre 
of  the  ravine,  and  its  sweet  though  nan-ow  grounds,  the 
railroad  runs,  bringing  the  terminus  to  the  centre  of  the 
city.  When  I  looked  up  to  the  right,  towards  the  old  town, 
with  its  nine  and  ten  storied  houses,  it  appeared  like  the 
dark  face  of  a  perpendicular  mountain,  wdth  long  galleries, 
away  up  one  above  the  other,  of  lights,  there  being  noth- 
ing visible  in  the  darkness  but  these  lines  of  glittering  win- 
dows.    After  coming  up  to  our  quarters  in  the  new  town 


334  WILLIAM    WIXSTOX    SEATON. 

I  sat  until  bedtime  looking  across  at  the  novel  and  strik- 
ing spectacle.  This  morning  betimes  we  were  on  the 
peak  of  Calton  Hill,  enjoying  the  beautiful  and  most  pic- 
turesque panorama  of  the  city  below,  the  neighboring  emi- 
nences of  Arthur's  Seat  and  Salisbury  Crags,  the  high- 
perched  old  castle  on  its  rocky  cliff,  all  bordered  away  off, 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  by  lovely  fields  and  the  high- 
est cultivation.  All  these  points  of  interest  we  have  vis- 
ited, and  such  others  in  the  old  town  as  Scott's  stories  have 
made  familiar,  and  then  to  Holyrood,  —  a  spot  of  sad- 
dening, most  touching  interest.  Its  faded  decorations,  its 
gloomy  halls,  and  dilapidated  architecture  could  not  be 
viewed  without  pain,  the  mind  recun-ing  to  the  periods  of 
its  brillianc}'',  and  the  career  of  its  beautiful,  unfortunate, 
and  immortal  mistress.  The  once  almost  peerless  chapel  is 
roofless,  ruined,  and  in  an  almost  prostrate  condition.  It 
would  be  idle,  however,  to  attempt  to  convey  to  you  an 
idea  of  these  interesting  memorials  or  the  emotions  they 
produced.  I  will  now  take  a  walk  through  the  charming 
new  town  and  resume  my  memoranda  to-morrow. 

"  Sunday,  P.  M.  —  .  .  .  .  The  striking  features  of  this 
noble  city,  which  I  have  already  seen,  have  convinced  me 
that  in  picturesque  beauty  there  can  hardly  be  any  compar- 
able to  it,  and  I  am  quite  prepared  to  agree  with  G.  that 
in  urban  elegance  the  new  town  has  no  equal.  We  have 
heard  of  ^uld  Reekie  and  its  noisome  streets  and  closes  so 
long,  that  I  was  unprepared  for  the  breadth  of  the  famous 
Cannon-gate  and  High  Street  of  the  old  town,  and  the  gen- 
eral cleanliness  of  its  thoroughfares.  And  what  a  teeming 
population  pouring  through  its  wynds,  so  decent  in  appear- 
ance, so  orderly  !  The  beauty  of  the  hew  town,  its  fine  long 
rows  of  elegant,  large,  hewn  stone  houses,  the  breadth  and 
number  of  its  streets,  the  beauty  and  richness  of  its  shops 
quite  equalling  Regent  Street,  all  surpass  my  previous  con- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  335 

ception We  shall  set  out  for  Glasgow  in  the  morn- 
ing, via  Stirling,  and  Lochs  Katrine  and  Lomond,  making 
it  all  in  one  day " 

"Trosachs  Hotel,  Monday  Night. 
"  Our  progress,  dearest  wife,  is  much  slower  than  I  ex- 
pected. We  left  Edinburgh  at  eight  this  morning,  and 
arriving  at  Stirling  at  ten,  stopped  there  two  hours  to 
view  the  famous  castle  and  town,  the  scene  of  so  many  ro- 
mantic events  in  Scottish  histoiy.  The  castle  answ^ers 
fully  in  its  lofty  position,  extent,  strength,  and  picturesque- 
ness  to  all  the  views  we  have  had  of  it ;  and  there  was  a 
drill  going  on  within  its  walls,  when  we  entered,  of  the 
42d  Highland  Regiment,  originally  the  celebrated  Black 
Watch,  in  their  striking  national  dress ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
lower  limbs  in  no  costume  at  all.  The  reiriment  itself  is 
now  in  the  Crimea,  but  this  was  a  body  of  four  hundred 
men,  enlisted  and  drilled  to  send  out  and  fill  up  the  thin- 
ning of  its  ranks  by  war.  From  the'  battlements  we  see  the 
field  of  Bannockburn.  On  our  way  to  Stirling  we  passed, 
among  other  objects  of  interest,  the  fine  ruin  of  Linlithgow 
Castle,  where  Mary  was  born.  There  is  no  conveyance  fi-om 
Stirling  to  the  lochs  except  omnibuses  and  cabs,  so  in  one 
of  the  latter  we  reached  this  heroic  region  at  five,  unable 
to  proceed  farther  to-day,  the  steamer  not  leaving  the  head 
of  Loch  Katrine  until  the  morning.  I  have  taken  a  long 
walk  ■  up  the  wild  and  romantic  glenfinlass,  and  also  gone 
through  the  ceremony  of  tea,  and  now  bring  my  journal  up 
to  the  close  of  day " 

"Head  of  Loch  Lomoxd,  Tuesday. 

"  We  are  left  here  high  and  dry,  for  three  or  four  hours, 

until  the  steamer  from  below  shall  call  and  take  us  to 

Glasgow.     We  came   over  to  Loch  Katrine  this  morning, 

being  brought  in  its  little  steamer  ten  miles,  up  to  its  head, 


336  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

in  an  hour,  and  thither  by  coach  in  another  hour.  When 
lo !  the  Loch  Lomond  steamer  will  not  arrive  for  some 
hours  ;  so  here  we  are  at  the  little  Scotch  inn  to  kick  our 
heels  and  kill  the  time  as  best  we  may,  —  which  I  employ 

in  jotting  down  a  line  to  you The  lochs  are  certainly 

very  pretty,  and  the  mountains  may  be  termed  grand ;  but 
except  for  the  scenes  of  imaginary  incidents  made  famous 
by  Scott 's  magic  pen,  they  would  scarcely  be  worth  the 
trouble  of  coming  so  far  to  see,  by  any  one  so  familiar  as 
I  am  with  the  mountains  and  lakes,  large  and  small,  of  our 
own  country.  The  mountains  here,  of  Lomond  and  Levis, 
are  a  little  higher ;  but  this  celebrated  Lake  of  Lomond 
does  not  surpass  in  beauty  or  grandeur  Lake  George,  and 
there  is  no  story  connected  with  this  lake,  in  all  of  Scott's 
charming  fictions,  more  thrilling  than  the  one  related  of 
Lake  George  in  our  romance  of  the  Huron  Chief,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  scenes  by  which  that  and  other  of  our  beau- 
tiful inland  seas  have  been  commemorated  by  Cooper.  But 
the  Helens  and  Macgregors,  and  Fitz-Jameses  and  Roderick 
Dhus  have  imparted  a  classic  character  and  vivid  life  to 
these  mountains  which  will  be  perpetuated  with  all  of  Brit- 
ish origin.  I  feel  a  good  deal  of  it  myself,  and  you  may  well 
imagine  that  I  could  not  pass  by  Falkirk,  and  Bannockburn, 
and  Sheriff"  Muir  without  having  my  interest  in  the  chival- 
ric  deeds  enacted  on  their  fields  centuries  ago  keenly  ex- 
cited. On  our  way  from  Stirling,  the  post-boy  diverged 
from  the  public  road  to  drive  us  through  the  park  of  Drum- 
mond,  —  a  princely  one  it  is,  and  such  magnificent  trees  I 
have  hardly  seen  in  England.  We  traversed  nearly  three 
miles  in  passing  through  it  on  the  finest  road,  made  for  the 
accommodation  of  travellers  desiring  to  see  the  park,  as 
well  as  for  the  pleasure  of  the  noble  owner.  But  the 
steamer  is  in  sight,  so  for  the  present  good  by,  my  dearest 
wife.     Glasgow  will  not  detain  me  more  than  half  a  day, 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  337 

as  there  are  few  objects  in  that  great  but  manufacturing 
city  to  keep  me  longer  from  Oxford,  where  my  dear  home 
letters  await  me " 

"Glasgow,  Wednesday,  2  p.  m. 
"  We  reached  here  last  night,  after  a  raw,  cold,  uncomfort- 
able voyage  down  Loch  Lomond  —  which  1  must  now  ad- 
mit is  very  fine  and  its  mountains  superb  —  in  a  miserable 
little  crowded  steamer,  thence  by  rail  and  another  vile 
steamer  on  the  Clyde,  —  a  dirty  stream  not  twice  as  wide 
as  the  Washington  Canal.  This  is  a  fine  city  indeed,  and 
so  full  of  life  and  business,  with  above  four  hundred  thou- 
sand inhabitants,  and  large,  broad,  regular,  well-paved,  and 
clean  streets  lined  with  splendid  shops.  I  went  through  a 
mercantile  establishment,  Stewart  and  MacDonald's,  —  more 
extensive  than  Stewart's  of  New  York.  I  visited  of  course 
the  old  cathedral  and  its  remarkable  crypt ;  but  the  most 
astonishing  things  I  have  looked  at  here  are  the  great  ma- 
chine works  of  Napier,  and  the  immense  iron  Cunard 
steamer  Persia  (four  thousand  tons),  now  taking  in  her  vast 
engines,  which  I  went  on  board  to  examine  ;  both  were 
truly  wonderful.  AVishing,  for  the  sake  of  Mr.  Donoho  and 
my  other  Irish  friends,  to  tread  the  soil  of  old  Ireland,  and 
take  a  look  at  the  Hill  of  Howth,  if  nothing  more  (Donny- 
brook  Fair,  the  great  institution  of  the  island,  has  been 
abolished),  without  going  via  England,  I  shall  take  the  mail 
steamer  this  evening  for  Belfast  and  go  on  board  in  a  few 
minutes ;  so  farewell,  dearest  wife.  To-morrow  I  hope  to 
open  my  eyes  on  the  hills  of  Antrim,  and  be  able  to  resume 
my  pen  at  '  Dublin's  fair  city.' " 

"  Dublin,  September  27. 
"  After  a  calm  night  and  a  quiet  passage  across  the 
Irish  Sea,  we  reached  Belfast  at  five  a.  m.,  and  taking  the 
cars  arrived  here  at  middav,  an  hour  a^'o.      While  wait- 

15  V 


338  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

ing  for  the  train  at  Belfast,  I  drove  to  look  at  its  beautiful 
Queen's  College,  an  extensive  and  very  fine  Gothic  building 
recently  erected.  As  far  as  I  have  seen  this  place,  it  is  a 
noble  city.  Sackville  Street,  on  which  my  hotel  is  situated, 
is  a  princely  one,  finer  even  than  Argyle  or  other  of  the 
handsome  streets  of  Glasgow.  I  write  this  much  before  I 
have  seen  it,  as  I  must  mail  these   disjointed  notes  for  the 

American    steamer And    now,    my    dearest    wife, 

Heaven  bless  you  and  all  at  our  dear  home. 
"Ever  your  affectionate  husband, 

"W.  W.  Seaton." 

"Wateeford,  Sunday,  September  30,  1855. 

"  My  dear  Thomas,  —  As  I  have  ventured  into  the  land 
of  the  O'Douohues,  —  the  origin  of  which  patronymic  I  un- 
derstand to  be  '  Hy-dim-na-moi^  the  '  chiefs  of  the  hill  of 
the  plains,'  meaning  the  Rock  of  Cashel,  —  being,  as  I  have 
said,  in  the  land  of  that  great,  ancient  race,  I  think  it  due 
to  report  the  fact  to  their  representative  in  the  distant 
Hesperia,  and  therefore  while  waiting  the  departm-e  of  the 
train  which  will  take  me  back  to  Dublin,  I  occupy  the  time 
in  sending  you  a  few  words. 

"  I  have  been  in  the  island  but  three  days,  yet  have  trav- 
elled over  not  less  than  six  hundred  miles  of  its  fine  roads, 
—  my  limited  time  denying  me  anything  beyond  a  cursory 
glance  at  town  and  country  in  my  rapid  movements.  I 
came  over  from  Glasgow  to  Belfast  on  Thursday  morning, 
thence  by  rail  to  Dublin ;  went  through  that  fine  city,  in- 
cluding the  Phaynix  Park  (seventeen  hundred  acres)  in  the 
afternoon.  Friday  to  Gal  way  (a  lively,  handsome,  busy 
town,,  and  where  I  saw  good  old  Father  Gill) ;  thence,  as 
there  was  no  ready  conveyance  across  to  Limerick,  back  to 
Dublin.  On  Saturday  morning  took  the  rail  to  Cork,  one 
hundred  and  sixty-four  miles,  and  so  by  Kilmallock,  Tip- 
perary,  and  Clonmel  to  this  city,  whence  I  shall  go  by  the 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  339 

way  of  Glenvallyvally,  Kilkenny,  Kildare  to  Dublin  and  so 
to  Holyhead.  So  you  see  my  tour  has  been  pretty  exten- 
sive, if  it  has  not  aftbrded  me  oj^port unity  for  minute  ob- 
servation. As  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  judge,  the  country 
fully  merits  its  character  for  fertility  and  beauty,  and  is 
capable  of  supporting  in  comfort  five  times  its  present  popu- 
lation. If  inferior  to  the  sister  islands  in  agricultural  beau- 
ty, it  is  from  bad  systems  of  rack-renting,  the  habits  of  the 
peasantry,  the  effect  of  political  agitation,  agitators,  j^t^cJu- 
dices,  and  absenteeism. 

"  But  the  late  act  for  selling  the  encumbered  estates  will 
work  a  great  revolution  in  the  social  condition  of  Ireland,  by 
abolishing  the  middle-men,  and  making  the  actual  cultivator 
the  only  renter  and  tenant.  It  has  disposed  of  many  large 
estates  to  new  hands,  and  its  good  fruits  begin  already  to 
be  perceptible  in  improved  cottages,  and  neatness  of  hus- 
bandry. Prejudice  and  suffering  have  driven  so  many 
hundreds  of  thousands  away  during  the  last  ten  years,  as 
to  have  given  a  desolate  appearance  to  many  parts  of  the 
country,  every  mile  exhibiting  roofless,  deserted  cabins,  and 
neglected  fields.  Such  must  necessarily  be  the  aspect  of  a 
country  which  has  in  a  few  years  lost  by  pestilence,  famine, 
and  emigration  one  eighth  of  its  population.  This  emigra- 
tion, however,  has  been  of  vast  benefit  to  our  country  phys- 
ically ;  for  although  the  emigrants  have  most  deplorably 
damaged  our  j^olitical  interests,  they  have  enabled  us  to 
execute  the  great  works  of  internal  improvement  which 
could  not  otherwise  have  been  can-ied  out  for  many  years, 
so  we  must  balance  the  account  by  placing  material  advan- 
tage against  political  detriment. 

"I  was  surprised  at  the  general  level  nature  of  the 
country,  at  least  throughout  the  midland. counties.  It  was 
only  hilly  or  mountainous  as  we  approached  the  coast,  with 
two  or  three  exceptions.     There  is  a  good  deal  of  stone  in 


340  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

some  districts,  resembling  much  parts  of  Massachusetts, 
especially  in  Galway,  the  derivative  of  which,  by  the  way,  sig- 
nifies its  character,  being  in  the  Gaelic,  or  Celtic,  Guallief^ — 
stony  land.  Speaking  of  Galway,  to  show  the  deserted  state 
of  some  portions  of  the  island.  Father  Gill  mentioned  that 
in  a  single  village  in  his  parish,  where  ten  years  ago  there 
were  twenty  occupied  cottages,  there  is  now  but  one,  —  the 
other  nineteen  abandoned,  roofless,  and  tumbling  down. 
But,  as  a  young  man  said  to  me  last  night  in  the  coffee-room, 
'  we  have  got  rid  of  the  agitators  and  the  middle-men,  the 
"  Encumbered  Estates  Act "  has  emancipated  the  small 
holders,  the  people  are  attending  to  their  proper  business, 
the  country  has  not  for  years  been  so  quiet,  and  it  will  now, 
God  willing,  begin  to  prosper.'  He  spoke  very  feelingly, 
and  I  believe  correctly.  I  have  no  doubt,  ft-om  what  I  have 
seen,  that  under  a  proper  system  four  fifths  of  the  island 
might  be  made  a  rich  garden,  equal  to  England,  or  even  the 
lowlands  of  Scotland,  which  surpass,  if  possible,  England 
herself  in  agricultural  beauty.  It  was  melancholy  to  see 
so  many  fields  between  Belfast  and  Dublin  lying  waste, 
grown  up  with  thistles  and  weeds.  But  a  better  day  is 
dawning  for  Erin  ;  she  has  peace,  and  will  erelong  have 
prosperity.  I  have  seen  many  remains  of  ancient  feudal 
and  ecclesiastical  grandeur  in  the  ruins  of  castles  and 
abbeys.  On  the  way  to  Galway  I  passed  Mullingan  and 
Athlone  and  the  Curragh  of  Kildare.  I  have  seen  the  Hill 
of  Howth,  and  passed  old  Blarney  Castle,  where  the  famous 
and  miraculous  stone  is  ;  but  rail  trains  have  little  senti- 
ment, for  they  would  not  stop  to  let  me  imbibe  inspiration 
by  a  kiss.  The  national  institution  of  Donny brook  Fair, 
w^here  flourished  the  '  sprigs  of  shillelagh  and  shamrocks  so 
green,'  and  where  each  b'hoy  '  met  his  friend,  and  for  love 
knocked  him  down,'  no  longer  exists  ;  it  has  been  barbar- 
ously abolished.     They  tried  to  revive  it  at  another  place, 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.       •  341 

but  it  proved  a  dead  failure,  as  they  could  not  get  up  five 
fights  during  the  day.  Having  seen  the  chief  natural  curi- 
osities of  the  island,  I  have  also  had  opportunities  of  admir- 
ing its  great  artificial  one,  for  I  have  been  driven  in  a 
jaunting-car,  —  the  most  extraordinary,  most  awkward,  most 
uneasy,  and  most  horrible  vehicle  that  the  wit  of  man  ever 
devised. 

"  I  am  writing  in  full  view  of,  and  not  fifty  yards  from, 
an  old  tower  built  by  the  Danes  more  than  a  thousand  years 
ago  as  a  fort.  It  is  in  good  preservation,  and  now  used  as 
the  city  prison " 

"London,  October  2. 
"  I  came  fi'om  Waterford  to  Dublin  on  Sunday,  stopping 
an  hour  at  Kilkenny.  At  Oxford  I  remained  two  hours 
examining  its  noble  and  unrivalled  colleges.  At  Kilkenny 
I  saw  the  grand  old  castle  of  Ormond,  a  baronial  residence 
worthy  of  that  gi^eat  and  renowned  family.  On  arriving  at 
Dublin  I  found  an  invitation  from  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  Earl 
of  Carlisle,  to  dine  at  the  palace,  but  it  would  have  detained 

me  beyond  my  time 

"  Yours  with  constant  regard, 

"W.  W.  Seaton. 
"Major  Thomas  Donoho." 

Mr.  Seaton  truly  appreciated  the  virtues,  the  warm 
heart,  the  instant  sensibility,  the  wit  and  delicious 
humor  of  the  Irish  nature,  and  in  return  was  enthu- 
siastically regarded  by  his  Irish  constituents,  who 
found  in  him  personally  a  beneficent  friend,  and  who 
never  forgot  that  to  his  large  sympathy  their  famish- 
ing countrymen  were  indebted  for  bread.  On  the 
occasion  of  a  St.  Patrick  festival,  Mr.  Seaton  thus 
alludes  to  his  glimpse  of  the  "  Gem  of  the  Sea  "  :  — 

"  Colonel   Seaton,  who   has  so  frequently  officiated   at 


o 


42  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 


similar  celebrations,  gave  great  satisfaction  by  the  graceful 
manner  in  which  he  discharged  the  duties  of  the  Chair. 
The  following  toast  was  then  offered  and  drunk  with  enthu- 
siasm :  — 

" '  Colonel  W.  W.  Seaton,  the  friend  of  Ireland  and  Irish- 
men. The  alacrity  with  which  he  attends  on  all  occasions 
our  national  festival,  shows  that  his  heart  is  in  the  right 
place.' 

"  Mr.  Seaton  acknowledged  in  felicitous  terms  the  honor 
conferred  on  him,  and  the  compliment  which  his  selec- 
tion as  chairman  implied.  He  paid  a  glowing  tribute  to  St. 
Patrick,  whose  labors  in  the  cause  of  civilization  and  Chris- 
tianity had  conferred  such  lasting  benefits  on  Ireland,  and, 
through  its  men  of  letters  and  missionaries,  upon  all  Europe. 
A  descendant  of  Scotchmen,  he  had  nothing  in  common  with 
the  people  of  the  sister  isle  except  that  he  belonged  to  the 
same  Celtic  race.  He  had,  however,  always  felt  much 
interest  in  whatever  concerned  Irishmen,  and  during  a  visit 
to  the  British  Islands  a  few  years  ago  he  passed  over  from 
the  romantic  glens  and  garden  lowlands  of  Scotland  to  the 
green  hills  and  fertile  plains  of  old  Ireland,  and  during  a 
rapid  though  pretty  extensive  tour,  he  was  truly  glad  to  find 
everywhere  evidences  of  improved  agriculture  and  returning 
prosperity.  He  adverted  incidentally  to  some  of  the  causes 
to  which  he  conceived  the  amelioration  of  the  condition 
of  the  country  was  due ;  and  concluded  by  expressing  his 
pleasure  at  finding  himself  once  more  in  festive  communion 
with  so  many  to  whose  support  he  had  been  in  times  past 
largely  and  repeatedly  indebted  for  the  highest  honors 
of  the  city,  —  honors  of  which  he  should  ever  be  proud, 
and  which  he  believed  he  could  say  with  truth  he  would 
rather  wear  again,  were  he  young  enough,  than  even  the 
high  but  harassing  ones  of  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  Re- 
public." 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  343 

"  Paris,  October  5,  9  A.  m. 

"  My  dearest  Wife,  —  My  last  letter  brought  my  weekly 

report  down  to  yesterday  afternoou  in  London We 

reached  Dover  at  near  midnight,  and  went  on  board  the 
Channel  steamer,  but  she  could  not  get  out  before  3  a.  m., 
when  the  tide  made.  It  was  a  rainy,  bad,  dark  night ;  the 
boat  a  little,  confined,  miserable  atlair,  not  larger  than  one 
of  our  Alexandiia  ferry-boats,  but  strong  ;  the  men's  cabin 
not  so  large  as  our  little  front  parlor,  and  into  that  all  the 
male  passengers  had  to  stow,  from  the  bad  weather  on  deck  ; 
no  berths  but  the  cushioned  bench  seats,  and  no  comfort  of 
any  kind ;  and  there  we  remained  packed  until  we  put  out 
into  a  heavy  sea,  and  then  lor  two  hours  were  rolling  and 
pitching  as  if  the  cockle-shell  would  roll  clean  over  or  go 

under I  was  ensconced  on    a  sort  of  upper  shelf, 

where  I  lay  witnessing  this  scene,  for  sleep  was  impossible, 
and  wretched  enough,  but  not  the  slightest  sick.  We  at 
last  got  across,  and  at  once  took  the  train,  accomplishing  in 
nine  hours  the  two  hundred  miles  between  Calais  and  this 
most  magnificent,  most  polished  city,  the  undisputed  metrop- 
olis of  the  world.  We  drove  to  the  lodgings  of  our  amiable 
and  able  correspondent,  Mr.  Mann,  who  instantly  and  most 
zealously  embarked  in  my  service,  and  after  an  hour's  indus- 
trious search  (for  the  city  is  excessively  full  of  strangers, 
and  desirable  lodgings  difficult  to  find),  we  succeeded  in 
obtaining  rooms  in  the  Hotel  Choiseul,  Rue  St.  Honore,  not 
far  from  the  Place  Vendome. 

"  We  have  for  four  hours  visited  some  of  the  more  strik- 
ing points  of  this  emporium  of  the  grand  and  beautiful. 
We  walked  from  the  Place  Vendome,  where  stands  on  the 
lofty  and  celebrated  column  the  statue  of  Napoleon  the 
First,  through  street  after  street  of  colonnades  and  grand 
houses  to  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  the  Champs  Elysees, 
till  it  grew  to  night,  and  T  have  returned  to  bring  up  for 
you  a  sketch  of  my  movements 


o 


44  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 


"Saturday  Night. 
".  .  .  .  Such  acquaintances  as  I  have  met  are  as  much 
amazed  at  seeing  me  in  Europe  as  I  am  to  find  myself  here ; 
and  \yell  they  may  be.  The  first  one  who  stumbled  over 
me  was  Mr.  H.,  who,  as  I  was  going  to  a  cafe  to  breakfast, 
suddenly  seized  me  by  the  shoulders  with  such  a  grip  that 
I  doubted  not  the  police  with  a  lettre  de  cachet  had  got  me. 
'  Of  course  I  must  dine  with  him,'  but  this  I  must  decline, 
having  no  time.  An  hour  after,  I  met  Mme.  C.  de  la  B.  on 
the  boulevard,  who  was  equally  astounded  at  my  appari- 
tion and  most  earnestly  cordial My  attention  of 

course  was  due  to  our  Minister,  whose  wife  I  found  at  home, 
—  her  reception-day.  Were  I  her  father,  she  could  not 
have  given  me  a  warmer  welcome,  or  introduced  me  to 
her  guests  with  more  empressement ;  while  for  you  her  in- 
quiries were  as  affectionate  as  if  for  a  sister.     Mr.  M.  was 

equally  kind They  pressed  me  to  drive  to-morrow 

to  the  Bois  de  Boulogne  and  dine.     The  drive   I  accept, 

dinner  decline What  a  city  it  is,  in  its  magnificent 

proportions,  finely  paved,  noble  streets,  beautiful,  lofty, 
cream-colored,  finely  cut  stone  houses,  its  Places,  avenues, 
palaces,  jardins,  grand  ancient  hotels  of  the  Montmorencis, 
the  Guises,  and  the  old  historic  names  !  And  the  gardens 
of  the  Luxembourg,  the  exquisite  drives,  the  ever-shifting 
scene  of  gay  splendor  !  The  present  Emperor  has  done, 
and  is  still  doing,  more  to  improve  and  adorn  the  capital 
than  any  predecessor.  He  cuts  without  hesitation  through 
half  a  mile  of  an  old,  confused,  crowded  district,  to  open  a 
grand  avenue  to  some  other,  or  to  continue  some  beautiful 
street  or  boulevard,  upon  which  is  forthwith  erected  long 
uniform  rows  of  stone  houses.  This  afternoon  I  went  to 
the  '  Exposition  Universelle ' ;  and  great  it  certainly  is,  far 
exceeding  the  most  labored  description  to  convey  an  idea  of 
its  vastness  and  boundless  riches  in  works  of  human  skill. 


A  BIOGllArillCAL   SKEICII.  345 

in  eveiy  form  of  fabric,  of  the  loom,  of  gold,  jewels,  and 
porcelain,  and  thousands  of  art  treasures.  Shawls  I  saw 
marked  ten  thousand  francs,  and  lace  dresses  fifteen  thou- 
sand francs.  I  should  think  such  exhibitions  so  likely  to 
craze  the  brain  of  many  women  who  would  have  to  long  in 
vain  for  such  gorgeous  attire,  that  from  the  mere  dictates 
of  humanity  they  ought  to  be  suppressed.  But  my  candle 
is  burnt  out,  and  I  must  bid  you  good  night." 

"  Sunday  Night. 
"  It  has  rained  so  steadily  all  day  that  I  took  for  gi-anted 
Mrs.  M.  would  not  drive,  so  I  assumed  our  engagement  to 
be  ex  necessitate  released ;  but  I  have  spent  the  day  as  if  it 
had  been  clear.  I  began  my  rounds  at  nine,  and  we  went 
afoot  and  in  cabs  to  many  quarters  of  the  immense  city, 
whose  greatness  and  gxandeur  grow  on  one  at  every  step ; 
among  other  places  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  and  the  exten- 
sive galleries  of  natm-al  history  connected  with  it.  Merely 
to  enumerate  the  objects  viewed  during  the  day  would  fa- 
tigue, not  interest  you,  and  my  midnight  chats,  as  it  were, 
permit  nothing  moi'e  in  detail ;  but  I  must  mention  venera- 
ble Notre  Dame,  the  Invalides,  Tuileries,  and  above  all  for 
a  gem  of  interest,  the  chapel  of  St.  Louis,  —  an  enclosure, 
above  the  base,  of  one  entire  mass  of  richly  stained  glass, 
ancient  and  modern.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  in  '89  by 
the  monsters  who  broke  open  the  tomb  and  scattered  the 
ashes  of  Du  Guesclin  and  murdered  their  queen,  but  was 
restored  by  Louis  Philippe,  and  is  now  undergoing  further 
adornment  by  the  present  great  imperial  patron  of  Paris. 

Good  night." 

"  Monday  Night. 

"  Soon  after  breakfast  we  set  out  on  our  daily  tour,  the 
morning  being  occupied  with  few  objects,  but  of  much  in- 
terest. The  first,  Pere  la  Chaise,  the  great  cemetery  for 
the  opulent  and  eminent,  and  temporarily,  three  or  four 

15* 


346  AVILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

years,  for  the  poor,  ^Yhose  remains  after  the  stij^ulated  time 
are  removed.  So  indeed  are  those  of  all  others,  high  and 
low,  who  have  not  purchased  a  '  concession  2>er2oetuelle.''  It 
is  strictly  a  great  city  of  the  dead,  consisting  of  long  streets 
of  handsofiie  vaults,  all  above  ground,  like  small  stone 
lodges  of  various  plans  and  devices.  Every  tomb,  as  you 
know,  especially  of  the  more  humble,  being  decorated  with 
chaplets  of  immortelles,  supplied  by  the  shops  for  their  sale 
w^hich  line  the  approach  to  the  gates.  From  the  eminence 
of  the  cemetery  we  had  a  fine  view  of  Paris  in  its  noble 

proportions The  Bois  de  Boulogne  —  for  thick 

wood  it  is  and  not  open  park  —  was  destroyed  by  the  in- 
vaders in  1815  for  fuel,  but  was  subsequently  replanted  by 
Louis  Philippe,  and  is  now  of  handsome  size.  The  present 
Emperor  has  made  a  grand  avenue .  out  of  the  city  to  it, 
and  has  in  every  way  greatly  improved  and  beautified  it. 
It  is  of  great  extent,  several  hundred  acres,  furnishing 
various  delightful  winding  drives  over  the  finest  roads, 
which  one  may  pursue  for  hours  without  repassing  the 
same  one I  cannot  accept  these  pressing  invita- 
tions, kind  as  they  are.  Truth  to  say,  in  the  evening 
I  am  tired  out,  and  want  to  dine  quietly  and  enjoy  my 


cigar. 


**  Tuesday  Night. 
"  It  has  rained  drearily  all  day,  but  I  faced  the  weather 
to  visit  the  tomb  of  Napoleon,  a  most  gorgeous  and  most 
impressive  object.  The  body  is  not  yet  placed  in  the  splen- 
did porphyry  sarcophagus  prepared  for  it,  but  lies  in  a  small 
grated  room,  in  a  plain  black  marble  tomb,  with  his  sword 
and  well-known  little  cocked  hat  placed  before  it.  Relics  do 
not  usually  have  much  efi'ect  on  me,  but  these  personal  me- 
morials brought  me,  in  the  presence,  too,  of  his  actual  body, 
in  such  close  proximity  to  that  great,  most  wonderful  man, 
who  had  in  long  years  past  filled  my  own  soul,  as  every 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  347 

other,  with  deep  and  daily  interest,  that  I  could  not  con- 
template them  without  emotion,  and  a  good  deal  of  spon- 
taneous moralizing This  afternoon  we  set  out  for 

the  Rhine,  and  a  little  toiu'  in  Germany.  We  go  at  5  p.  m., 
sleep  at  Epernay  to-night,  and  Manheim  to-morrow.  I  met 
Mr.  W.  B.  H.  just  now,  W'ho  nearly  devoured  me " 

**  Manheim,  on  the  Khine,  October  11,  1855. 
"  My  dearest  Wife,  —  When  you  read  the  above  date 
you  will  think  I  am  putting  half  the  globe  between  us,  but  in 
these  days  of  steam  a  score  of  hundred  miles  are  accom- 
plished  as  if  by  magic,  and  I  am  now  near  my  extreme  point 
from  you,  and  hope  in  a  short  time  to  turn  my  face  home- 
wards. We  halted  last  night  at  Epernay,  a  principal  town 
in  the  champagne  wine  district  of  France,  where  I  was  glad 
to  spend  an  hour  or  two  in  viewing  the  vine  fields,  the 
character  of  the  fruit,  the  wine-making,  it  being  the  height 
of  the  vintage,  and  the  great  wine-vaults  of  M.  Moet.  We 
rose  at  six,  and  before  seven  had  ascended  a  long  hill  (the 
vineyards  are  generally  on  the  sides  and  tops  of  hills  both 
in  this  country  and  on  the  Rhine),  and  were  quickly  in  a 
field  of  two  hundred  acres,  among  the  gatherers.  After 
satisfying  our  curiosity  we  returned  to  breakfast,  wdien,  hav- 
ing still  two  hours  before  the  train  started,  we  spent  them 
in  going  through  M.  Moet's  immense  vaults.  They  consist 
of  long  arched  galleries  cut  out  of  the  soft  chalky  stone,  two 
sets,  one  below  the  other,  and  their  aggregate  length  is  esti- 
mated at  six  miles,  comprehending  an  area  of  six  acres  under 
ground.  There  were  a  million  of  bottles  in  the  vaults  ready 
for  exportation,  and  almost  as  much  more  in  various  stages 
of  progress,  in  bottles,  casks,  and  vast  vats.  M.  Moet 
handed  me  a  silver  cup  of  the  juice  of  the  red  or  tinto  cham- 
pagne, as  it  ran  from  the  press,  which  was  sw^eet  and 
pleasant.  They  cultivate  both  the  w^hite  and  the  black 
grape  for  the  purpose,  but  give  the  preference  to  the  latter, 


348  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

—  both  kinds  being  small  and  sweet,  and  good  table  grapes. 
From  Epernay  we  passed  through  the  beautiful  and  highly 
cultivated  country  of  the  Marne,  and  then  across  some  hills 
to  the  still  lovelier  valley  and  country  of  the  Moselle,  a  trib- 
utary of  the  Rhine;  and  on  all  the  hillsides,  for  thirty  or 
forty  miles,  as  far  as  our  road  followed,  nothing  but  grape 
fields.  We  reached  this  place,  the  head  of  navigation,  at  ten 
o'clock  to-night,  but  before  going  to  bed  make  this  brief 
record  of  my  peregTi nations.  A  little  distance  from  Metz 
to-day  we  passed  and  had  a  fine  view  of  the  remains  of  a 
Roman  aqueduct  across  the  Moselle,  of  which  a  hundred  or 
two  yards  and  many  of  its  loft}?^  arches  are  standing  entire. 
I  did  not  mention  that  on  reaching  Dover,  and  leaving  it  in 
the  dark,  I  missed  seeing  Shakespeare's  cliff,  but  I  passed 
under  it  through  a  railway  tunnel ! 

"  At  daybreak  we  go  in  a  steamer  to  Cologne,  or  rather 
for  Bonn,  a  few  miles  this  side,  the  famous  university  town, 
where  Madame  G.  is,  whom  her  husband  requested  me  to 
see  if  I  came  to  the  Rhine " 

"  DussELDORF,  Saturday  Night. 
"  L  Uiomme  propose,  et  Dieu  dispose.  I  little  thought, 
when  I  penned  my  memoranda  at  Manheim,  that  I  should 
be  no  farther  on  my  journey  than  this  place  to-night, 
but  such  is  our  adverse  fortune.  We  left  Manheim  at  day- 
light, —  a  dismal,  rainy  morning  ;  indeed,  it  has  rained  al- 
most constantly  from  the  day  I  left  London,  —  and  came  on 
very  well  for  forty  or  fifty  miles,  with  every  prospect  of  being 
in  Cologne  by  evening  ;  but  it  happened  to  be  a  Rotterdam 
boat,  and  stopping  at  the  towns  to  take  in  freight,  lost  so 
much  time  that  at  seven  o'clock  we  were  still  many  miles 
from  Bonn  ;  and  soon  after,  the  rain  made  the  darkness  so 
intense  that  the  captain,  afraid  to  proceed,  came  to  anchor 
till  five  next  morning,  thus  rendering  my  visit  to  Madame 
G.  impossible.     We  spent  two  hours  in  driving  about  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  349 

curious  old  town  of  Cologne,  and  in  viewing  its  wonderful 
Cathedral,  begun  six  hundred  years  ago,  but  yet  unfinished, 
though  four  hundred  workmen  are  now  employed  on  it,  and 
there  is  a  hope  that  it  will  be  completed  in  fifteen  years. 
While  the  new  portions  are  going  up  the  old  are  crumbling 
away  with  age.  The  weather  destroyed  all  the  romance  of 
the  Pthme,  which  was  nearly  the  color  of  pea-soup,  and  its 
banks  were  made  dim  by  the  incessant  rain.  We  could  dis- 
cern, however,  many  ruined  castles  on  their  rocky  peaks, 
and  many  magnificent  views  as  we  passed  the  mountain  por- 
tions. The  slopes  and  mountain-sides  were  covered  with 
grape-vines  for  a  hundred  miles  or  more,  —  we  can  hardly 
say  vines,  however,  as  both  here  and  in  France  the  vine- 
yards resemble  fields  of  green  peas,  being  not  higher,  and 

each  supported  in  like  manner  by  sticks I  doubt  if 

any  tourists  ever  passed  a  more  uncomfortable  night  on  the 
Rhine,  —  no  bedding,  and  only  the  bench  seat  of  stuffed 
cushion,  and  of  even  that  luxury  few  could  get  a  lengthy  and 
most  of  the  passengers  sat  up  or  lolled  about  all  night. 
With  Mr.  M.'s  carpet-bag,  and  a  cushion  he  found  for  me, 
I  was  among  the  most  comfortable,  while  he  sat  up  all  night. 
It  rained  hard,  and  the  cabin,  without  fire,  was  very  cold 
and  cheerless,  —  enough  so  to  knock  all  the  poetry  about 

the  Rhine  on  the  head 

"Berlix,  Monday. 
"  We  left  Dusseldorf  yesterday  morning,  dearest  wife,  and 
reached  Magdeburg  —  so  interesting  to  all  juveniles  as  the 
place  of  Baron  Trenck's  imprisonment  —  about  7  P.  m.,  a 
distance  of  three  hundred  miles.  It  was  too  late  to  see  any- 
thing of  the  fortress,  as  we  left  it  before  day  to  be  able  to 
stop  two  or  three  hours  at  Potsdam.  We  arrived  at  that  cele- 
brated residence  of  the  great  Frederick  at  nine,  and  stayed 
till  twelve.  We  drove  out  to  Sans  Souci,  and  the  new  palace, 
both  built  by  Frederick ;  the  former  we  could  only  view  ex- 


350  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

teriially,  as  the  royal  family  were  there,  but  the  latter  we 
went  through  above  and  below ;  and  I  found  it  in  many 
respects  superior  to  all  other  palaces  I  have  seen,  —  I  was 
forced  to  leave  Versailles  unvisited,  —  even  Windsor  itself 
in  its  state  apartments,  which  are  very  spacious,  and  very 
remarkable  for  their  peculiar  taste.  The  paintings  are  fine, 
many  of  the  great  masters ;  and  everything  about  the  palace 
bespeaks  the  genius  of  the  great  designer.  The  parks"  are 
on  a  commensurate  scale,  the  trees  and  drives  noble ;  but 
the  lowness  and  flatness  of  the  land  is  a  serious  disadvantage. 
In  fact,  ft'om  the  Rhine,  rather  more  than  thi'ee  hundred 
miles,  the  whole  country,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  chain 
of  hills  near  the  Weser,  is  as  level  as  a  race-course ;  much 
of  it  good  and  well  cultivated,  but  a  good  deal  thin,  poor, 
and  sandy.  In  some  districts  we  passed  miles  without  see- 
ing a  single  tree,  while  scattering  farm-houses  are  unknown, 
the  cultivators  all  living  in  closely  built  villages  or  hamlets. 
After  leaving  the  palace  we  went  to  the  church  where  the 
remains  of  my  hero  Frederick,  and  those  of  his  crazy,  ruffian 
fptther,  are  deposited.  We  entered  the  little  grated  cell 
beneath  the  pulpit,  and  found  only  the  two  coffins,  side  by 
side,  of  thick  plain  mahogany,  but  lined,  we  were  told  by  the 
valet  de  place,  with  metallic  ones,  and,  placing  my  hand  on 
the  one  in  which  rests  the  greatest  man  of  his  age,  I  could 
V)ut  contrast  its  plainness  with  the  splendor  of  that  of  the 
other  great  warrior  (but  his  inferior),  which  I  had  gazed 
upon  a  few  days  before,  beneath  the  dome  of  the  Invalides. 
I  was  early  in  life  impressed  with  a  gi^eat  and  indelible  ad- 
miration for  Frederick,  as  a  soldier  and  a  genius,  and  it  never 
yielded  precedence  even  to  the  exploits  of  the  wonderful 
Corsican.  We  shall  remain  here  this  afternoon  to  see  what 
is  most  worthy  of  curiosity  ;  but  there  is  not  very  much 
that  specially  interests  me  ;  for  though  a  fine  city,  it  is 
'comparatively  new.     It  is  rich  in  museums,  pictures,  hos- 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  351 

pitals,  etc.,  but  these  are  common  to  all  European  capitals ; 
and  as  I  have  onl}'^  time  to  glance  at  the  infinite  multitude 
of  such  objects,  I  begin  to  weary  of  such  cursory  sight-see- 
ing. I  should  have  liked  much  to  stop  in  Brunswick,  Han- 
over, and  Magdeburg,  a  few  hours  in  each,  but  could  not 
without  losing  too  much  time,  or  travelling  late  in  the  night. 
From  this  city  we  shall  to-morrow  turn  to  the  south,  and 
after  a  day  or  two  in  that  direction  shall  set  my  face  to- 
wards England.  Now  for  a  drive,  and  then  home  to  dinner 
at  the  Hotel  de  Russie " 

^  **  Tuesday,  11  a.  m. 

"  This  morning  I  find  Mr.  Fillmore  and  Mr.  Corcoran 

here,  on  their  way  from  the  south  back  to  France 

I  have  seen  this  morning  much  of  the  city  (it  improves  on 
examination  and  is  certainly  a  fine  one)  and  museums,  and 
regiments  of  statues  and  acres  of  paintings ;  but  there  ap- 
pears to  me  a  great  sameness  in  these  things,  similar  to 
those  in  other  capitals.  If  I  had  time  for  careful  inspec- 
tion, I  might  perceive  great  diversity,  but  for  me  the  ob- 
ject would  not  be  worth  the  delay,  even  if  I  could  command 
the  time.  As  I  now  pass  rapidly  through  these  bewildering 
collections,  I  am  only  thinking  of  when  the  circuit  will  be 
completed  and  my  voyage  home  begun.  I  shall  set  out  in 
an  hour  for  Dresden,  that  treasure-house  of  art,  and  so  on  to 
my  ultima  thule.  I  intended  to  call  on  Baron  Humboldt, 
but  he  is  absent  from  Berlin.  By  the  time  you  read  this, 
I  hope  to  be  On  the  ocean  wending  my  way  back  to  my 
dear  home  and  household.  .... 

"  Your  ever  devoted  husband, 

"  W.  W.  Seaton." 

"Munich,  October  23,  1855. 

"  My  dearest  Wife,  —  My  brain  is  so  shaken  by  three 
successive  entire  nights  without  even  taking  ofif  my  coat,  and 


352  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

almost  without  sleep  in  steamboat  and  mail-wagons,  that 
both  memory  and  thought  are  nearly  obliterated ;  but  my 
letter  must  go  in  an  hour,  and  I  must  give  you  a  skeleton 
sketch  of  my  wanderings  since  we  left  Berlin,  that  rather 
insipid  though  large  city.  We  reached  Dresden  the  same 
night,  spent  half  a  day  there  looking  about  its  pleasant 
streets  and  parks,  and  especially  its  peerless  gallery,  and  its 
vaulted  suite  of  rooms  in  the  old  palace  filled  with  every 
variety  of  rococo,  in  jewels,  gold,  and  precious  stones,  uten- 
sils and  ten  thousand  objects  of  curious  beauty;  and  at 
noon  set  out  for  Prague,  interesting  for  its  historical  asso- 
ciations, its  peculiarities,  its  Oriental  cast  of  character. 
From  Dresden  the  road  lay  for  one  hundred  miles  along 
the  banks  of  the  charming  Elbe,  combining  the  grand  with 
the  beautiful.  We  left  Prague  early  next  morning,  and, 
passing  through  Moravia  into  Austria,  arrived  at  Vienna 
the  noble  in  the  evening,  and  stood  on  the  banks  of  the 
Danube.  That  is  truly  a  gi^and  city,  with  its  stately  streets, 
its  palaces,  its  pleasure-gTounds  on  the  ramparts,  in  every 
direction,  and  its  magTiificent  Prater,  four  miles  square, 
composed  of  parks,  woods,  drives,  walks,  glades, — one  vista 
of  it  being  two  miles  long,  —  its  music,  gay,  happy  crowds, 
and  brilliant  life.  Then  the  palace  and  beautiful  grounds 
and  parks  of  the  glorious  Schonbrunn.  What  would 
I  not  have  given  for  you  to  stroll  through  them  with 
me !  Among  other  interesting  things  I  visited  the  burial 
vaults  of  the  emperors  and  royal  family,  all  in  elaborately 
ornamented  bronze  coffins, — comprising  those  of  the  heroic 
Maria  Theresa,  the  Due  de  Reichstadt  (Napoleon's  son),  and 
his  miserable  mother,  Maria  Louise. 

"  On  Saturday  morning  we  took  the  steamer  on  the  Dan- 
ube for  Linz,  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles,  to  arrive  early 
the  next  morning ;  but  the  fogs  compelled  the  captain  to 
stop  nearly  all  night,  and  we  did  not  reach  Linz  until  the 


o  --o 


A   lUOGEAPIIICAL   SKETCH.  006 

afternoon  of  next  day.  There  was  no  bedding  on  board, 
no  accommodation  for  sleeping,  so  we  lolled  about  on 
chairs  all  niglit,  cold  and  comfortless.  At  Linz  we  took 
an  eil  wagen,  and  driving  all  night  reached  Salzburg  next 
morning.  From  this  interesting  and  fortified  town  we  set 
forth  in  a  post-wagon,  and  after  a  third  night  spent  on  the 
road,  without  undressing  and  with  only  uneasy,  disturbed 
snatches  of  sleep,  arrived  here  at  daybreak  this  morning. 
I  have  been  two  hours  threading  its  fine  streets,  its  gal- 
leries and  other  places  of  curiosity,  and  find  it  a  magnifi- 
cent city,  highly  interesting.  I  have  returned  to  scratch  off 
this  brief  summary,  to  be  mailed  at  Augsburg,  for  which 
place  we  shall  depart  in  a  few  moments " 

"AuGSBiJEG,  7  p.  M. 

"  A  pleasant  ride  of  two  hours  in  the  cars  brought  us  to 

this  bijou  of  an  old  Byzantine  town,  through  which  and 

around  its    ramparts  we  drove  this    afternoon.     Its  most 

peculiar  and   quaint  old  features,  surpassing  anything  I 

have  yet  seen,  would  delight  J We   shall  set  out 

early  in  the  morning  for  Lake  Constance,  take  a  glance  at 
the  Alps,  turn  about  for  France,  remain  a  day  in  Paris, 
hasten  over  to  England,  run  to  take  a  look  at  Stratford, 
Kenilworth,  and  Stonehenge,  thence  to  Liverpool  to  embark 
in  the  Pacific  for  dear  home.  I  am  in  great  hopes  that 
Captain  Comstock  has  secured  me  a  berth  in  her ;  but  if 
he  have  not,  I  will  agree  to  sleep  on  the  cabin  floor  or  in  the 
engine-room,  rather  than  wait  for  the  next  steamer.  Tell 
J.  that  I  am  writing  in  'die  drei  Mooren,''  the  oldest  inn 
in  Europe,  and  truly  it  looks  so.     Prayers  and  blessings  to 

all " 

"Paris,  October  27,  1855. 

" ....  I  proceed  to  post  up  my  brief,  disjointed  notes 
of  my  wanderings  since  we  left  Augsburg,  whence  we  went 
to  beautiful  Lake   Constance,  where,-  as  I  wished  much  to 

w 


354  -   WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

get  a  glimpse  of  Swiss  mountains,  instead  of  turning  back 
through  Germany  by  Baden-Baden,  we  took  a  steamer  up 
the  lake,  and  that  night  by  rail  and  diligence  to  Zurich, 
fifty  or  sixty  miles  into  the  country,  a  curious  old  town 
on  the  lovely  Zurich's  waters.  This  forced  travelling  by 
night  of  course  I  regret,  depriving  me  of  viewing  so  *nuch 
interesting  scenery ;  but  it  is  unavoidable.  The  next 
evening  we  were  in  Strasbourg,  and  went  forthwith,  our 
only  chance,  to  see  by  bright  moonlight  the  famous  spire  of 
its  grand  cathedral.  After  a  fatiguing  run  of  sixteen  hours 
we  reached  here  late  last  night,  where  I  found  my  precious 
home  letters,  which  so  excited  me  that,  notwithstanding  my 
prolonged  shaking  in  the  cars,  and  incessant  strain,  mental 
and  bodily,  for  these  past  weeks,  I  could  not  sleep ;  but 
after  a  cup  of  good  coffee  I  am  quite  fresh  this  morning.  I 
am  glad  to  be  able  to  say  also  that,  although  it  has  rained 
or  drizzled  every  da}^  since  I  left  England,  and  has  been  con- 
stantly cold  as  well  as  wet  (they  seem  to  have  no  concep- 
tion of  warm  weather  here),  I  have  suffered  no  indispo- 
sition  " 

"Monday. 

"  I  still  date  from  this  truly  imperial  city,  but  shall  leave 
it  to-night.  Yesterday  w^as  raining  and  cold,  but  as  it  would 
be  ridiculous  to  return  without  seeing  Versailles,  I  went 
thither  at  10  a.  m.,  and  returned  at  four.  This  vast  palace 
and  magazine  of  art,  unsurpassed,  if  equalled,  in  the  world, 
was  worthy  of  being  the  culminating  point  of  my  continental 
sight-seeing.  The  army  of  statues,  the  galleries  of  interest- 
ing  portraits,  each  one  a  history  ;  the  ornate  grounds  on 
which  art  has  exhausted  itself  !  They  beggar  language  as 
they  outstrip  imagination  !  Inclement  as  was  the  day,  there 
must  have  been  ten  thousand  Parisians,  —  the  bourgeoisie 
and  common  people,  —  carried  out  in  suecessive  hourly 
trains  of  immense  length,  filling  the  galleries  and  grounds. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH  355 

lu  the  evening  I  dined  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.,  —  their  ear- 
nest and  warm  kindness,  and  indeed  overwhehning  expres- 
sions of  aftection  for  you,  entirely  disconcerted  me " 

"London,  Wednesday  Night. 

".  .  .*.  I  visited  to-day,  for  the  first  time,  the  gorgeous 
Houses  of  Parliament,  the  British  Museum,  and  Sydenham 
Crystal  Palace,  and  had  barely  time  to  make  my  toilet  for 
our  very  agreeable  dinner,  and,  the  guests  gone,  I  have  only 
a  moment  to  bring  up  any  rough  notes " 

'*  Liverpool,  Saturday  Morning. 

"  Here  I  am,  dearest  wife,  safe  and  well,  and  find  a  berth 
reserved  for  me  on  the  fine  ship  Pacific,  Captain  Nye,  and 
I,  most  ready  and  willing  and  anxious  to  embark  for  dear 
home.  I  reached  Salisbury  on  Thursday  evening,  was  in  a 
cab  at  daybreak  yesterday  morning  for  Stonehenge,  —  eigh- 
teen- miles  there  and  back,  —  so  as  to  be  back  for  the  ten- 
o'clock  train  for  Liverpool.  Those  gigantic  and  mysterious 
remains  of  an  unknown  age  and  race  have  always  impressed 
me  with  interest,  and  there  I  found  them,  in  silent  and  soli- 
tary grandeur,  on  the  desolate  downs  of  Wiltshire,  render- 
ing no  account  to  mortal  intelligence  of  their  age,  their 
object,  or  by  whom  or  what  agencies  or  powers  created.  I 
got  back  to  Salisbury  to  breakfast,  not  only  in  time  for  the 
train,  but  for  a  rapid  view  of  the  cathedral,  the  most  beau- 
tiful externally,  I  think,  which  I  have  seen  in  England.  So 
far,  however,  from  being  able  to  stop  at  Stratford,  I  did  not 
reach  here  until  midnight,  —  and  now,  dearest  wife,  I  must 
get  ready  to  go  on  board  the  ship  which,  by  the  favor  of  an 
ever-gracious  and  good  Providence,  is  to  bear  me  across  the 
great  waters  to  her  whose  prayers,  if  any  can  avail,  I  know 
will  secure  me  safety.  Good  night.  May  good  angels 
guard  you  and  all  my  dear  household !  " 


356  WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

"  Sunday,  November,  4  p.m. 
"  We  left  Liverpool  yesterday  afternoon,  dearest  wife,  and 
have  been  all  day  steaming  along  in  sight  of  the  Irish  coast. 
A  fine  clear  day,  but  cold.  In  a  few  hours  we  shall  take  a 
last  look  at  the  shores  of  Europe  and  set  our  faces  fairly  out 
upon  the  dark  and  turbulent  Atlantic.  Ten  days,  I  trust, 
will  give  to  my  eyes  the  shores  of  my  own  dear  country, 
where  all  my  treasures  are.  God  grant  it,  and  ever  bless 
you." 

In  1859  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seaton  celebrated  their 
"  golden  wedding,"  an  occasion  which  drew  from  many 
quarters  of  the  land  kind  salutations,  gifts,  floral  offer- 
ings, and  congratulatory  odes,  while  the  public  press 
expressed  very  generally  the  regard  entertained  for  the 
honored  and  venerable  couj^le,  paying  graceful  tributes 
to  their  virtues,  and  the  courtesy  and  hospitality 
which  had,  during  half  a  century,  crowned  their  home. 
The  two  following  notes  from  well-known  personages 
are  among  many  recognitions  of  the  anniversary  :  — 

"HAETroRD,  Conn.,  May  2,  1859. 
•  "  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  was  delighted  to  see  in  the  public 
papers  that  you  and  your  estimable  lady  had  celebrated  your 
golden  wedding,  and  I  felt  moved  to  place  your  names  in  a 
book,  where  the  observance  of  that  beautiful  custom  is  com- 
mended. Having  missed  the  opportunity  by  which  I  had 
hoped  to  transmit  the  gift,  I  hesitated  whether  to  send  it  at 
all,  but  decide  this  morning  to  commit  it  to  the  post ;  for 
though  somewhat  behind  the  date,  the  sentiments  of  respect 
and  friendship  that  prompted  the  tribute  are  fresh  ;  and 
with  best  wishes  for  your  health  and  happiness,  and  for 
those  of  Mrs.  Seaton  and  your  children,  I  remain, 

"  Sincerely  yours, 

"  Lydia  Huntley  Sigourney, 
**W.  ^Y.  Seaton,  Esq." 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  357 

"  Geneva,  April  4,  1859. 
"  Dear  Mr.  axd  Mrs.  Seaton,  —  Your  *  golden  wedding ' 
rejoices  me  and  many  more.  Its  notice  in  the  public 
gazettes  is  greatly  to  my  enjoyment.  It  brings,  too,  the 
reminiscence  of  our  early  days  in  quiet,  unpretending  pat- 
riotic North  Carolina,  where  I  also  found  a  jewel  !  this  adds 
zest  to  my  greeting.  I  hope  to  see  both  of  you  again,  but 
this  is  of  the  uncertainties  ;  and  yet  the  hope  of  it  being 
a  reality  by  and  by  enhances  my  pleasure  in  recalling  mo 
to  the  memory  of  you  both,  dear  friends.  I  thank  you,  W. 
W.  S.,  for  your  prompt  response  to  my  inquiries  about  a 
dear  son,  and  for  your  invitation  to  Washington. 
''  While  life  endures,  I  am  yours, 

"  J.  G.  Swift." 

In  Auf^ust,  1860,  the  tie  which  had  far  forty-eight 
years  united  the  editors  of  the  National  Intelligencer 
in  so  famous,  so  beneficent,  and  so  close  a  partnership, 
was  severed  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Gales.  "  The  early 
tie  which  had  grown  between  them  at  Ealeigh  grad- 
ually matured  into  that  more  than  friendship  or 
Lrotherhood,  that  oneness  and  identity  of  all  pur- 
poses, opinions,  and  interests  which  ever  after  existed 
between  them,  without  a  moment's  interruption ;  and 
which  was  long,  to  those  who  understood  it,  a  rare 
spectacle  of  that  concord  and  affection  so  seldom  wit- 
nessed, and  which  could  never  have  come  about  except 
between  men  of  singular  virtues.  From  the  point 
of  their  editorial  union,  their  stories,  like  their  lives, 
merge  with  a  rare  concord  into  one.  They  had  no 
bickerings,  no  misunderstanding,  no  difference  of  view 
which  a  consultation  did  not  at  once  reconcile ;  they 
never  knew  a  division  of  interests  ;  from  their  com- 


358  -WILLIAM   WINSTON   SEATON. 

moil  coffer  each  always  drew  whatever  he  chose,  and 
down  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Gales  there  had  never  been 
a  settlement  of  accounts  between  them.  \Vhat  facts 
could  better  attest,  not  merely  a  singular  harmony  of 
character,  but  an  admirable  conlbrmity  of  virtues  ? "  * 
Possessed  of  the  most  lavish  generosity  of  nature,  his 
heart  the  home  of  all  charitable  emotion,  Mr.  Gales 
was  exceedingly  beloved  by  the  community  in  wliich 
he  had  passed  so  large  a  portion  of  his  life,  his  virtues 
.being  appreciated  by  the  whole  country,  while  the 
columns  of  the  Intelligencer  during  a  period  of  fifty 
years  bear  signal  evidence  of  his  intellectual  and 
journalistic  eminence.  "A  very  able  writer,"  says 
Mr.  Everett,  "  there  were  articles  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Gales  which  would  do  credit  to  the  most  accomplished 
of  his  contemporaries,  and  which  were  often  ascribed 
to  different  individuals,  who  from  time  to  time  were 
regarded  as  the  clearest  thinkers  and  most  vigorous 
writers  of  the  day." 

As  an  illustration  of  the  rare  unity  of  feeling 
and  action  subsisting  between  these  brother-editors, 
a  prominent  journalist  related  the  following  incident, 
almost  touchingly  characteristic  of  their  habit  of  doing 
good  by  stealth,  and  the  endeavor  of  each  to  bear  the 
friendly  burden  alone.  The  gentleman  in  question 
chanced  for  the  moment  to  be  deprived  of  resources, 
and  coming  to  Washington  naturally  turned  to  that 
asylum  for  the  distressed,  the  sanctum  of  his  friends 
of  the  Intelligencer.  Mr.  Seaton,  after  discussing  the 
prospects  for  journalistic  venture  at  that  time,  said, 
"  We  can  offer  you  nothing  satisfactory,  and  unfortu- 

*  Atlantic  Moiitlily,  1860. 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  359 

nately  just  now  our  pockets  are  empty;  but  wliat  we 
can  do  lor  ourselves  we  can  do  for-  a  friend,  and  I 
will  make  a  loan  wliich  is  at  your  service ;  but  it  is 
a  private  affair  between  you  and  myself,  not  the  firm, 
and  I  wish  that  you  should  not  mention  the  matter 
to  Mr.  Gales." 

The  next  morning,  a  nearly  similar  conversation 
ensued  with  Mr.  Gales,  who  also  offered  to  procure  the 
aid  not  in  his  immediate  personal  power  to  advance ; 
but  when  he  proceeded,  in  almost  the  very  words  used 
by  Mr.  Seaton,  to  beg  that  it  might  be  "  an  affair  be- 
tween themselves,  and  not  necessary  to  be  made  known 
to  Mr.  Seaton,"  the  gentleman  fairly  laughed,  and 
noted  in  his  diary  this  beautiful  coincidence  of  two 
benevolent  natures.  The  hearty,  absolute  appreciation 
entertained  by  each  of  these  noble  men  for  the  attain- 
ments and  virtues  of  his  alter  ego  was  rare  in  its  sin- 
cerity,—  Mr.  Seaton  regarding  Mr.  Gales  with  un- 
alterable affection,  and  respect  for  his  talent,  who  in 
turn  was  ever  happy  in  testifying  to  the  ability  and 
singularly  winning  characteristics  of  his  colaborer,  — 
"  My  Lord  Duke,"  as  he  was  fond  playfully  of  styling 
him.  A  gentleman  in  alluding  to  tliis  generosity  of 
affection  so  closely  uniting  them,  writes :  "  The  press, 
in  commenting  on  the  ability  of  the  Intelligencer, 
occasionally  attributed  its  leading  articles  exclusively 
to  Mr.  Gales,  who  was  exceedingly  annoyed  at  this 
injustice,  which  only  excited  Mr.  Seaton's  amusement. 
I  remember  more  than  once  finding  Mr.  Gales  quite 
excited  on  this  subject;  and  one  morning  especially 
he  was  wrought  up  to  great  disturbance.  '  See  this,' 
he  said,  showing   me  a  paragraph ;    '  this   paper,  in 


360  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

praising  our  late  masterly  series  of  articles,  says  tliey 
were  written  by  me.  Now  I  say  it  is  false,  for  every 
one  of  them  is  by  Mr.  Seaton,  and  I  never  coidd  write 
as  well  as  he  does.'  The  controversy  was  between 
the  government  organ,  edited  by  a  cabinet  officer,  and 
the  Intelligencer,  and  the  editorials  in  question  were 
among  the  ablest  that  appeared  in  that  journal  during 
General  Jackson's  administration,  being  copied  more 
extensively  probably  than  any  other  of  that  period, 
and  admitted  even  by  political  opponents  to  have 
silenced  their  adversary." 

A  month  subsequent  to  the  lamented  death  of  Mr. 
Gales,  Mr.  Seaton  announced  that  thenceforth  Mr. 
James  C.  Welling  would  be  associated  with  him  in 
the  editorial  conduct  of  the  Intelligencer,  with  which 
indeed,  during  the  previous  ten  years,  he  had  been 
connected ;  first,  in  charge  of  its  literary  department, 
after  the  retirement  from  that  position  of  the  accom- 
plished gentleman  and  brilliant  writer,  the  late  Edward 
AVilliam  Johnston.  "  Mr.  Welling,"  adds  Mr.  Seaton, 
"  was  the  author  of  those  Notes  on  New  Books,  which, 
by  their  scholarship  and  ability,  would  of  themselves 
be  a  sufficient  evidence  of  the  qualifications  he  brings 
to  the  tasks  of  journalism.  Enjoying  in  the  fullest 
degree  the  confidence  of  my  late  lamented  colleague, 
Mr.  Gales,  he  has  equally  by  his  high  moral  and  con- 
scientious character,  no  less  than  by  his  rare  attain- 
ments, merited  my  o\\m."  Most  ably  indeed  did  Mr. 
Welling  meet  these  flattering  expectations.  To  a 
fulness  of  matured  thought  upon  every  point  of  theo- 
retical or  practical  national  polity,  and  an  erudition 
ranging  through  every  field  of  science  and  literature. 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  361 

Mr.  Welling  united  a  force  and  readiness  of  discussion 
with  an  appreciation  of  the  conservative  tone  and 
dignity  characterizing  the  Intelligencer,  which  gained 
the  marked  approval  of  the  constituents  of  the  time- 
honored  journal,  and  amply  justified  the  confidence 
reposed  in  him  by  Mr.  Seaton. 

The  close  of  the  year  1863  brought  to  Mr.  Sea- 
ton  the  sorrow  which  was  to  darken  with  its  heavy- 
shadow  the  remaining  days  of  his  pilgrimage.  On 
Christmas  day  he  laid  in  the  dust  the  beloved  and 
cherished  head  of  her  who  had  during  fifty-four  years 
been  the  "  modest  yet  shining  ornament  and  charm  of 
his  household.  Mr.  Seaton' s  union  with  the  honored 
partner  of  his  life  was  marked  by  a  mutual  tenderness 
so  seldom  paralleled,  by  a  devotion  so  chivalrous  on 
the  one  part,  a  reliance  so  truthful  and  unhesitating  on 
the  other,  that  it  must  ever  be  referred  to  as  the  crown 
and  complement  of  his  earthly  existence.  The  loveli- 
ness and  good  report  of  this  conjugal  example  were 
treasured,  it  may  be  said,  as  a  personal  pride  and 
possession  by  the  community  in  which  for  so  long  a 
period  the  virtues,  the  talents,  the  ineffable  grace  of 
true  womanhood,  as  exliibited  in  the  person  of  Mrs. 
Seaton,  sustained  and  cheered  the  toils  of  her  husband 
in  his  arduous  career."  * 

"  The  chronicle  of  Mrs.  Seaton's  life  may  be  said  to 
be  that  of  Washiag-ton,  of  wliich,  during  wellnigh  half 
a  century,  she  was  the  recognized  head  of  its  highest 
type  of  society.  Coming  to  the  capital  in  its  infancy, 
she  had  witnessed  its  many  changes  of  rulers,  and 
strange  mutations  of  social  circles,  outliving  nearly 

*  Professor  Joseph  Henry. 


362  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

all  lier  associates  of  an  era  we  are  wont  to  call  the 
golden  one  of  our  re]3ublic.  Maintaining  close  friendly 
relations  with  all  that  our  own  country  had  offered  of 
good  and  great,  Mrs.  Seaton  was  equally  sought  by 
foreigners,  who  would  be  drawn  to  her  by  their  pre- 
decessors' report  of  her  charm  of  manner,  her  gifts  of 
conversation,  and  the  cordial  hospitality  that  gave  her 
home  a  special  place  in  the  memory  of  all  who  visited 
it.  The  sprightliness  and  felicity  of  expression  mani- 
fested in  her  domestic  correspondence  have  been 
already  seen,  and  the  columns  of  the  Intelligencer 
bore  occasional  evidence  of  her  graceful  pen.  Among 
her  correspondents,  whose  notes  are  filled  with  thanks 
for  kindness  bestowed  and  the  expression  of  their 
friendship,  may  be  found  the  names  of  most  of  the 
learned  and  notable  who  have  successively  played 
their  part  in  public  life,  and  passed  from  the  stage, 
while  may  be  included  hospitable  and  friendly  tributes 
from  every  chief  magistrate  of  the  United  States, 
except  one,  since  Washington.  But  Mrs.  Seaton's 
highest  distinction  resided  in  her  moral  characteristics, 
her  strong  intellect  and  numerous  acquirements  being 
heightened  and  beautified  by  the  gentleness,  benignity, 
and  charity,  the  unfailing  generosity  and  constant  un- 
selfishness, which  pervaded  the  life  of  this  virtuous 
matron,  wise  and  tender  mother,  incomparable  wife, 
and  gracious  lady.  While  devoted  to  her  own  faith, 
Mrs.  Seaton  was  yet  truly  catholic  in  her  religious 
love  and  charity  for  all  Christian  persuasions.  Wher- 
ever the  pure,  the  virtuous  were  found,  she  recognized  a 
kindred  soul,  and  yet  Unitarians  may  be  permitted  to 
rejoice  that  it  was  the  church  of  Liberal  Christianity 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  36 


o 


that  developed  a  faith  so  true,  so  enduring,  vivified  by 
active  benevolence  and  good  works  without  which  the 
*  Faith  is  dead  also.'  "  * 

The  unclasping  of  the  earthly  links  of  this  chain  of 
wedded  happiness  was  speedily  followed  by  the  sever- 
ance of  another  tie,  cherished  by  Mr.  Seaton  with  just 
pride  and  fond  affection.  The  National  Intelligencer 
of  December  31,  1864,  announced  to  the  country,  in 
a  dignified  and  touching  valedictory  address,  ]\Ir. 
Seaton's  retirement  from  his  connection  with  the  press, 
of  which  he  had  so  long  been  an  illustrious  exemplar. 
From  every  portion  of  the  country  came  a  burst  of 
professional  and  personal  tribute  to  the  old  man  ven- 
erable, around  whose  name  were  twined  the  pride,  the 
confidence,  the  affectionate  associations  of  three  gener- 
ations of  men,  who  of  themselves,  or  through  tradition, 
had  come  to  resjard  the  editors  of  the  Intelligencer  as 
the  embodiment  of  wisdom,  truth,  benevolence,  and 
justice ;  who  had  honored  the  gTand  old  journal  for 
more  than  half  a  century,  or  from  boyhood,  and  who 
now  witnessed  its  extinction  with  deep  emotion. 

"  From  every  part  of  the  land  ;  from  the  rugged  hills 
of  the  North,  the  fertile  plains  of  the  South,  the  broad 
valleys  of  the  West,  went  forth  a  loving  benison  for  the 
prosperity  and  happiness  of  the  then  surviving  patri- 
arch of  the  press." 

"  If  the  retrospect  of  a  long  life,"  writes  Edward 
Everett,  in  the  last  article  he  ever  penned,  "  usefully 
and  honorably  devoted  to  the  service  of  the  country 
in  the  highly  responsible  relation  of  a  leading  journal- 
ist ;  if  the  recollection  of  confidential  intercourse  with 

*  The  Cliristiau  Inquirer. 


364  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

the  most  distinguislied  statesmen  of  his  day  and  gen- 
eration ;  if  the  warm  attachment  of  troops  of  friends, 
and  the  respect  of  political  opponents,  can  afford  a 
solace  down  the  hill  of  life,  few  persons  could  ever  be 
better  entitled  to  it  than  Mr.  Seaton,  who  now -bids  the 
public  a  last  farewell."  "  The  National  Intelligencer," 
continues  Mr.  Everett,  "  was  at  its  foundation  devoted 
to  the  support  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  administration,  its 
politics  being  consequently  what  were  then  called 
'  Eepublican,'  the  epithet  '  Democratic  '  not  having  yet 
been  accepted  by  the  party  of  which  Mr.  Jefferson  was 
the  leader.  During  the  '  era  of  good  feeling '  which 
followed  the  war  of  1812,  and  which  lasted  till  the 
second  term  of  President  Monroe's  administration,  the 
Intelligencer,  in  conformity  with  the  public  sentiment 
of  the  day,  gradually  dropped  its  partisan  character, 
and  assumed  that  independent,  national,  and  conser- 
vative position  which  it  ever  afterwards  occupied. 
When  the  disintegrated  fragments  of  the  old  parties 
were  reorganized  under  General  Jackson,  the  Intelli- 
gencer gave  its  support  to  Adams  and  Clay  and  their 
successors  in  the  same  line  of  policy.  The  Intelli- 
gencer fulfilled  one  of  the  highest  duties  of  journalism 
by  the  careful  and  elaborate  discussions  of  great  na- 
tional questions.  Its  editors,  living  in  constant  per- 
sonal intercourse  with  the  leading  minds  in  all  the 
departments  of  the  government,  and  of  the  foreign 
legations,  were  able  to  treat  the  most  important  topics 
of  the  day,  so  to  say,  at  first  hand,  with  an  unsurpassed 
journalistic  breadth  of  view  and  weight  of  authority. 
The  length  of  time  for  which  the  editorship  of  the 
journal  was  in  the  same  hands  gave  it  a  mastery  of 
the  political  traditions  of  the  country." 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  3G5 

The  following  eloquent  tribute  to  the  value  of  the 
Intelligencer  was  paid  while  the  brother-editors  still 
steadily  labored  at  its  helm  :  — 

"  Amidst  the  many  popular  passions  with  which  nearly 
all  have,  in  our  country,  run  wild,  the  editors  of  the  Intel- 
ligencer have  maintained  a  perpetual  and  sage  moderation  ; 
amidst  incessant  variations  of  doctrine,  they  have  preserved 
a  memory  and  a  conscience  ;  in  the  frequent  fluctuations  of 
power  they  have  steadily  checked  the  excesses  of  both 
parties  ;  and  they  have  never  given  to  either  a  factious 
opposition  or  a  merely  partisan  support.  Tempering  the 
heat  of  both  sides,  renationalizing  all  spirit  of  section,  com- 
batting our  propensity  to  lawlessness  at  home  and  aggi'ession 
abroad,  the  venerable  editors  have  been,  all  the  while,  a 
power  and  safety  in  the  land,  no  matter  who  were  the  rulers. 
Thus  ■  it  cannot  be  deemed  an  American  exaggeration  to 
declare  the  opinion  as  to  the  influence  of  the  Intelligencer 
over  our  public  councils,  that  its  value  is  not  easily  to  be 
oven-ated."  * 

A  prominent  I^orthern  editor  thus  speaks  of  this 
setting  sun  of  journalism  :  — 

"'We  have  read  the  touching  words  in  which  Colonel 
Seaton  takes  leave  of  the  patrons  of  the  National  Intelli- 
gencer, and  we  should  be  something  less  than  human  if  we 
could  read  this  farewell  address  without  emotion.  We  can 
hardly  recall  the  time  when  the  names  of  Gales  and  Seaton 
were  not  associated  in  our  minds  with  solid  ability,  sterling- 
patriotism,  sound  political  views,  and  eminent  decorum  and 
propriety  of  tone.  It  has  been  an  institution  in  this  land. 
Amid  all  the  stonn  of  faction,  it  has  shone  with  the  same 
serene  and  steady  light,  a  star  of  hope  and  comfort  to  all 
who  loved  their  country  and  meant  to  abide  by  its  Constitu- 

*  Atlantic  Monthly. 


366  WILLIAM  WINSTON  SEATON. 

tion  and  laws.  It  has  been  consistent,  because  faithful  to 
principle,  never  strongly  partisan,  but  always  manly  and  in- 
dependent. Since  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  the  Intelli- 
gencer has  been  conducted  with  unerring  prudence  and  un- 
deviating  ability.  Dimng  the  whole  period  of  our  civil 
troubles  the  Intelligencer  has  discussed  the  grave  political 
problems  of  the  day  with  an  enlightened  philosophy,  an 
affluence  of  historical  knowledge,  and  a  wise  statesmanship, 
that  have  sometimes  caused  our  admiration  to  be  alloyed 
with  regret  that  such  masterly  productions  were  not  com- 
mitted to  the  charge  of  something  less  fleeting  than  the 
columns  of  a  newspaper." 

During  the  inflamed  political  and  exasperated  per- 
sonal agitation  incident  to  the  late  civil  war,  unceasing 
evidences  of  sympathy  and  approval  of  the  course  of 
the  Intelligencer  reached  the  editors  from  many  of  the 
good  and  wise.  A  selection  or  two  from  these  innu- 
merable testimonials  of  respect  will  best  express  the 
commendation  which  so  greatly  cheered  a  difficult 
patriotism :  — 

*'  Boston,  June  27,  1861. 

"  Gentlemen,  —  Please  to  place  my  name  on  the  list  of 
subscribers  to  your  very  valuable  paper.  I  had  almost  said 
invaluable.  Though  I  have  not  been  in  the  habit  of  read- 
ing it  regularly,  I  know  its  value  from  the  extracts  I  have 
often  seen  from  its  columns,  from  the  soundness  of  the 
principles  it  has  maintained,  and  from  its  regard  to  truth  in 
every  sense  of  the  word.  As  I  am  now  in  my  eighty-fourth 
year,  I  may  not  remain  long  on  your  list ;  but  I  shall  as 
long  as  I  live,  because  I  consider  it  very  important  for  the 
national  welfare  that  your  paper  should  be  sustained. 

"  I  am  respectfully  yours, 

"James  Jackson. 
"3  Hamilton  Place,  Boston." 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  367 

"  Detroit,  July  15,  1861. 
a  Pear  Sir,  —  I  have  read  with  care  and  instruction  the 
able  articles  in  the  Intelligencer  upon  the  impending  crisis. 
Their    fairness  and    candor  have  made  a  deep  impression 
wherever  read  in  this  section.     Will  you  permit  me  to  sug- 
gest the  propriety  of  preparing  and  publishing  an  article 
on  the  subject  of  subjugation.     It  is  entirely  misunderstood 
among  the  Northern  masses ;  and  there  is  no  source  from 
which  a  moderate  and  well-conceived  article  would  be  more 
favorably  received,  because  you  are    considered  by  all  as 
truly  conservative  and  patriotic.     The  Northwest  is  almost 
unanimous  in  the  determination  to  prosecute  the  war  vigor- 
ously.    The  excitement  has  been  so  intense  that  many  of 
our  most  considerate  and  intelligent  men  have  been  betrayed 
into  rash  and  unfortunate  expressions,  which  have  seriously 
affected  the  public  mind.     It  is  truly  surprising  to  find  that 
very  many  of  our  citizens,  blinded  by  their  passions,  are 
misled  in  regard  to  the  relations  which  the  States  betir  to 
the  general  government.     They  speak  and  act  as  if  it  were 
of  no  importance  to  encourage  and  cultivate  the  Union  feel- 
ing in  the  South.     They  do  not  reflect  that  after  the  Con- 
federates are  conquered,  the  people  of  the  State  must  govern 
and  control  its  internal  affairs  ;  in  other  words,  they  do  not 
consider  the  powers  appropriately  belonging  to  the  general 
government,  and  those  retained  by  the  States.     I  think  Mr. 
Lincoln  made  a  great  mistake  in  his  inaugural  and  recent 
messages  by  not  more  definitely  and  clearly  enunciating  his 
views  in  regard  to  the  future  policy  to  be  pursued  towards 
the  South.     There  is  no  doubt  that  the  enlightened  public 
mind  of  the  Northwest  is  for  preserving  the  institutions  of 
the  South  as  they  are,  and  when  the  war  closes  will  will- 
ingly agree  to  a  national  convention  which  may  consider  all 
the  grievances  of  the  different  States,  real  and  imaginary, 
and  i^rant  the  most  liberal  redress.     What  then  can  be  the 


368  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

objection  to  the  proclaiming  of  this  policy  now,  when  its 
effect  might  have  such  influence  upon  the  masses,  at  least 
in  the  border  States  1  It  does  appear  to  me  that  something 
of  the  kind  is  absolutely  necessary  as  an  antidote  to  Love- 
joy's  poison.  His  movement  is  repudiated  by  all  our  sen- 
sible men,  and  if  this'fact  could  be  communicated  to  the 
South,  it  might  tend  to  break  its  force  with  them. 

"  For  several  years  past  I  have  been  in  a  state  of  political 
retiracy,  but  still  a  close  observer  of  passing  events.  1 
have  an  abiding  faith  in  the  stability  of  the  Union,  and  al- 
though I  almost  despair  of  success  from  human  power,  yet 
that  God  who  has  so  long  ruled  our  destiny  will  not  per- 
mit this  fair  fabric  to  be  soon  destroyed. 
*'  Dear  Sir,  truly  yours, 

"R.  McClelland. 

"W.  W.  Seaton.'Esq." 

**New  York,  August,  1863. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  have  been  greatly  encouraged  and 
delighted  by  the  perusal  of  the  recent  editorials  of  the  In- 
telligencer. It  wiU  be  a  sad  day,  should  it  ever  arrive, 
when  the  spring  which  sends  forth  such  refreshing  and 
healing  waters  shall  be  sealed.  Your  review  of  Whiting's 
letter  and  the  article  under  the  caption  of  '  Who  are  the 
enemies  of  the  Union  ? '  and  that  other  article,  '  The  Duty 
of  Public  Journalists,'  are  written  with  masterly  ability. 
Persevere,  my  dear  Sir,  in  this  course  as  long  as  the  public 

will  let  you 

*'  Very  truly  yours, 

"Hiram  Ketchum. 
"Colonel.  W.  W.  Seaton."  a 

"Worcester,  Mass.,  November  25, 1863. 
"  My  dear  Sir,  —  I  beg  to  express  to  you  my  cordial, 
most  respectful  and  friendly  recollections  and  regard,  and 
my  acknowledgment  of  the  satisfaction  with  which,  through 


A   BIOGEAPIIICAL   SKETCH.  369 

these  anxious  and  troubled  times,  I  continue  to  receive 
your  ably  conducted  and  patriotic  paper.  The  truly  loyal, 
constitutional,  and  statesmanlike  course  to  which  it  has  so 
nobly  adhered  commands  my  admiration ;  and  it  is  only 
in  the  prevalence  of  the  principles  which  it  maintains,  the 
certain  and  speedy  suppression  of  the  rebellion,  and  the 
restoration  of  the  Union,  that  I  can  see  hope  for  a  return 
of  prosperity,  peace,  and  glory  to  our  now  bleeding  and  dis- 
tracted comitry. 

"  Be  pleased  to  offer  to  such  of  yom-  family  as  may  honor 
me  wdth  their  remembrance,  the  assurance  of  my  grateful 
regards. 

"  Very  truly,  my  dear  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  Levi  Lincoln. 

"Hon.  W.  ^Y.  Seaton." 

"New  York,  January  4,  1865. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  Having  learned  through  the  press  of 
your  retirement  from  the  National  Intelligencer,  I  feel  it 
an  agreeable  duty  to  write  and  congi'atulate  you  on  the 
termination  of  a  long,  laborious,  and  honorable  career ;  and 
to  express  to  you  my  appreciation  of  your  great  kindness 
to  myself  for  a  period  of  several  years. 

"  When  I  first  began  to  take  an  interest  in  public  afi\ii"rs 
the  Intelligencer  commended  itself  to  my  judgment  and 
taste  by  the  soundness  of  its  political  views,  the  purity  of 
its  style,  the  elevation  of  its  morals,  the  accuracy  of  its 
statements,  the  fulness  of  its  knowdedge,  and  its  courtesy 
to  all.  It  was  therefore  with  feelings  of  just  pride  that  I 
regarded  the  admission  of  my  own  contributions  to  its  col- 
imms,  especially  as  at  the  time  of  my  earlier  efforts  I  was 
personally  unknown  to  both  of  its  editors.  When  subse- 
quently I  made  your  acquaintance,  I  found  additional  rea- 
son to  be  grateful  to  you  for  the  cordiality  of  your  gi-eeting 

16*  X 


370  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

and  the  kindness  with  which  you  always  welcomed  me  to 
your  sanctum  on  the  occasion  of  my  visits  to  Washington. 
The  conversations  then  held  with  you  are  among  my  most 

agreeable  reminiscences  of  the  Capitol In  reviewing 

the  many  stirring  incidents  of  your  eventful  past,  in  recall- 
ing the  cherished  memories  of  your  fellow-laborers  in  pub- 
lic and  private  life,  wh6  have  gone  before  you  to  their  rest, 
and  in  enjoying  the  repose  to  which  you  are  fairly  entitled, 
you  w^ill  probably  be  content  to  pass  the  remainder  of  your 
daj's.  I  cannot,  however,  avoid  the  hope  that  you  may  find 
a  pleasant  and  profitable  employment  of  a  portion  of  your 
time,  in  collecting  and  editing  such  editorials  of  the  Intel- 
ligencer as  have  from  time  to  time  elucidated  great  ques- 
tions of  public  law  and  poliay.     Such  a  work  would  prove 

a  valuable  contribution  to  our  political  literature 

"  Believe  me  to  remain,  very  respectfully  and  gratefully 

yours, 

*' George  Merrill. 
"Colonel  W.  W.  Seatox." 

The  following  note  from  the  distinguished  scholar, 
the  author  of  perhaps  the  most  charming  recent  book 
of  travels,  "  Six  Months  in  Italy,"  will  be  the  more  in- 
teresting, as  having  elicited  from  Mr.  Seaton  a  reply 
most  touching  in  its  simple  pathos  and  modest  dignity. 
In  transmitting;-  this  to  a  friend,  Mr.  Hillard  takes 
occasion  to  ^vTite  :  — 

"  I  never  was  in  Washington  but  once,  and  Mr.  Seaton  was 
the  first  person  I  went  to  see.     It  is  now  a  pleasure  to  me 

to  reflect  that  I  have  seen  him From  my  boyhood 

the  National  Intelligencer  was  the  type  of  a  sound,  wise, 
national,  conservative  journal ;  and  the  influence  which 
Mr.  Seaton  thus  exerted  was  wide  and  most  valuable.  We 
have  fallen  upon  different  times,  different  journals,  diff'er- 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  371 

ent  men,  and  influence  is  now  only  enjoyed  by  the  papers 
and  the  statesmen  that  represent  extreme  opinions.  I  am 
not  one  of  those  who  think  the  change  an  improvement." 

"Boston,  January  3,  1865. 

"  My  dear  Sir,  —  ....  I  cannot  let  the  occasion  go 
by,  without  a  more  immediate  and  personal  acknowledg- 
ment of  gratitude  and  regard.  During  these  last  four 
dreary  years  the  Intelligencer  has  been  to  me  a  source  of 
comfort,  satisfaction,  and  support  beyond  expression ;  and 
now  that  you  are  to  leave  it,  I  feel  that  something  of  the 
daily  light  around  my  path  is  lessened.  My  heart  is  heavy 
unto  death  at  the  condition  of  our  beloved  land.  Clouds 
and  darkness  rest  upon  the  future,  and  I  don't  see  the  star 
behind  the  cloud.  I  do  not  see  any  statesmanship  at  all 
commensurate  with  the  gigantic  problems  to  be  solved. 
We  are  drifting  like  the  Great  Eastern  after  she  had  lost 
her  rudder.  It  is  fearful  to  think  of  such  interests  com- 
mitted to  the  charge  of  such  small  capacities. 

"  I  wish  you  and  Mr.  Welling  would  come  to  Boston. 
You  should  swim  in  a  '  Caspian  Sea  of  soup,'  as  Sydney 
Smith  said  of  Prescott.  Please  convey  to  him  an  expres- 
sion of  my  warm  regard. 

"  Yours  faithfully, 

"  G.  S.   HiLLARD. 

"W.  W.  Seaton,  Esq." 

""Washington,  January  9,  1865. 
"  Many  thanks,  my  dcnr  Sir,  for  your  very  kind  letter, 
the  more  precious  to  me,  coming  as  it  does  from  one  whose 
good  opinion  I  value  so  highly.  The  parting  with  my  old 
paper  is  painful  in  the  extreme.  But  the  untoward  cir- 
cumstances of  the  times  had  reduced  it  to  the  point  of  ex- 
tinction, and  no  alternative  was  left  me  but  to  see  it  expire, 
or  to  transfer  it  to  some  younger  men,  who  thought  that, 


372  WILLIAM   WINSTON    SEATON. 

by  withdrawing  it  from  the  arena  of  pohtics  and  converting 
it  into  a  news  and  business  sheet,  they  could  make  it  pay. 
I  would,  I  confess,  have  preferred  for  it  the  dignity  of  death ; 
but  justice  to  a  few  friends  around  me,  who  have  enabled 
me  to  sustain  it  during  three  years  of  vainly  hoping  for 
peace  and  better  times,  compelled  me  to  part  with  it.  Pride 
and  hope  induced  me  to  struggle  on  against  the  difficulties 
that  beset  me,  at  the  sacrifice  of  everything  I  possessed ;  but 
I  was  at  last  obliged  to  succnmb.  The  loss  of  two  thirds  of 
my  entire  circulation  by  the  secession  of  the  South  I  could 
have  borne ;  the  proscription  of  the  government  I  could 
have  borne  singly ;  but  the  weight  of  the  two  united  was  too 
much  for  me,  and,  receiving  no  compensatiijg  support  in  the 
North,  I  was  forced  to  yield.  In  the  high  character  of  the 
friends  like  yourself,  who  have  stood  by  the  old  journal  in 
-  its  adversity  and  cheered  its  editors  by  their  approval  and 
support,  I  find  a  consolation  which  I  would  not  exchange 
for  better  fortune,  although  I  end  fifty-two  years  oT  labor 
with  nothing. 

"  Believe  me,  dear  Sir,  with  the  highest  respect,  your 

gi'ateful  friend  and  servant. 

"W.  W.  Seaton. 
"Geoege  S.  Hillakd,  Esq.,  Boston." 

Mr.  Seaton's  heart  was  deeply  stirred  by  these  mani- 
festations of  love,  sympathy,  and  reverence  which  daily 
reached  him  from  his  countrymen.  The  verdict  of 
posterity  came  to  him,  as  it  were,  while  he  yet  could 
rejoice  in  this  approval  of  his  labors,  while  his  living 
ear  could  catch  the  voices  which  rose  in  unison  of 
benediction :  "  Well  done,  good  and  faithful  servant." 

The  prominent  features  of  Mr.  Seaton's  career  of 
journalism  were  his  candor,  fairness,  and  "  an  evenness 
and  refinement  of  temper  which  never  allowed  him  to 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  373 

question  the  motives  of  an  adversary."  He  never  tried 
to  enhance  his  own  dignity,  or  the  merits  of  the  cause 
he  upheld,  at  the  expense  of  his  adversary ;  he  never 
resorted  to  factious,  belittling  strife ;  never  mistook 
malignant  bitterness  or  detraction  for  vigor  and  frank- 
ness, but  carried  into  the  editorial  arena  liis  innate 
decorum  and  gracious  amenity,  which  not  even  the 
acerbities  of  partisan  warfare  could  disturb. 

The  distinguished  divine,  Dr.  Dewey,  writing  of  Mr. 

Seaton,  says :  — 

"  There  is  one  thing  in  his  career  that  ought  to  be  em- 
phasized, that  is,  his  keeping  the  Intehigencer  free  from  all 
personahties,  not  only  of  abuse,  but  partisanship.     I  once 
heard  an  instance  of  this  dignified  forbearance  that  struck 
me  very  much.     When  Webster  was  candidate  for  nomina- 
tion before  the  Baltimore  Convention,  the  Intelligencer  was 
silent  upon  his  claims.     Day  after  day  passed  and  not  a 
word  was  said.     Mr.  Webster  was  impatient  under  this  neg- 
lect, where  he  expected  help,  considering  the  well-known 
friendly  and  intimate  relations  between  himself  and  Mr. 
Seaton,  and  at  length  expressed  his  dissatisfaction.     Mr. 
Seaton's  answer  was  this  :  '  We  established  and  have  always 
conducted  the  Intelligencer  as  an  organ  of  public  intelli- 
gence and  general  discussion.     We  have  never  lent  it  to 
personal  predilections  or  antipathies.     Upon  the  Intelligen- 
cer as  such  I  have  built  up  my  life,  and  I  desire  that  it 
should  bear  this  honorable  record  of  me,  and  that  it  should 
still  preserve  the   same  high  character  after  I  am  gone. 
And  I  cannot  consent  that  it  depart  from  this  rule  which 
has  always  governed  me,  even  to  express  the  friendly  m- 
terest  that  I  feel  for  you:     It  was  a  position  of  great  dig- 
nity and  firmness  to  take  with  such  a  man  and  friend  as 
Daniel  Webster." 


374  -         WILLIAM   WINSTOX   SEATON. 

A  gentleman    for  many  years  intimate  with   Mr. 
Seaton  thus  writes  :  — 

"  The  care  and  high  sense  of  honor  which  he  unceasingly 
exercised  in  the  conduct  of  the  Intelhgencer  were  to  me  a 
perpetual  source  of  wonder.  Coarse  and  unkind  expres- 
sions received  no  quarter  at  his  hands ;  rude  personahties 
he  utterly  abominated ;  aud  his  information  was  so  exten- 
sive, so  various,  as  to  render  it  certain  that  whatever  re- 
ceived his  editorial  sanction  would  be  found  new  and 
instructive.  His  integrity  was  incorruptible.  I  was  pres- 
ent on  one  occasion  in  his  office  when  a  man  used,  in  vain, 
every  argument  to  obtain  from  him  the  insertion  of  an  ad- 
vertisement which  Mr.  Seaton  deemed  unfitting  for  thepm-e 
columns  of  the  paper.  Finally  an  amount  was  offered  that 
would  have  made  many  men  waver,  but  Mr.  Seaton's  an- 
swer was  this  :  '  Sir,  there  is  not  in  the  world  gold  enough 
to  tempt  me  to  insert  in  the  Intelligencer  one  line  which  I 
should  be  unwilling  for  my  wife  and  daughters  to  read.' 
The  instances  were  numerous  also  in  which  he  was  proof 
against  the  temptation  of  large  sums  tendered  him  for  per- 
mission to  publish,  as  editorials,  articles  which  did  not  em- 
body his  real  opinions.  With  a  warm,  tender  heart,  he  had 
the  will  and  courage  of  a  bold  and  honest  man,  who  knew 
not  what  it  was  to  play  a  double  game  where  principle  was 
at  stake. 

"  Mr.  Seaton's  modesty  reached  to  a  fault,  leading  him 
to  depreciate  the  abilities  so  fully  recognized  by  that  public 
whose  political  creed  and  action  he  had  so  materially  aided 
to  enforce  and  guide,  during  sixty  years  of  editorial  life. 
He  was  sound  in  discrimination,  sagacious  in  his  perception 
of  the  bearing  of  present  measures  on  future  issues;  while 
his  tact  and  facility  of  expression,  with  the  readiness  of 
long  editorial  training,  made  him  an  exceptionally  effective 
paragraphist ;  and  in  grace  and  variety  as  a  commentator 
on  passing  events  he  was  especially  happy." 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  375 

AVliile  these  tributes  from  the  public  came  winged 
by  all  heartfelt  aspirations,  Mr.  Seaton's  daily  path  was 
marked  by  blessings  from  those  who  so  long  had  relied 
on  him  as  friend,  counsellor,  and  benefactor.  Where- 
ever  he  moved,  the  earnest  greeting,  the  respectful 
recognition  from  all  ranks,  attested  the  almost  filial 
love  and  veneration  cherished  for  the  silver-haired  old 
man. 

"  j\Ir.  Seaton  has  reached  a  period  of  life,"  concludes 
an  editorial  eulogist,  "  in  which  a  man  is  permitted  to 
rest  from  his  labors,  and  to  '  adjust  his  mantle  ere  he 
fall.'  He  is  surrounded  by  '  all  that  should  accompany 
old  age,'  as  '  honor,  love,  obedience,  troops  of  friends  ' ; 
and  if  love  and  respect  could  avert  the  inevitable  stroke, 
he  would  enjoy  a  patent  of  earthly  immortality." 

And  now  the  end  drew  near,  —  the  mantle  was 
adjusted ;  and  this  life  of  two  and  fourscore  years,  so 
replete  with  all  that  did  honor  to  our  common  nature, 
was  to  close.  The  indomitable  courage,  the  hopeful 
patience,  the  gentle  sweetness,  all  the  harmonized 
beauty  of  a  noble  nature,  shone  with  almost  celestial 
light  as  he  neared  the  golden  shore.  "  Mark  the  per- 
fect man  and  behold  the  upright ;  for  the  end  of  that 
man  is  peace." 

Thus,  adored  by  those  nearest  him,  beloved  and 
revered  by  his  friends,  honored  through  the  land,  he 
passed  to  ''  a  nobler  stewardship  in  the  spiritual  world," 
crowned  by  the  tears  and  blessings  of  the  great,  the 
wise,  the  humble,  the  afflicted,  the  widow,  and  the 
orphan,  "'  to  whom  the  withdrawal  of  his  earthly 
presence  seemed  a  domestic  calamity." 

"Eeserved,  even  reticent  in  the  expression  of  his 


376  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

feelings,  the  depth  of  Mr.  Seaton's  religious  nature  was 
hardly  known,  except  as  it  was  manifested  in  his  noble 
]ife.  To  the  most  exalted  reverence  and  awe  for  the 
Almighty  Power,  he  united  in  a  peculiar  degree  the 
tender,  confiding  love  of  a  child.  His  faith  in  the 
future  was  simply  truthful,  beheving  in  the  recognition 
of  friends  ;  that  in  one  of  the  '  many  mansions  '  of  the 
Father's  house  he  should  be  reunited  to  those  loved 
on  earth,  and,  accepted,  pardoned,  redeemed  by  God's 
mercy,  should  continue  through  eternity  to  minister 
to  His  will.  Mr.  Seaton  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Unitarian  Church  in  Washington,  beings  among-  the 
earliest  and  most  zealous  to  establish  and  maintain  a 
foothold  for  liberal  Christianity  at  this  advanced  out- 
post, and  illustrating  by  his  beautiful  and  blameless 
life  the  truth  of  its  doctrines.  His  youth  and  early 
manhood  were  passed  in  the  communion  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church,  to  whose  forms  he  ever  remained  at- 
tached, frequently  reading  its  impressive  services  with 
tender  reverence  ;  but  his  theological  views  changed, 
founded  upon  earnest  conviction,  and  he  became  a 
Unitarian,  and  communicant  of  that  church,  remaining 
firm  and  unchangeable  in  his  belief  of  the  truth  of  its 
tenets.  A  daily  student  of  the  Bible,  he  there  found 
his  best  rest  and  encouragement,  while  deeply  enjoying 
its  sublime  poems,  which  he  read  with  the  keenest  in- 
tellectual discrimination,  as  well  as  devotional  fervor." 
Seldom  has  a  living  presence  been  hedged  about 
with  such  an  atmosphere  of  love ;  while  in  the  wealth 
of  public  and  private  tribute  to  the  memory  of  this 
good  man  — "  doubly  great,  for  goodness  is  great- 
ness "  —  the  dominant  note  is  that  of  a  rare  personal 
affection. 


A  BIOGEAPHICAL   SKETCH.  377 

"  Tliere  have  probably  not  lived  many  men,"  says 
the  Eev.  Mr.  Angier  in  his  eulogy  of  j\Ir.  Seaton, 
''whose  characters,  public  and  private,  were  subject 
to  less  deduction  on  tlie  score  of  defect  or  incon- 
sistency. But  while  all  tongues  proclaim  his  merits, 
I  have  yet  to  hear  the  first  word  lisped  in  dero- 
gation from  his  claims  upon  the  love  and  reverence 
of  his  fellow-citizens ;  and  the  tone  in  which  these  are 
spoken  of,  the  evident  personal  feeling  wdiich  accom- 
j^anies  the  general  award,  the  warm  coloring  suffusing 
the  judicial  verdict,  bear  conviction  alike  to  the  judg- 
ment and  heart,  that  w^e  have  in  contemplation  a  man 

whom  it  is  not  only  safe,  but  wholesome,  to  praise 

And  wliile  Mr.  Seaton  thus  inspired  the  hearts  of  all 
who  approached  him  with  sentiments  of  the  warmest 
friendship  and  esteem,  w^ho  can  doubt  that  many  have 
been  made  good  and  noble  by  his  generous  appreciation 
and  encouragement  ?  Ah  !  I  doubt  it  not,  how  worthy 
of  emulation  is  such  a  heart  and  such  an  example  by 
all  who  w^ould  most  benefit,  by  most  ennobling  their 
fellow-men I  am  persuaded  that  a  greater  in- 
fusion of  these  generous  and  tender  characteristics  of 
our  venerated  friend  into  the  hearts  Of  all  who  would 
regenerate  and  strengthen  their  fellow-men,  w^ould  in- 
sure a  greater  amount  of  success  than  usually  attends 
the  sincerest  efforts  in  their  behalf.  That  the  influ- 
ence of  Mr.  Seaton  for  these  higher  interests  of  men 
was  extensively  experienced,  we  cannot  doubt ;  and 
it  becomes,  therefore,  no  wonder  that  there  are  so 
many  noble  minds  to  pay  him  reverence,  so  many 
loving  hearts  causing  their  possessors  to  rise  up  and 
call  him  blessed.      Mr.  Seaton's   character  was  of  a 


378  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

type  of  which  one  longs  to  see  more  in  the  com- 
munity, —  men  not  wanting  in  the  sterner  qualities  of 
the  John  of  the  wilderness,  preaching  repentance,  but 
more  conspicuous  for  the  qualities  of  that  John  whom 
Jesus  especially  loved,  —  men,  who  if  they  command 
reverence,  do  not  less  attract  affection ;  whom  to  love 
is  as  natural  and  easy  as  to  respect  is  an  obligation 
and  duty.  With  all  who  knew  Mr.  Seaton,  the  heart 
followed  easily  the  approbation  of  the  moral  judg- 
ment. Goodness  sat  on  his  head  as  a  crown  of  beauty, 
as  attractive  in  its  loveliness  as  it  was  commanding  in 
its  majesty." 

"  Why,"  asks  one  of  his  public  eulogists,  "  why  this 
sorrow  and  sadness  ?  Whj  these  tolling  bells  and 
emblems  of  mourning  throughout  the  city  ?  Why  is 
the  name  of  William  Winston  Seaton  on  every  tongue  ? 
Because  a  good  man  has  left  us ;  one  who  served  the 
people  faithfully  and  well,  whose  life  was  one  of  use- 
fulness and  honor,  of  whom  it  has  been  truly  said, 
that  he  was  without  an  enemy,  —  a  man  illustrious  in 
all  those  traits  of  character,  those  virtues  and  graces, 
which  go  to^form  the  perfect  gentleman.  Let  us  re- 
member his  patience  and  equanimity,  his  dignity  and 
courtesy,  his  impartiality,  love  of  truth  and  justice, 
his  charity  and  loving-kindness,  his  temperance  and 
forbearance  ;  let  us,  in  the  discharge  of  our  duty,  take 
William  Winston  Seaton  as  an  example,  and  so  may 
we  hope  that  in  the  end  our  record  may  be  as  bright, 
pure,  and  angelic  as  his." 

A  member  of  the  Burns  Club  thus  pays  a  tribute  to 
the  virtues  of  his  departed  colleague  :  — 

"  It  seems  to  me  eminently  fitting  that  in  a  meeting 


A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH.  379 

of  Scotsmen  and  descendants  of  Scotsmen,  the  death  of 
WiUiam  Winston  Seaton  should  receive  such  notice  as  will 
attest  at  least  our  sensibility  at  his  loss,  and  our  high  ap- 
preciation of  his  merits.  That  beloved  and  revered  name, 
it  is  true,  does  not  now  need  our  commemoration,  as  it  has 
received  general  and  unenvied  honors  from  all  classes  in  this 
communit}^,  and  our  highest  eulogy  may,  perhaps,  sound 
like  the  echo  of  his  wide  and  undisputed  reputation.  Yet 
Seaton  is  a  name  peculiarly  endeared  to  us ;  first,  as  it  is 
thoroughly  Scottish  ;  then  as  associated  with  the  most  vari- 
ous, animating,  or  affecting  recollections  —  historic,  poetic, 
and  romantic  —  of  our  fatherland ;  but  most  of  all  from 
the  personal  character  of  him  we  mourn,  who  made  the  time- 
honored  name  of  Seaton  an  acquaintance  throughout  the 
length  and  breadth  of  the  land,  among  all  classes, —  *  familiar 
in  their  mouths  as  household  words.'  ....  But  Mr.  Sea- 
ton, perhaps,  was  most  remarkable  for  his  smooth,  polished, 
Addisonian  periods.  He  was  a  very  graceful  and  effective 
writer  at  all  times,  and  often  rose  to  a  force  of  argument 
and  earnestness  of  appeal  when  great  questions  of  national 
policy  came  under  his  consideration,  which  could  scarcely 
have  been  heightened  by  any  speaker  or  writer  of  his  times. 
But,  great  and  far-reaching  as  was  his  influence  through  the 
leading  metropolitan  journal  for  more  than  half  a  century, 
the  effect  of  his  character,  his  conversation,  and  his  counsels 
upon  the  mox-e  active  and  controlling  directors  and  propa- 
gators of  opinion  was  not  less  important  and  extensive,  and, 
indeed,  cannot  be  overestimated.  Those  who  have  known 
Washington  best,  are  well  aware  that  its  society  has  always 
been  a  region  in  which  nearly  as  much  is  done  towards 
moulding  and  determining  great  measures  of  policy,  on  the 
part  of  government  or  the  opposition,  as  in  the  halls  of  Con- 
gress  Altogether,  the  standard  in  such  a  circle  — 

social,  intellectual,  moral,  and  political  —  is  as  high  as  is 


o 


80  WILLIAJI  WINSTON  SEATON. 


really  ever  reached  elsewhere.  It  was  in  this  circle  that 
William  Winston  Seaton,  by  the  magnetism  of  his  personal 
character,  so  pure,  so  lofty,  so  amiable  and  engaging,  by  his 
powers  of  varied  and  vivacious  conversation,  by  his  full  in- 
telligence on  every  question,  foreign  or  domestic,  and  that 
combination  of  gifts  of  manner,  tact,  and  address,  the  highest 
result  of  w-hich  is  best  expressed  in  the  word  gentleman, 
exercised  an  influence  for  years  which  was  felt  and  recog- 
nized from  the  centre  to  the  utmost  hmits  of  American 
society,  abroad  as  well  as  at  home." 

A  distinguished  ]N'orthern  journalist  thus  toucliingly 
dwells  on  Mr.  Seaton's  winning  traits  of  character :  — 

"  In  the  death  of  this  venerable  editor  the  countiy  has 
sustained  a  loss  for  which  the  only  consolation  is,  that  he 
had  served  all  his  appointed  time,  and  served  well.  Eighty 
years  of  faithful  labor  is  far  more  than  the  ordinary  contri- 
bution of  one  man  to  the  good  of  his  fellow-men 

But  we  cannot  part  with  him  or  his  memory  yet.  He  be- 
longs to  us  by  virtue  of  a  thousand  recollections,  for  which 
we  are  indebted  to  his  long  life  and  experience,  so  that  his 
name  will  always  be  associated  with  the  best  days  and 
greatest  men  of  the  Eepublic.  There  was  not  living  in 
America,  two  weeks  ago,  any  other  man  whose  mind  was 
such  a  storehouse  of  the  personal  history  of  the  giants  of 
old  time  in  American  statesmanship.  A  man  of  sound  judg- 
ment, extensive  reading,  eminent  ability,  able  to  advise  and 
direct,  but  never  intruding  his  advice,  he  was  in  every  way 
fit  to  be,  as  he  was,  the  intimate  friend  and  confidential 
associate  of  all  the  eminent  statesmen  of  the  past  age. 
There  is  a  parlor  in  Mr.  Seaton's  old  house  at  Washington, 
which,  could  its  walls  speak,  would  be  more  eloquent  than 
the  walls  of  any  other  room  in  America.  In  that  well- 
known  room  it  was    for  many  years   the   custom  for  the 


A   BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  381 

• 

greatest  men  in  the  country,  and  the  representatives  of  other 

nations,  to  gather  in  the  freedom  of  social  intercourse  ;  and 

this  may  be  said  with  undoubted  truth,  that  in  those  free 

social  conversations  and  exchanges  of  thought  were  born 

many  of  the  great  measures  of  government  which  added 

lustre  to  the  American  name ;  so  that  that  room  may  be 

regarded  as  the  birthplace  of  much  of  our  national  glory. 

We  may  be  pardoned  for  recalling  at  this  moment  the  last 

visit  which  wG  made  to  that  historic  room.     It  was  in  the 

midst  of  the  war,  and  the  long  evening  passed  into  the 

morning  hours,   while   we   sat  listening  to  the  venerable 

patriot,  as  he  recited  conversations  which  had  been  held 

there.     Mindful,  from  many  such  hours  passed  with  him,  of 

the  inestimable  value  of  his  recollections,  we  begged  him  to 

do  a  pubhc  service  by  allowing  a  stenogi'aphic  reporter  to 

take  down  from  his  lips  such  of  his  personal  memories  as 

he  might  judge  proper  and  desirable  for  historical  purposes. 

We  had  subsequently  a  correspondence  with  him  on  the 

same  topic,  and  it  can  never  cease  to  be  a  subject  of  regi'et 

that  the  idea  was  not  carried  into  operation.     But  the  fail- 

ino-  health  of  our  asred  friend  interfered  with  this  last  service 

to  the  world,  and  forbade  its  accomplishment.     Would  that 

those  silent  walls  could  give  us  back  the  impressions  which 

other  voices,  forever  hushed,  have  made  upon  them  !     If 

there  be  anything  in  the  theory  of  the  'conservation  of 

forces,'  every  atom  of  those  walls  would  furnish  a  volume  of 

history,  written  there  by  the  voices  of  the  great  dead 

But  while  we  lament  the  loss  of  the  editor,  the  companion, 
adviser,  and  friend  of  the  great  men  of  the  past,  the  origi- 
nator and  assistant  in  so  many  of  the  most  important  political 
events  in  our  history,  we  more  than  all  lament  the  man. 
He  was  rightly  loved,  for  he  deserved,  and  it  may  be  said 
he  commanded,  affection.  None  knew  him  but  to  love  him. 
Over  his  grave  will  be  shed  the  tears  of  no  ordinary  affec- 


382  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

tion.  Nor  is  it  improper  here  to  allude  to  his  devotion  to 
the  companion  of  his  long  life,  whose  honored  head  he 
laid  in  the  dust  only  two  years  ago,  —  a  devotion  which 
marked  his  whole  character,  the  memory  of  which  makes  his 
rest  by  her  side  to  seem  exceedingly  welcome.  The  past  is 
fast  vanishing  out  of  sight,  and  the  men  of  our  golden  age 
are  becoming,  day  by  day,  part  of  the  land  they  loved.  We 
who  survive  should  better  love  the  dust  made  up  of  such 
precious  material.  Who  shall  fitly  speak  the  increase  in  its 
value  when  we  give  to  it  such  men  as  this,  our  best  and 
purest  relics  of  the  glorious  day  1 

From  the  far  South  comes  this  discriminating  esti- 
mate of  the  value  of  Mr.  Seaton's  labors  and  example  : — 

"  The  files  of  the  noble  old  Intelligencer  are  a  monument 
which  will  ever  bear  testimony  to  Mr.  Seaton's  ability, 
courtesy,  honesty,  truthfulness,  and  conservatism,  and  will 
show  why  his  society  was  prized  by  the  great  men  who 
adorned  our  country  in  its  palmy  days.  For  nearly  half  a 
century  he  was  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  most  influential 
journals  of  this  or  any  other  country,  and  nearly  up  to  the 
close  of  his  career  gave  tone  largely  to  the  public  opinion 
of  the  American  people.  It  is  seldom  that  any  political 
journal  has  been  under  the  control  of  two  individuals  so 
admirably  fitted  by  genius,  education,  and  practice  to  im- 
part to  it  influence  and  popularity.  It  is  seldom  that  two 
editors  acting  together  have  been  characterized  by  such 
high  intellectual  endowments  and  such  generosity  of  tem- 
per. Mr.  Seaton  was  a  gentleman  in  his  intercourse,  a 
scholar  in  his  tastes,  and  American  literature  always  received 
encouragement  at  his  hands,  and  was  advanced  by  his  la- 
bors. No  individual  was  better  acquainted  with  the  his- 
tory of  his  country  from  the  origin  of  the  government,  nor 
more  familiar  w4th  the  character,  the  rise  and  fall  of  parties. 


A   BIOGKAPHICAL   SKETCH.  383 

His  manners  were  pre-eminently  winning,  his  conversation 
full  of  instruction  and  charm ;  and  no  club-room  was  ever 
visited  with  niQre  enthusiasm  by  statesmen  and  inquirers  of 
all  classes,  from  every  portion  of  the  land,  solicitors  for  in- 
formation, than  the  sanctum  of  his  office.  His  judgment 
had  high  influence  on  all  party  counsels,  policies,  and  con- 
duct of  the  day;  while  with  his  rare  social  qualities,  his 
house  was  the  centre  of  all  that  was  attractive  in  the  me- 
tropolis, including  political  adversaries,  who  were,  however, 
generally  his  personal  friends.  Mr.  Seaton  was  always 
proud  of  his  connection  with  the  '  art  preservative  of  arts,' 
and  especially  must  his  loss  be  regTetted  by  the  younger 
members  of  the  profession  which  he  adorned,  and  for  whom 
he  ever  evinced  a  parental  regard.  Many  an  old  printer  '  out 
of  sorts,'  many  an  old  typo  worn  out  in  his  service,  was  wel- 
comed each  returning  Saturday  to  the  Intelligencer  office  to 
receive  his  pay,  and  when  the  days  of  the  old  printer  would 
draw  to  a  close,  he  had  the  comforting  assurance  that  to 
those  dear  to  him  the  same  generosity  would  be  continued. 
Mr.  Seaton's  long  life  was  a  brilliant  success,  except  in  the 
accumulation  of  wealth,  which  his  integi'ity,  his  generosity 
and  hospitality  prevented.  These  qualities,  united  to  his 
enlarged  statesmanship,  his  philanthropy,  his  pure  and  lofty 
patriotism,  commanded  for  Mr.  Seaton  the  unqualified  con- 
sideration and  respect  of  a  great  party,  as  well  as  the  sincere 
friendship  of  so  many  illustrious  men  ;  and  his  name  and 
fame  will  be  associated  with  some  of  the  brightest  stars  that 
adorn  the  annals  of  American  history." 

In  view  of  these  virtues  so  visibly  impressed  on  Mr. 
Seaton's  entire  life,  the  recital  of  which  might  almost 
be  deemed  an  exaggeration,  one  may  ask,  "  Was  he 
then  perfect  ? "  A  friend  who  from  boyhood  to  old 
age  has  spent  his  daily  life  in  closest  knowledge  of  Mr. 


384  WILLIAM  WINSTON   SEATON. 

Seaton,  replies  :  "  He  possessed  more  of  the  great  and 
good  qualities  of  human  nature  than  any  man  I  ever 
knew  ;  and  never,  in  my  estimation,  was  there  a  mortal 
his  peer  in  all  that  makes  man  godlike." 

What,  then,  it  may  be  asked,  was  the  secret  of  this 
life  of  success  ?  and  what  may  be  the  value  of  the  les- 
son learned  from  its  teachings  ? 

It  was  not  political  power  or  gift  of  place ;  Mr. 
Seaton  possessed  not  these.  It  was  not  wealth;  for 
his  large  heart  and  open  hand  impoverished  his  earthly 
store.  The  forum  knew  him  not ;  the  haUs  of  legis- 
lation had  never  echoed  to  his  voice  ;  he  fiUed  no  post 
of  Cabinet  Councillor  or  Presidential  Chair ;  he  won 
no  battles  on  ensanguined  field.  True,  he  possessed  a 
stern  uprightness  that  would  have  guarded  the  ermine 
with  jealous  purity,  an  eloquence  to  have  swayed 
listening  Senates,  signal  administrative  ability,  an 
intrinsic  dignity  to  have  illustrated  the  highest  office, 
rapid  intuition,  decision,  and  a  cool  courage  that  would 
have  placed  him  high  in  the  rank  of  military  heroes. 
But  Mr.  Seaton's  triumphs  were  the  quiet  ones  of  the 
closet ;  his  distinctive  influence  was  the  subtile  one 
emanating  purely  from  personal  characteristics,  from 
the  intangible  charm  of  presence,  necessarily  impos- 
sible to  embody  and  delineate  for  the  appreciation  of 
posterity.  The  usefulness  of  his  life  flowed  in  a  per- 
ennial stream,  and  in  the  beneficent  tenor  of  its  ex- 
ample, rather  than  in  prominent  action  or  salient 
incident  to  be  segregated  for  especial  record,  consists 
its  permanent  value.  His  protecting  hand  was  stretclieil 
out  wherever  his  felloAV-men  were  to  be  helped  ;  and 
in  the  self-abnegation  and  benevolence  of  his  nature, 


A  BIOGRAPHICiU.   SKETCH.  385 

in  the  assimilating  sympathies  which  magnetized  all 
hearts  to  go  forth  to  meet  him,  lay  the  power  which 
he  exercised  over  all  who  approached  him ;  simply  by 
"  the  divining-rod  of  his  own  goodness,"  calling  forth 
the  best  qualities  of  others,  —  the  true  secret  of  all 
noble  influence. 

Mr.  Seaton  was  one  of  the  last  links  between  the 
illustrious  men  who  framed  our  Government,  and  those 
who  make  our  history  of  to-day.  He  had  seen  Wash- 
ington; had  listened  to  the  magic  voice  of  Patrick 
Henry.  Can  it  be  wondered  that  the  greatness  and 
virtues  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Kepublic  should  have 
been  reflected  in  him  who  had  touched  their  mortal 
garments,  who  had  been  glorified  by  their  visible 
presence  ? 

And  thus,  undimmed  by  a  single  unworthy  act,  in 
every  word  and  thought  of  his  spotless  life  a  true 
gentleman,  duty  his  watchword,  exalted  honor  his  in- 
stinct, Christianity  his  guide,  William  Winston  Seaton 
bore  his  historic  name  untarnished  to  the  grave ;  nobly, 
illustrating  the  legend  of  his  family  arms  :  — 

In\^a  Virtuti  Via  Nulla. 


THE    END. 


Cambridge  :  Printed  by  Welch,  Bigelow,  and  Company. 


-•iii!' 


lA-^:^ 


